Components Of Subjective Well-being Research Articles

The Efficacy of a Peer-Led Versus Nurse-Led Self-Management on the Subjective Well-Being of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Subjective well-being (SWB) can be a buffer against mental health problems. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) tend to experience low levels of subjective well-being. Objectives: The two objectives were (1) to examine whether peer-led and nurse-led self-management training can improve SWB of patients with MS and (2) to compare the effect of these two interventions on SWB of patients with MS. Methods: In this trial, 81 patients were randomly assigned to either nurse-led (n = 41) or peer-led (n = 40) groups. Both groups participated in six weekly-based 1.5‐hr self-management sessions. The cognitive and affective components of SWB were evaluated using the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Scale for Positive and Negative Experience, respectively. Results: Life satisfaction increased in both groups over time (P < 0.001), although it was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Positive and negative experiences increased in both groups over time (P < 0.05), but the increase in positive experience in the peer-led group was significantly larger than those in the nurse-led group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Peer-led and nurse-led self-management training, are feasible tools to enhance the cognitive component of SWB, i.e., life satisfaction. Considering the affective component of SWB, positive experience in the peer-led group improved better than in the nurse-led group over time. Therefore, if healthcare providers improve the SWB of patients with relapsing-remitting MS, the self-management intervention led by peers is preferred than nurse-led self-management training.

Commute satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, and housing satisfaction as predictors of subjective well-being and indicators of urban livability

Commute satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, and housing satisfaction can be used as indicators of urban quality of life and livability due to their potential contribution to subjective well-being. This study aims to uncover whether these three concepts are indeed predictors of subjective well-being and reliable indicators of livability and quality of life in cities. The study presents and tests a model that examines the pathways between commute satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, and housing satisfaction, satisfaction with other life domains, and subjective well-being components – life satisfaction, affect, and eudaimonia. Data are obtained through a survey in the city region of Oslo, Norway and are analyzed with structural equation modeling. Findings show that commute satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, and housing satisfaction are all significantly associated with subjective well-being. Commute satisfaction was found to be linked to subjective well-being indirectly, mainly via neighborhood satisfaction and job satisfaction. Neighborhood satisfaction was found to relate to subjective well-being directly, but also indirectly via personal relationships satisfaction, housing satisfaction, and leisure satisfaction. Housing satisfaction was found to have a significant direct association with subjective well-being. These findings suggest that commute satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, and housing satisfaction are reliable indicators of urban livability. Consolidating these indicators provides a platform for future measurements of urban quality of life for research as well as public policy purposes.

The relationship between physical activity intensity and subjective well-being in college students

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations between physical activity (PA) and subjective well-being (SWB) by focusing on the intensity of PA and different components of SWB. Participants: The sample included 723 undergraduate students (mean age = 19.3 years). Methods: Participants responded to questionnaires measuring life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, vigorous-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA, and walking. Multiple regression models were performed with the SWB variables as the outcomes and PA variables as the predictors while controlling for age and sex. Results: While vigorous-intensity PA was the only significant predictor for life satisfaction, both moderate-intensity PA and vigorous-intensity PA were positively associated with happiness and positive affect and negatively associated with negative affect. Walking was not associated with any component of SWB. Conclusion: PA has a positive relationship with SWB in college students and this relationship differs by the intensity of PA and the component of SWB.

A bifactor model of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale and its association with subjective well-being

ABSTRACT Although the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) has been validated in many studies, it has not been validated with bifactor model. Study 1 conducted a confirmatory factor analysis with a sample of 525 Chinese university students aged 18–30 years old, and found that the bifactor model with a general factor and four specific factors showed the best fit to the data. Study 2 cross-validated these findings in another 724 adult sample aged 17–56 years old, and the measurement invariance between students and employees was obtained. Besides, the results of Structural Equation Modeling demonstrated that the general factor could predict the three components of subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect), but only the specific factor of Use of Emotion could predict positive affect. Moreover, there were no differences in these relations between students and employees. Implications and future directions of the findings were discussed.

Perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among Middle Eastern migrants in Australia: The moderating role of perceived social support.

Middle Eastern (ME) migrants are vulnerable to developing mental health problems due to pre-migration and post-migration traumas and stresses. The evidence on the subjective well-being of ME migrants and its contributing factors is limited and inconclusive. The aim of this study is to examine the moderating role of perceived social support in the association between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being, after controlling for socio-demographic factors. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted in Queensland, Australia. A total of 382 first-generation young adult ME migrants, aged between 20 to 39 years, completed a self-administered questionnaire. To analyse data, a series of three hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) analyses were conducted, one for each of the subjective well-being components (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction with life). The interaction between perceived social support and perceived discrimination for the prediction of subjective well-being components was further explored using simple slope analysis. Gender was found to be a significant predictor of positive and negative affect. Education was found to predict satisfaction with life, but not positive and negative affect. Married migrants were found to have significantly higher life satisfaction, positive affect and lower negative affect. Perceived social support had a moderating role in the association between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being. Considering the buffering role of perceived social support against the adverse effects of perceived discrimination on subjective well-being, organizations and individuals working with ME migrants should acknowledge the significance of social support and improve their capacity to deliver effective and appropriate social support services to migrants experiencing discrimination.

Do vegetarians feel bad? Examining the association between eating vegetarian and subjective well-being in two representative samples

Research on the relationship between vegetarianism and subjective well-being (SWB) has produced inconsistent results, which may partly be due to small sample sizes and divergent operationalizations of well-being. For these reasons, the present study aimed to thoroughly examine this association in two large representative samples from Germany (Study 1: N = 12,905, including 665 vegetarians) and Australia (Study 2: N = 15,532, including 383 vegetarians) using a consensual conceptualization of SWB (composed of an affective component, i.e., positive and negative affect, and a cognitive component, i.e., life satisfaction). Results of t-tests showed that vegetarians reported slightly higher scores in negative affect (Study 1 and 2), but also slightly higher levels of satisfaction with health (Study 1 and 2) and life satisfaction (Study 1) compared to meat eaters. No differences emerged regarding positive affect in either study. These differences between vegetarians and meat-eaters in some components of SWB, although significant due to the large sample sizes, are small at best (d around 0.15). Because sex, age, and education were associated with diet type and SWB, analyses controlling for socio-demographic variables were also conducted. In these ANCOVAS, the effect of diet emerged only for one out of the five formerly significant comparisons (negative affect in Study 1, d = 0.09) while the differences between vegetarians and meat eaters in both satisfaction with health and life, as well as the effect on negative affect in Study 2, all became non-significant (d around 0.05). Taken together, the very small effects found in the t-tests for some components of SWB seem to be due to socio-demographic variables, meaning that the true effects of diet on SWB are non-existent or negligible.

Safety Criteria Differences of Learners with Mental Disorders in Early and Late Adolescence as Compared to Normotypic Peers

Introduction. Current psychological and pedagogical research considers the problem of safe behavior formation among students of different ages. It makes an attempt to establish the conditions for psychological safety type’s formation. The aim of the article is to identify readiness for safe behavior, understanding and interpretation of dangerous situations in various life spheres among early and la te adolescents with mental disorders. Materials and Methods. The authors selected a questionnaire test by V. G. Maralov, which allows establishing types of the attitude of an individual in a dangerous situation (adequate, anxious, ignoring, uncertain); the “Scale of Subjective Well-being” screening method by G. Perue-Badu adapted by M. V. Sokolova for measuring the emotional component of subjective well-being, and the authors’ method for studying the perceptions among early and late adolescents with mental disorders and their normotypic peers of various types of danger (physical, social and informational). To confirm the hypothesis of the research a two-way variance analysis was done (Age and Mental Disorders factors). Results. The authors identified that neurotypical early and late adolescents are able to recognize dangerous situations and feelings of such situations’ participants, predict the consequences of these dangers and suggest relevant ways to avoid them. Age impacts the development of the ability to recognize all types of dangerous situations among students with mental disorders (in late adolescence it is higher than in early one). Age influences such an indicator of subjective well-being as health self-assessment: it is higher in late adolescence than in early one. Students with mental disorders have a lower degree of ability to recognize physical and social environment danger, to predict and avoid various dangers than their neurotypical peers. Mental disorders also bear on such indicator as “Signs that com e with psychoemotional symptoms”. Discussion and Conclusion. The article shall be of interest to researchers studying the problem of the safe behavior of young people in various situations. The results of the study can be used in further studies of the ability to recognize, predict and avoid dangerous situations by adolescents and young people with normotypic development and mental disorders.

Different Components of Subjective Well-being Are Associated With Chronic Nondisabling and Disabling Knee Pain: ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal Cohort.

Chronic knee pain (CKP) is a common pain complaint in older adults that is often associated with disability. This study investigated the relationship between 2 components of subjective well-being (depressive symptoms and life satisfaction) and CKP phenotypes based on the presence of knee disability. A cross-sectional study was performed at baseline of ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal cohort (2012-2014). Chronic knee pain phenotypes were identified according to the presence of CKP that was accompanied or not by disability, which was assessed by a question on pain-related limitations to perform everyday activities (overall), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index's physical function subscale (daily tasks) and 5-times sit-to-stand test (objective). Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised and life satisfaction by the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Multinomial logistic regressions used CKP phenotypes as response variables (no CKP as reference). The sample comprised 2898 participants (mean age, 55.9 ± 8.9 years; 52.9% were female). After adjustments for sociodemographic and clinical factors, depressive symptoms were associated with daily tasks disabling CKP (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-3.66) and objective disabling CKP (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.29-2.93) and with nondisabling CKP for the overall disability measure (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.17-2.04). Life satisfaction was inversely associated with all phenotypes in fully adjusted models, with strongest magnitude of associations observed for disabling CKP. The association of depressive symptoms and life satisfaction with CKP phenotypes suggest the need to address both negative and positive components of subjective well-being in the assessment of individuals with knee complaints.

Do relationships between subjective well-being scales change over time? Analysis of a longitudinal sample

This study employs the cross-lagged panel SEM technique to explore the evolution of scores yielded from several instruments over time and the relationship between these instruments in the same period. It departs from the consideration that different instruments for measuring subjective well-being (SWB) during late childhood and early adolescence may not produce identical results in different contexts, while their scores tend to decrease over time. It also aims to test whether relationships between different instruments are stable or some instruments have fluctuating effects on others over time. Changes in the results of four multi-item instruments that measure both affective (positive and negative) and cognitive components of SWB (context-free and domain-based) and one single-item instrument on Life Satisfaction are analysed. A 5-year longitudinal sample of children and adolescents aged 10 to 16 (N = 1696) was used. The results support the decreasing-with-age trend from late childhood onwards for all instruments. With very few exceptions, they also reveal that the mean scores for any of the five SWB measures analysed tend to moderately predict the following year’s scores only for the same measure. Predictive capacity becomes weaker the more years of difference considered, all effects becoming marginal after 4 years. This contradicts the assumptions that a genetic component remains stable and that the main predictor of LS at any time is LS in the past. At one year, such predictive capacity seems to increase with age for Positive Affect and for the domain-based measure, while it seems to decrease for the context-free measure and fluctuate for Negative Affect. However, the mean effect of a single-item LS measure on the following year’s scores for the same measure is clearly lower than that of the other measures, suggesting such instrument is not stable enough to adequately measure LS in children and adolescents. The results contribute new knowledge to our understanding of how facets of SWB evolve and the relationships between these instruments, and may help improve decision-making with regard to which measures should be employed.

Being Happy and Becoming Happier as Independent Predictors of Physical Health and Mortality

The present study tested preregistered predictions regarding the prospective associations between level and change in subjective well-being (SWB) and physical health. In two large longitudinal panel studies conducted in the United States (N = 3294) and Japan (N = 657), we used multilevel growth curve models to estimate level and change in components of SWB (i.e., life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). Next, we used random intercepts and slopes to predict subsequent self-reported general health and number of chronic health conditions (in the United States and Japan) and mortality risk (in the United States). Greater life satisfaction, higher positive affect, and lower negative affect were associated with better health (0.22 < |β values| < 0.46) and longer survival. Above and beyond SWB level, longitudinal increases in life satisfaction and positive affect and longitudinal decreases in negative affect were associated with better health (0.06 < |β values| < 0.20). Moreover, all three SWB components independently predicted health, and life satisfaction and negative affect independently predicted survival. The preregistration and analysis scripts are available at osf.io/mz9gy. The present findings suggest that being happy and becoming happier across time are independently associated with better physical health in the United States and Japan.

Resilience mediates the relationship between optimism and well-being among Filipino university students

Recent researches established the effect of optimism on subjective well-being. In the present study, the author attempts to extend and fill in gaps from the previous literature by investigating the potential mediating role of resilience in the relationship between optimism and subjective well-being. This study hypothesized the mediation of resilience between optimism and subjective well-being. This was tested by examining the responses of 300 first year college students on administered questionnaires. Using mediation analysis, the results revealed that all paths were found to be significant; optimism has indirect effects on the three components of subjective well-being as mediated by resilience. Although resilience and indirect effect were found to be significant, resilience only partially mediated the relationship. The results highlights the role of resilience in subjective well-being, exerting its beneficial effects. Considerations for further research are also discussed.

Subjective Well-Being, Transnational Families and Social Integration of Married Immigrants in Italy

International literature has shown that demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, social ties and supports in the host country play an important role on migrants’ subjective wellbeing. The influence of such characteristics has been widely studied so far, especially on immigrants’ levels of life satisfaction, but how living transnational partnerships and parenthoods might affect the subjective wellbeing of migrants and how this situation might be reflecting social integration issues still remains poorly understood. This paper is aimed at covering this gap by analyzing each one of the components of subjective well-being: own assessment of life satisfaction (cognitive component), feelings of loneliness (emotional component) and sense of belonging (affective component). Ordinal logistic regressions were run on a selected sample of the Survey on Social Conditions and Integration of Foreign citizens carried out by ISTAT in 2011/2012. Results have shown that living in transnational families differently affect subjective wellbeing, being particularly important for the cognitive and emotional components among married immigrants. Self-perceived social integration has been found to be a protective factor of immigrants’ levels of subjective wellbeing, having a preventive role on their levels of life satisfaction and feelings of loneliness.

Subjective Well-Being and Psychosocial Adjustment: Examining the Effects of an Intervention Based on the Sport Education Model on Children

The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention based on the Sport Education model, compared to an intervention based on the traditional model of Direct Instruction in children. The intervention was carried out during school hours for 18 sessions of 50-min each. The sample was made up of 146 children aged 10–12 years (M = 10.78 years; SD = 1.07 years). Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 87) and a control group (n = 59). A quasi-experimental design with repeated pretest and posttest evaluations with the control group was implemented. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale for children and adolescents (PANASN) was used to assess the affective component of subjective well-being. The Child and Adolescent Behavior Assessment System (BASC) was used to assess psychosocial adjustment. The results showed significant improvements in the affective component of subjective well-being and a reduction in anxiety in favor of the experimental group. Our current results show the methodological and practical efficacy of a Sport Education intervention.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF FUTURE PSYCHOLOGISTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACHIEVING MOTIVATION

The purpose of the article is to investigate the components of psychological well-being of future psychologists with different types of achievement motivation. To study the motivation of students' achievements were used "Methods of diagnosis of personality motivation to success" and "Methods of diagnosis for motivation to avoid failures" of T. Ehlers and method "Scales of Рsychological Well-being" K. Riff in the adaptation of T. Shevelenkova and T. Fesenko. The problem of motivation of achievements and psychological well-being of future psychologists is investigated in the article. Taking into account the levels of two methods of motivation research, four groups of students with different types of achievement motivation were identified and psychological characteristics of future psychologists by types of achievement motivation were characterized. It has been determined that for the future psychologists there is an average level of motivation for success and a high level of motivation for avoiding failures. The major components of psychological well-being are found in students with the second type of achievement motivation, characterized by high and too high levels of motivation for success and low and medium levels of motivation for avoiding failure. The second type of achievement motivation is characterized by high levels of expression of almost all components of psychological well-being. Next in level of development of the components of subjective well-being are psychology students with the first (with high and very high level of motivation for success and motivation to avoid failure) and the fourth type of achievement motivation (with low and medium level of motivation for avoidance of failure and motivation for success), but most of the components of psychological well-being in group four are at the lower end of the median level of manifestation. The least well-developed components of psychological well-being in students with the third type of achievement motivation (with high, too high levels of motivation to avoid failure, and low and medium levels of motivation to succeed) that have low levels of development in almost all components of psychological well-being. The current direction of further research is to study the mechanisms and patterns of the influence of achievement motivation on self-efficacy in the professional training of future psychologists

The Bigger the Better? Business Size and Small-Business Owners\u2019 Subjective Well-Being

Business growth is often portrayed as an important outcome for small-business owners. Few empirical studies have however examined whether there is a positive relationship between business size and different dimensions of small-business owners’ subjective well-being. In a large cross-sectional sample (n = 1089) of small-business owners from Sweden, we investigate the relationship between business size and the two main components of subjective well-being, life satisfaction and emotional well-being. By means of structural equation modelling, we determine the importance of business size for subjective well-being by focusing on potential advantages (financial satisfaction) and disadvantages (time pressure) related to business size. The results show that there is no overall relationship between business size and life satisfaction, but a weak negative relationship between business size and emotional well-being. However, in a subsequent mediation analyses we find that these findings largely can be explained by the fact that financial satisfaction and time pressure relate to subjective well-being in opposite directions and thus cancel each other out. The results of the mediation analysis also reveal differences across the two components of subjective well-being. We here find that financial satisfaction is more important for small-business owners’ life satisfaction while time pressure is more important for their emotional well-being.

Does Dispositional Envy Make You Flourish More (or Less) in Life? An Examination of Its Longitudinal Impact and Mediating Mechanisms Among Adolescents and Young Adults

The association between dispositional envy and subjective well-being has been well-investigated in the literature. Nevertheless, most of these investigations have predominantly (1) focused on the hedonic component of subjective well-being, (2) employed a cross-sectional design, (3) targeted at young adults, and (4) tested the main effects instead of the mediating mechanisms. These limitations might restrict the robustness and generalizability of the observed association between dispositional envy and subjective well-being. To address these gaps, the present research focused on the eudaimonic component of subjective well-being, which highlights a purposeful, psychologically flourishing life. Conceptually, the association between dispositional envy and flourishing is paradoxical, such that both a positive and a negative association can be predicted. To examine this unexplored association, three studies were conducted to provide longitudinal evidence for this association as well as to investigate its intrapersonal and interpersonal mediating mechanisms among young adults and adolescents. Converging results indicated that dispositional malicious envy was negatively associated with flourishing, while dispositional benign envy was positively linked with it. In this research, a series of model comparisons was conducted to strengthen our understanding of dispositional envy. Specifically, we compared (1) the extent that dispositional envy was associated with eudaimonic well-being and hedonic well-being, (2) the associations among the two age groups, and (3) the importance of the intrapersonal and interpersonal mechanisms.

Dampak Program Bantuan Tunai (Cash Transfer) terhadap Kesejahteraan Subyektif di Indonesia

Cash transfer programs have become the main poverty-alleviating policy in several developing countries. This study analyzes the perceived impact of Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) as an Unconditional Cash Transfer (UCT) program in Indonesia by examining beneficiary households’ subjective wellbeing. Two rounds of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel data from 2007 (IFLS-4) and 2015 (IFLS-5) are used, from which this study take the subjective wellbeing indicators. Three main categories of subjective wellbeing components are developed using Principle Component Analysis (PCA): family satisfaction, future perception, and children. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and fixed effect methods are used to determine the impact of UCT program on subjective wellbeing. The Indonesian UCT program is negatively correlated or has no impact on improving recipients’ subjective wellbeing compared to that of non-recipients. Out of the three subjective wellbeing components, family satisfaction appears to have received significant and positive impact from the UCT program. UCT may also help beneficiaries maintain stable consumption level during short-term economic shocks, but future perception and children’s wellbeing perception are not found to be affected.

Personality and Subjective Well-Being: Towards Personalized Persuasive Interventions for Health and Well-Being.

• Human-centered computing → Personalization → HCI design and evaluation methods → User models.

Physical activity, screen time and subjective well-being among children

Background/ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to explore the differences between physical activity and/or screen time levels on cognitive (Life satisfaction LS) and affective (Positive affect, PA and Negative affect NA) components of subjective well-being (SWB) in children. MethodThis cross-sectional study enrolled 1,540 children (1,040 boys, 8–12 years old). LS, PA, NA, physical activity and screen time were assessed with validated questionnaires. ResultsChildren who reported 3 days per week of physical activity or less had lower LS and PA than counterparts with ≥6 days of physical activity per week (p < .05). Participants who reported 2 hours per day or less of screen time had lower NA than counterparts with 4 hours per day or more of screen time (p < .05). Also, children who meet physical activity guidelines have higher LS and PA compared to inactive peers, even with high screen time. In contrast, excessive screen time was also related with NA independent of the level of physical activity. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that physical activity is related with positive feelings and LS, but does not eliminate the effect of screen time on negative feelings among Chilean children.

Abbreviated Three-Item Versions of the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Harmony in Life Scale Yield as Strong Psychometric Properties as the Original Scales

The cognitive components of subjective well-being can be measured with the Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) and the Harmony in life scale (HILS), which both comprise five items each. The aim of this article is to abbreviate these scales and examine their psychometric properties and validity. Three datasets including test-retest data are used (N = 787; N = 860; N = 343). The two first datasets were already collected, whereas the third dataset included delivering the three-item scales (SWLS-3; HILS-3) together (in random order) with one shared instruction. The last study was pre-registered, including open data and code. The SWLS-3 and the HILS-3 demonstrate good psychometric properties, including very high internal consistency and item total correlations, strong test-retest reliability, where two-factor models of cognitive well-being tend to yield very good fit indices. Further, the scales demonstrate measurement invariance across time and gender. In fact, the three-item scales demonstrate as strong psychometric properties as compared with the five-item scales. Additionally, the scales demonstrate similar validity by yielding similar correlations to assessments of well-being, mental health problems and social desirability. Thus, the SWLS-3 and the HILS-3 can efficiently be used together with one shared instruction, without compromising (and in most aspects even yielding small improvements) the psychometric soundness of the scales.