Russian Federation Subjects Research Articles

Модернизация порядка замещения должности высшего должностного лица субъекта Российской Федерации: новеллы и преемственность

The present article refers to the improvement of the procedure for filling the position of the Governor of a con-stituent entity of the Russian Federation, which occurred as a result of the adoption of the Federal Law No. 414-FZ of December 21, 2021 “On General Principles of Organization of Public Power in Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation”. The impact of the reform of public power in the subjects of the Russian Federation on direct and indirect gubernatorial elections is assessed, the results of the legislation modification of the Russian Federation subjects on the organization of public power are analyzed, the forecast about further directions of the reform is given. In the author’s opinion, the adoption of the new federal law has insignificantly affected the procedure for filling the position in question, which indicates the stability of the institution under study. Certain novels, objectively dictated by political expediency, legislatively formalize the actually established format of subordination relations between the President of the Russian Federation and the governors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Выборы депутатов Законодательного Собрания Краснодарского края в 2022 г.: особенности электорального поведения

The relevance of the topic is that the elections of legislative assemblies of the Russian Federation subjects re-flect the regional peculiarities of the agenda and public opinion, the level of political self-organization and awareness, ideological orientations of the electorate. The elections of 2022 are the first in the Krasnodar Krai held under conditions of a special military operation and, consequently, experienced changes in the agenda and priorities of citizens. Based on the example of Krasnodar Krai, the topic has been insufficiently researched. The article establishes the features of electoral behavior in the elections of deputies to the Legislative Assem-bly of the Krasnodar Krai (September 2022). The work is based on the concept of socio-cultural divisions, dia-chronic comparative analysis, axiological approach, and institutionalism. The author identified the reasons for the increase in voter turnout and changes in the level of support for political parties, territorial differences in support for political parties, the consequences of legislative changes: the introduction of three-day voting and the predominance of deputies elected in single-member districts over those elected on party lists. Territorial differences in support for political parties consist in increased preference for the “United Russia” party in rural areas and small towns, while support for opposition parties is typical for large cities. The materials and conclu-sions of the article are applicable in forecasting the results of the presidential elections of 2024 on the example of the Krasnodar Krai.

Monitoring of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions. Part 2

Objective: to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in theRussian Federation subjects and to develop measures for its systematization and improvement.Methods: the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state.Results: an analysis of more than 500 regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has shown that in some regions special laws were adopted in addition to the existing comprehensive laws on awards, which regulate the establishment of regional parliamentary awards, as well as awards of regional state authorities; that in most of the Russian Federation subjects, state (republican, regional, district, municipal) awards are regulated outside the comprehensive award legislation, but within the framework of incentive law, by their own legislation on regional awards and/or by-laws of the regional state authorities; that in some Russian regions there are special laws establishing simultaneously not only state awards of the Russian Federation subject, but also state scholarships.The territorial scope of the study is limited to the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2022, before the Donetsk People’s Republic, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions, which established their regional awards, became part of it. The time frames of the monitoring study are limited to the period from 1991 to February 10, 2023.Scientific novelty: for the first time in Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the award law of all subjects of the Russian Federation was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions and, if necessary, improving the system of regional awards and other incentives for positive lawful behavior.Practical significance: the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects in improving regional award legislation, establishing official regional awards and systematizing the legal regulation of award relations. The conclusions of the conducted research enable to eliminate contradictions between the norms of award law and the norms of other regulatory legal acts.

Analysis of the information about the incidence of heart failure, associated mortality and burden on the healthcare system, based on the encoding data in 15 subjects of the Russian Federation

Aim. This study aims to assess the incidence of heart failure (HF) and associated mortality, and also the burden on the healthcare system in the subjects of Russian Federation, based on the HF encoding data.Material and methods. We made a structured request for the number of patients with HF and the number of cases of providing medical care in 2019. HF was understood to mean the presence of at least one of the codes I09.9, I11.0, I13.0, I13.2, I25.5, I42.0, I42.5, I42.6, I42.7, I42.8, I42.9, I43.0, I43.1, I43.2, I43.8, I50.X (expanded encoding) according to International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. The code I50.X was considered separately (the standard HF enconding).Results. The information about the incidence of HF, associated mortality and burden on the healthcare system was obtained from 15 subjects (53,6% from those that gave the data according to the request; the adult population is 18,9% from total adult population of Russian Federation). We noted significant heterogeneity between the regions. The median of the incidence of HF and associated mortality was 2,6 and 3,2% in accordance with the data of the expanded encoding, and 0,21 and 11,3% — according to the standard HF encoding. The presence of the code I50.x was observed in average in 9,4% of all cases of HF and defined the patients who frequently used emergency medical services and were frequently hospitalized (60 (18, 96) and 48 (20, 137) cases per 100 patients versus 9 (5, 24) and 17 (10, 70) cases in the expanded encoding).Conclusion. According to the encoding, the indicators of the incidence of HF and associated mortality vary greatly between the regions, the median values are 2,6 and 3,2% in expanded and 0,21 and 11,3% in standard approaches. In the standard encoding, there were more frequent use of emergency medical services and less number of outpatient visits. The development and introduction of a unified approach to encoding and recording the cases of HF will provide obtaining objective statistical data and using them for management decisions.

Assessing ecosystem services in Russia: Case studies from four municipal districts

The task of organizing ecosystem accounting and integrating the value of ecosystems and ecosystem services into the management process has been set in Russia. The municipal level is the key one in the system of ecological spatial planning. However, the analysis of the official documents on spatial planning in Russia revealed that ecosystem services are still to be integrated into them. This paper aims to develop guidelines for the formation and implementation of integrated plans for the development of rural areas in the aspect of ecosystem development. The suggested methods of ES evaluation and monetization are based on the use of open statistical data and available digital land cover maps. This way, ecosystem services were calculated in biophysical indicators by converting the area of different types of ecosystems into the demanded and supplied volumes of ecosystem services. The described approaches were approbated on four municipal districts in different federal subjects of Russia (Kiznerskiy district in the Udmurt Republic; Elizovskiy district in Kamchatskiy krai; Maikopskiy district in the Adygeya Republic; and Bobrovskiy district in Voronezh oblast). It reveals that carbon regulation makes up the major part of a total ecosystem services value in the studied districts, thus making regulating services constitute the largest share of the total supplied ecosystem services volume. Recreational and other cultural ecosystem services do not make up a considerable part of the total ES value in any district. These evaluations, on the one hand, form an incomplete and exaggerated idea of ecosystems’ value as a source of natural resources; and on the other, detract their regulating and cultural services, which are also extremely significant for the sustainable development on different spatial levels.

Paradiplomacy of the Sverdlovsk Region: Development and Modalities of Implementing at the Present Stage

Introduction. The article examines the key paradiplomacy areas of the Sverdlovsk region. The analysis focuses on the aspects distinguishing the region from other subjects of the present-day Russian Federation, which allowed it to become one of the leaders in developing international activities during the post-Soviet period. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of this work is constituted by the approaches devised by I. Duchacek. Paradiplomacy is defined as international contacts of regions with different actors in international relations regarding economic, political, cultural and environmental issues. These contacts move in the same direction as activities undertaken by central authorities. Approaches by I. Duchacek, R. Kaiser, A. Kuznetsov, Yu. Akimov were applied to study the motives and factors for active paradiplomacy development of the Sverdlovsk region. To examine the modalities of implementing paradiplomacy in the Sverdlovsk region, scientific and analytical materials were used along with statistic data and indicators provided by the Ministry of International and Foreign Economic Relations of the Sverdlovsk Region and by the Russian Export Center JSC. Analysis. It was found that the Sverdlovsk region became the first to base its paradiplomacy on the regional identity. On the one hand, the regional identity development was marked by a conflict between the region and the central authorities; on the other hand, the local ruling groups deliberately fostered the policy of regional uniqueness. Mainstreaming the regional identity served the practical interests of elites both in internal political legitimation and in establishing their international economic, political and cultural personality. In the 2000s, the paradiplomacy model of the Sverdlovsk region transformed from conflict to cooperation based on partnering and seeking a compromise with the federal government. Results. The strategy of paradiplomacy development chosen by the region is evaluated as a success. The emphasis put by the regional authorities on implementing large-scale international projects and developing foreign trade relations allows the Sverdlovsk region not only to keep the indicators of foreign economic activities stable, but also to retain elements of its regional identity.

Monitoring of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions. Part 1

Objective : to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects and to develop measures for its systematization and improvement. Methods : the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state. Results : based on the analysis of more than 500 normative legal acts of the Russian Federation subjects, knowledge about the legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions was systematized; specificity of the legal regulation related to the formation and application of the system of the highest official (state) regional awards of the Russian subjects was revealed, namely: the lack of uniformity in the establishment of regional awards, their hierarchy and procedures for awarding them, which indicates the need for systematization of regional award law. Assumingly, the systematizing element of award law in the Russian subjects is the adoption by their legislative bodies of complex (basic) laws on awards, which would consistently set out the issues of the regional awards establishment, their hierarchy, types, procedures for recommending and awarding with them, as well as the powers of regional bodies to implement these laws. The territorial scope of the study is limited to the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2022, before the Donetsk People’s Republic, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions, which established their regional awards, became part of it. The time frames of the monitoring study are limited to the period from 1991 to February 10, 2023. Scientific novelty : for the first time in Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the award law of all subjects of the Russian Federation was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions and, if necessary, improving the system of regional awards and other incentives for positive lawful behavior. Practical significance : the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects in improving regional award legislation, establishing official regional awards and systematizing the legal regulation of award relations. The conclusions of the conducted research enable to eliminate contradictions between the norms of award law and the norms of other regulatory legal acts.

Assessment of Interregional Inequality of Tax Revenues

Efficiency of economic activity of 85 regions of the Russian Federation is analyzed in this article. Thepurposeof the research is assessment the interregional inequality of the Russian regions. The analysis was based on the total tax revenues collected within all the Russian regions. The research was based onmethodsof analysis and synthesis, analogy and generalization, comparison and comparison, induction and deduction, economic-mathematical and statistical methods of estimation of income inequality. For its implementation, coefficients and indices were used: Lorentz, Ginny, Robin Hood, Theil, Atkinson, and Herfindahl-Hirschman. Part of the analysis was performed in the analytical module of the information system “Taxes of the Russian Federation”. Based on the Russian Federation subjects’ economic activity model, it is concluded that the total tax revenues collected on regions reflect the effectiveness of its functioning. A more accurate picture is described with the quotient of the tax revenues’ division by the labor resources engaged in their creation. Based on the methods used and data provided by the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation and Rosstat, was made of the uniformity of tax revenue collection among 85 subjects of the Russian Federation in the period from 2015 to 2020, all applied coefficients and indices were calculated. Using the share of employed population and tax revenues, the Lorenz curves and size diagrams (box plot) for the ratio of these shares (r) in the period under consideration are constructed and the emissions (outlier) in the distribution of tax revenues are determined. The dynamics of tax revenues and their variation are estimated. The obtained values of inequality indicators and indices showed that the distribution of tax revenues among 85 regions of the Russian Federation is uneven. Simultaneously, this situation is evident throughout the period under review. The subjects whose tax income values can be attributed to outliers have been identified. It isconcludedthat the problem of uneven development of regions of the country is traced through centuries. A way out of this situation is to use differentiated financial and tax policies in relation to different regions of the country.

Survey of Accessibility of Information on International Cooperation of Municipalities on Border Regions Administrations Official Websites (case of AIRR member regions)

One of the problems researchers encounter when researching the topic is the availability of relevant information from official sources. This problem is especially acute when collecting data on international cooperation at the local level, since there is very little or no information on cooperation with foreign partners in the public domain on the websites of administrations. At the same time, the municipality is a border municipality, which means that it has conditions for the organization of inter-municipal cooperation with neighboring countries. Consequently, questions arise. Firstly, why does the administration not publish up-to-date information on international projects implemented on its territory? Secondly, if such interaction does not take place, why does the municipality, having a favorable geographical location, not implement inter-municipal partnerships with foreign municipalities? In this article the author tries to prove the relevance of the stated problem and suggests some ways to solve it by the example of studying the official websites of the border districts of some subjects of Russian Federation.

Льготное лекарственное обеспечение пациентов в Федеральных округах и субъектах Российской Федерации

In the Russian Federation, the obligations of federal and regional authorities for Subsidized Pharmaceutical Provisionfor patients are legally defined, the issues of providing patients with drugs for the treatment of a particular nosology are analyzed with varying degree of detail, however, a comprehensive assessment of Subsidized Pharmaceutical Provision for patients with the most common diseases in the Federal Districts and federal subjects was not carried out. This was the aim of this study. We analyzed the purchase of medicines for the treatment of patients with cancer, broncho-obstructive diseases (bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and diabetes in the Federal Districts and federal subjects of Russia though regional and federal budgeting and recalculated the total spendings per 1 patient living in the Federal District or federal subject. We found that both the federal districts and the constituent entities differed in the budget spendings for purchase of medicines for the treatment of the analyzed nosologies. In addition, we found inconsistency in the sum of funds spent on the subsidized Pharmaceutical Provision from year to year. The availability of medicines at the outpatient stage of treatment of cancer, broncho-obstructive diseases and diabetes mellitus differs greatly between the different Federal Districts and on the federal subject level. This creates unequal access to drug treatment for patients at the outpatient stage of treatment. Health authorities do not use a unified methodology for planning the demand of medicines at the outpatient stage of treatment, nor a unified strategy for Subsidized Pharmaceutical Provision xecution.

Технология создания цифровой карты сельскохозяйственных угодий на территории сельскохозяйственных организаций Ленинградской области с применением QGIS

The article deals with the technology of creating a digital map of agricultural lands in QGIS in order to form an information base on their state in individual farms. As a result of the conducted research, the authors identified the main stages of creating a digital map, defined key tasks at the stage of spatial reference of raster images and proposed ways to solve them. We developed an algorithm for creating an attribute table using the Python programming language, which enables avoiding errors in the process of filling in the semantic part of the generated information base. The main tools for digitizing raster images are highlighted, and in order to identify mistakes in the process of forming its graphical part, a topological editing module is to be used. The obtained research results can be helpful for the executive authorities of the Russian Federation subjects, local self-government bodies to make decisions in the field of land and property management of a separate entity.

РОССИЙСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ САМОЗАНЯТОСТИ: РАЗВИТИЕ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ

In his article, the author describes what he found when analyzing the formation and development of the institution of self-employment in the Russian Federation, both taking into account the diversity and specifics of Russian regions and identifying the reasons for this institution’s active introduction into the Russian economy and social sphere in modern conditions, as well as the positive results obtained. The study showed that in all Russian regions there is a significant increase in the number of self-employed, exceeding the planned and forecast values presented in the federal program “Creating favorable conditions for the activities of self-employed citizens” (2018). Statistics by federal subjects of Russia indicate that the spatial development of the institution of self-employment is combined with a significant decrease in the unemployment rate in the vast majority of Russian regions. However, it should be noted that after the introduction of this institution there were also negative effects, including the switch of skilled workers from SMEs and even from large enterprises to self-employment, which aggravated the problem of labor shortage in some regions. On the whole, it can be stated that in Russia this institution is now adequately fulfilling its functions in the economy and in the social sphere — bringing small business entities out of the shadows and fighting unemployment. In the context of modern challenges and strategic tasks, these two functions are essential for the Russian economy and society.

Респираторно-синцитиальная инфекция – современное состояние проблемы

The review shows the main current data concerning the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, features of the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We studied the influence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on the severity of the disease depending on age, concomitant pathology, genetic factors. Over the past decades, manifest forms of infection have become more frequent in the elderly, especially with weakened immunity with the development of severe forms of the disease with damage to the lower respiratory tract. During the systematization, the importance of epidemiological surveillance for RSV was determined. Data on the incidence of RSV on the territory of the subjects of Russian Federation with a high degree of probability cannot reflect the true picture, due to the lack of alertness of primary care doctors and specialists providing medical care in the inpatient departments. This is accompanied by the complexity of diagnostics and laboratory differential diagnosis with other respiratory infections. The problem is aggravated due to the lack of effective etiotropic therapy, as well as the availability of only passive immunization for children under two years of age from the means of specific prevention. Thus, these aspects raise a number of important issues for epidemiological and medical-preventive services. Keywords: bronchiolitis, pneumonia, respiratory syncytial infection, respiratory syncytial virus

Резервные фонды в регионах России: факторы учреждения и оценка эффективности

The article considers the main characteristics of the Russian Federation subjects’ reserve funds analyzes the factors of their formation and assesses their effectiveness through the lens of the regions’ countercyclical fiscal policy. In theory, reserve funds serve not only as a source of additional budgetary funds, but also as an instrument of anti-crisis policy and financial stability. In practice, the reserve funds of Russian regions are believed not to fulfill the designated tasks, although the number of relevant studies is extremely limited. The latter determines the relevance of this study. The authors establish that the regional reserve fund of the subject as a public-law entity was established only in about half of the Russian regions and in many respects their creation coincided with the recovery growth after the crisis of 2009–2010. The theoretical provisions are also consistent with the fact that on average the reserve fund is owned by the entities whose economy is more dependent on the mining industry, has greater fiscal capacity, is less subsidized and has a lower level of debt. At the same time, greater fiscal capacity or debt sustainability can hardly be considered as factors in the creation of reserve funds. A number of models are constructed to assess the effectiveness of reserve funds of Russian regions from the point of view of countercyclical fiscal policy. It is concluded that reserve funds in their current form are ineffective for smoothing regional expenditures and maintaining overall fiscal stability. Nevertheless, many questions remain in this topic, including alternative model specifications and evaluation techniques. Based on the results obtained, the directions for further research are formulated.

РЕГИОНЫ РОССИИ В ФОКУСЕ ИНДЕКСА КАЧЕСТВА КРЕАТИВНЫХ ПОЛИТИК

The study is devoted to assessing the quality of Russian Federation subjects’ policies in the field of creative industries. For this purpose, the special methodology and information base were developed, according to which for each region the Index of Creative policies Quality (ICQ) was calculated. The regions were ranked according to the ICQ and the results of theranking were interpreted. In accordance with the ICQ, characteristics of legal and organizational support, the representation of creative industries in regional socio-economic development strategies, the availability of region-level support and the regions’ participation in the federal support measures, all Russian regions were divided into 4 groups. The top-10 regions included Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Republic of Tatarstan, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Tyumen, Vologda and Ulyanovsk regions. The leading regions are distinguished by the systematic approach to setting strategic priorities in the field of creative industries, the diversified organizational infrastructure and initiative in launching regional support measures. There is a connection between urbanization, economic prosperity and the quality of policies in the field of creative industries. The study showed that the policies in the field of creative industries significantly vary by the frequency of occurrence in regions. Thus, the participation in the federal agenda is more common than the developing the region-level measures, and setting goals and objectives aimed at developing creative industries in regional socio-economic development strategies is more common than the creating the specialized strategies.

К ВОПРОСУ О ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИИ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ АМУРСКОГО ГОРАЛА (NEMORHAEDUS CAUDATUS) НА СЕВЕРЕ ЕГО ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО АРЕАЛА

The value of the Amur goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) as a fauna representative is in its rarity. Special measures for this species preservation include prohibition of hunting and its inclusion in both the Federal and some other Russian Federation subjects Red Books. However, the time proves the measures insufficient to restore it within its historical habitat, taking into account a strict territoriality of this “red book” species. This situation needs taking additional measures. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the regional state nature reserve “Dichun” suitability for the purpose of the Amur goral reintroduction. The study of this species ecology, protection and restoration has been carrying out since 1970s. Methods of trapping individuals, overexposure and transportation of them have been developed and tested for the goral population in Primorie. The analysis of the Amur goral historical habitat in Russia has shown the population subdivision into two loosely related groups – the sea coast and continental (including the Small Khingan mountains). There is no experience in the continental group reintroduction. The article substantiates the prospects for the nature reserve “Dichun” use as a landfill for the Amur goral habitat reintroduction. This area in Small Khingan mountains has been under special protection for 60 years. Restoration of the Amur goral population in the north of its historical habitat is of great importance for natural biodiversity and for attraction of tourists to the region.

Перспективные экономические специализации макрорегионов как ключевая недоработка Стратегии пространственного развития Рос- сии

Introduction: the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation was adopted in 2019 and included the development of strategies for 12 macro-regions, which, however, did not happen. At the end of 2022, the relevance of updating the Strategy has decreased: the number of the Russian Federation regions increased under the new geopolitical conditions, and the strategic agenda focus shifted to the new economic policy of the country, considering its national interests, sovereignty, and state security. Aims: to structure and detail promising economic specializations of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the context of macroregions. Methods: comparative analysis of documents, collection and analysis of quantitative data, structural analysis. Results: the calculations of promising economic specializations of the Russian Federation subjects within each macro-region, on the one hand, demonstrate the types of economic activities as promising specializations, on the other hand, do not make it possible to understand the country’s overall strategic development vector. The main factor limiting the development of lawmaking is the approach to the choice of economic specializations based on Russian Classification of Economic Activities which lacks an appropriate detailing. Conclusions: the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation needs to be adjusted in terms of eliminating substantive and methodological inconsistencies. It is necessary to restore the approach based on the sectors of the national economy to determine the promising economic specializations of the regions. The territorial grouping of the Russian Federation subjects into macro-regions has shown the functional inconsistency of artificial integrations. Spatial development should be focused on the infrastructural improvements of the Russian regions as a part of the federal districts, considering existing national projects and state development priorities.

Regional banking systems and their digitalization processes

Long-term tendencies in the economical development of specific regions determine the nature of digital transformations in their respective socio-economic systems. The global trend for digitization of economical and financial relationships affects the growth direction of national economies and their local components. This issue remains relevant for many countries, including Russia. The present study examines the specificity of digitization processes in regional banking systems and banking markets and the problems associated with them. The authors focus on digitalization and financial availability rates in the most economically depressed regions of the country. This article aims to identify barriers to the digitalization of banking markets in a specific category of Russian federal subjects demonstrating insufficient banking institutions and low banking activity. The authors hypothesize that the digitalization rate in banking markets depends on the availability of banking institutions in the region and the development of informational and communicational infrastructure. In order to achieve the stated goal, the authors used structural and dynamic analysis, method of coefficients, and index method. The paper considers the necessity and major factors of digital transformation in the separated regional economy. The authors provide definitions for digital finance and access to finance. Furthermore, they describe the relationship between these spheres in modern conditions. The conducted analysis covers digitalization rates in a group of economically lagging regions and digitalization outsiders. The authors assess whether the researched regions have satisfactory access to banking services and determine the extent to which the regional informatization indicators correlate with the overall digitalization of the banking sector.

БОРЬБА С ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ В МЕСТАХ ЛИШЕНИЯ СВОБОДЫ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ

The research is dedicated to primary and secondary prevention of TB in the penal enforcement system. The difficult epidemiological situation in the 1990s is stated. The activities implemented after the penitentiary service transfer from the Interior Ministry to the Ministry of Justice are meticulously described. The statistical analysis of TB incidence in the 21st century is provided including the aspects of interactions with TB services of the Russian Federation Subjects. Despite significant progress in the organization of TB care to suspects, defendants, and prisoners, we have focused on HIV/TB co-infection. The improvement of TB situation in prisons occurs more rapidly than among the adult population of the Russian Federation, according to the state and municipal health registration systems.

Assessment of the Level of Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation Subjects

Assessment of the Level of Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation Subjects