Subjective Value Research Articles

Physical loads on upper extremity muscles while interacting with virtual objects in an augmented reality context

Augmented reality (AR) environments are emerging as prominent user interfaces and gathering significant attention. However, the associated physical strain on the users presents a considerable challenge. Within this background, this study explores the impact of movement distance (MD) and target-to-user distance (TTU) on the physical load during drag-and-drop (DND) tasks in an AR environment. To address this objective, a user experiment was conducted utilizing a 5× 5 within-subject design with MD (16, 32, 48, 64, and 80 cm) and TTU (40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 cm) as the variables. Physical load was assessed using normalized electromyography (NEMG) (%MVC) indicators of the upper extremity muscles and the physical item of NASA-Task load index (TLX). The results revealed significant variations in the physical load based on MD and TTU. Specifically, both the NEMG and subjective physical workload values increased with increasing MD. Moreover, NEMG increased with decreasing TTU, whereas the subjective physical workload scores increased with increasing TTU. Interaction effects of MD and TTU on NEMG were also significantly observed. These findings suggest that considering the MD and TTU when developing content for interacting with AR objects in AR environments could potentially alleviate user load.

Pulmonary functions test in asymptomatic rheumatoid lung disease patients: a hospital-based study

BackgroundAs a common extra-articular symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pulmonary involvement affects 20–67% of patients and accounts for 10–20% of RA-related deaths. This study aimed to assess the impact of RA on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in Sudanese RA patients attending the rheumatology clinics of the Omdurman Military Hospital.MethodsThis was an analytical, cross-sectional, hospital-based study of 32 RA patients who met the 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (RA ACR/EULAR) and who were nonsmokers and free of known respiratory or chronic diseases. Pulmonary function parameters (PFTs), including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the FEV1/FVC ratio, and the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), were measured for each participant using a digital spirometer. A control group of Sudanese subjects of similar age, sex, and height was matched, and the results were compared with normal reference values.ResultsA high prevalence of lung function abnormalities (93.8%) was observed in RA patients, and 6.2% of them had normal PFT parameters. Restrictive lung disease was recorded in 78.1% of the patients, and obstructive lung disease was observed in 15.7% of the patients. All measured PFT parameters in the RA patients were significantly lower than the published reference normal values for Sudanese subjects, except for the FEV1/FVC ratio. The mean values of FEV1, FVC, the FEV1/FVC ratio, and the PRFR in RA patients were 1.8 ± 0.3 L/min, 2.1 ± 0.4 L/min, 87.1 ± 12.2%, and 223.6 ± 86.2 L/min, respectively, compared to 2.4 ± 0.1 L/min, 2.7 ± 0.1 L/min, 90.81 ± 2.6%, and 345.4 ± 16.2 L/min, respectively, in the control group (P values of 0.001, 0.001, 0.299, and 0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant correlation between PFT results and disease duration, age, or BMI.ConclusionsRegardless of the duration of RA, restrictive lung abnormalities are frequent in asymptomatic RA patients. The PFT can serve as an indicator of RA. Spirometry has been advised as a baseline examination and for follow-up and to promote the early detection and management of pulmonary involvement in RA patients.

Preferences reveal dissociable encoding across prefrontal-limbic circuits.

Individual preferences for the flavor of different foods and fluids exert a strong influence on behavior. Most current theories posit that preferences are integrated with other state variables in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which is thought to derive the relative subjective value of available options to guide choice behavior. Here, we report that instead of a single integrated valuation system in the OFC, another complementary one is centered in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in macaques. Specifically, we found that the OFC and vlPFC preferentially represent outcome flavor and outcome probability, respectively, and that preferences are separately integrated into value representations in these areas. In addition, the vlPFC, but not the OFC, represented the probability of receiving the available outcome flavors separately, with the difference between these representations reflecting the degree of preference for each flavor. Thus, both the vlPFC and OFC exhibit dissociable but complementary representations of subjective value, both of which are necessary for decision-making.

Paper 29: Incidental Teres Minor Atrophy in Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair of the Supraspinatus Occurs Frequently and is Associated with Worse Postoperative Outcomes Without Higher Failure Rates

Objectives: Fatty infiltration and rotator cuff atrophy has been associated with poor clinical outcomes during rotator cuff repairs. Compared to supraspinatus and infraspinatus atrophy there has been minimal research on the effect of teres minor atrophy on surgical outcomes and failure rates in rotator cuff repairs. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs (ARCR) for partial and full thickness supraspinatus tears in patients with incidentally identified teres minor fatty infiltration. Methods: A consecutive series of 272 shoulders from 256 patients who underwent arthroscopic, double row transosseous equivalent repairs by 3 fellowship trained surgeons with minimum 1 years follow up for partial and full thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon was reviewed. Revision repairs and concomitant subscapularis repairs were excluded. Preoperative MRI was reviewed to classify teres minor fatty infiltration using the modified Goutallier classification. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion, strength, visual analog scale (VAS), subjective shoulder value (SSV), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) mental/physical health, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score (ASES), and Brophy shoulder activity scores were collected. Failure defined as a symptomatic retear identified on postoperative MRI or need for revision surgery was also collected. Paired t-tests, Chi-squared, and Fisher’s exact tests were utilized for continuous and binary variables, respectively. Statistical significance was at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 106 patients met the inclusion criteria with 47 partial thickness tears and 59 full thickness tears. The average age of 67 and average follow-up of 30 months (range 10-92) were included. Tear size (16.37 vs 13.62, p = 0.30), and Goutallier classification of supraspinatus (0.51 vs 0.62, p =0.41), and infraspinatus (0.42 vs 0.47, p = 0.81) did not differ between the two groups. Incidental teres minor fat infiltration was present in 53% of cases with an overall frequency in Goutallier stage as follows: 47% - Grade 0, 38% - Grade 1, 14% - Grade 2, 1% - Grade 3, and 0% - Grade 4. For partial tears, postoperative PROMIS mental and physical scores were significantly better in those without teres minor fatty infiltration versus in those without (16.7 vs 14.3, p=0.01; 15.5 vs 13.5, p=0.02), while ROM, strength, and PROs were not statistically significant. For full tears, those without fat infiltration had statistically significantly better PROs on PROMIS physical (16.25 vs 14.07, p=0.01), ASES (83 vs 63, p=0.02), Brophy (8.3 vs 5.2, p=0.02), and SSV scores (94 vs 83, p=0.046). No other differences in ROM, strength, and other PROs were identified. No differences were identified for retear and revision rates among patients regardless of fatty infiltration (partial: retear, 7.7% vs 9.5%, p = 0.59; revision, 7.7% vs 9.5%, p = 0.59; revision, 12.5% vs 5.7%, p = 0.18). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that incidentally noted teres minor fatty infiltration occurs in over 50% of patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for full thickness supraspinatus tears and is associated with worse postoperative outcome scores without higher failure rates. Compared to full thickness tears, teres minor atrophy in partial thickness tears showed a lesser effect on outcome scores with only significantly worse post operative PROMIS mental and physical scores. Identification of these patients preoperatively with strategies to optimize may be necessary to improve outcomes.

Poster 154: Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With Side-to-Side Sutures for Full-Thickness Transtendinous Supraspinatus Tears Yields Excellent Outcomes and Low Retear Rates Similar to Traditional Tendon-to-Bone Fixation at Mean Follow Up of 4 Years

Objectives: Full-thickness transtendinous supraspinatus tears involve a large portion of the tendon that remains attached to the footprint that often leaves insufficient medial tissue for tension free footprint restoration with traditional suture anchor repair. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes and failure rates for arthroscopic side-to-side suture repair for transtendinous tears to traditional double-row repair for more common tendon avulsions. We hypothesized poorer objective and subjective outcomes as well as higher retear rates for side-to-side suture repair. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 18 consecutive patients with full-thickness transtendinous supraspinatus tears repaired with arthroscopic side-to-side sutures (Group 1) compared to 36 matched controls with classic tendon avulsion from the footprint repaired with double-row knotless transosseous equivalent (TOE) repairs (Group 2). All procedures were performed by a single surgeon with a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Demographics and prospectively collected patient reported outcomes (PROs) were collected including postoperative active range of motion (AROM), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV). Failure defined as a symptomatic re-tear diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or need for revision surgery was also determined. Preoperative tear size and Goutallier stage were recorded from MRIs. Results: There were no significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2 regarding mean follow-up (49 months vs. 52.4 months, p = 0.640) and age (68.7 ± 6.8 vs. 67.1 ± 9.6, p = 0.550). With respect to clinical outcomes and PROs, there were no differences in postoperative VAS for pain score (1 ± 1.54 vs 1.5 ± 2.1, p = 0.537), SSV score (92.2 ± 9.1 vs 87.1 ± 10.9, p = 0.086), or ASES score (90.8 ± 9.9 vs 83.1 ± 23.9, p = 0.377). No differences were identified for postoperative AROM forward flexion (153 ± 14 vs 156 ± 16, p= 0.194), external rotation (53 ± 6 vs 51 ± 9, p= 0.498) and internal rotation score (6.4 ± 1.8 vs 7.2 ± 1.2, p=0.244). There was no statistically significant difference in failure rates between cohorts (11.1% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.255). Regarding preoperative tear characteristics, fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus (1.2 ± 1 vs 1.5 ± 0.7, p= 0.307) and anteroposterior tear size were similar (21.3 ± 9.3 vs 24 ± 8, p = 0.322), although lower grades of fatty infiltration in the infraspinatus was present in Group 1 (0.3 ± 0.6 vs 1.1 ± 0.7, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Arthroscopic side-to-side suture repair for supraspinatus tears yields excellent outcomes with low failure rates comparable to tendon-to-bone double suture anchor repair for typical avulsion type tears. Retention of the large tendon stump on the greater tuberosity with side-to-side repair also allows restoration of anatomy without undue tension in this uncommon scenario.

Long-term (minimum 10 years) survival and outcomes of pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty

There are some major controversies surrounding the use and longevity of pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty (PISA). The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term survival and outcomes (minimum 10-year) following PISA for osteoarthritis (OA) in young and active patients. This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients who underwent PISA (InSpyre; Tornier-Stryker) for OA between 2009 and 2012. Arthroplasty survival was known for 71 patients followed longitudinally for a minimum of 10 years. The clinical and radiologic outcomes were assessed in 62 patients (62 shoulders) reviewed with radiographs. The mean age at surgery was 60 years (range, 23-72 years), and 31 shoulders (50%) underwent prior surgery before PISA. The diagnosis was primary osteoarthritis (POA=29), post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA=23), and postinstability osterarthritis (PIOA=10). Clinical failure was defined as repeat surgical intervention involving prosthesis revision. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Constant score (CS) and Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV). The mean duration of follow-up was 11±0.6 years (range, 10-14 years). Overall, the survival rate was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI] 82.8-96.8) at 5 years and 87% (95% CI 79-94.8) at a 10-year follow-up. Survival was 100% in PTOA (type 1 fracture sequelae) and in PIOA as well as 95% in primary OA with type A glenoid. Revision surgery was significantly higher in biconcave (type B2) glenoid (44%) compared with concentric (type A) glenoid (2%), respectively (P=.002). Among the 7 patients who were revised to reverse shoulder arthroplasty, 5 had painful glenoid erosion and 2 had bipolar (glenoid and humeral) erosion with thinning and finally fracture of the greater tuberosity. Two shoulders with glenohumeral erosion were associated with secondary rotator cuff tears (1 supraspinatus and 1 subscapularis tear). The mean time to revision and revision was 4±1.7 years. Glenoid wear was more often superior (81%) than central (19%), P<.001. For those shoulders not revised, the mean CS and SSV significantly increased from 39±14 to 70±14 points and 34%±15% to 75%±17%, respectively (P<.001). PISA is an efficient and durable surgical procedure for the treatment of young and active patients with post-traumatic OA, postinstability OA, and primary OA with concentric (type A) glenoid erosion, but not for those with biconcave (type B2) glenoid. Biconcave (type B2) glenoid and subscapularis tear or insufficiency are risk factors for failure and revision.

Home-Based or Supervised Physical Therapy Shows Similar Functional Outcomes and Healing After Massive Rotator Cuff Repair

PurposeThis study aimed to compare postoperative clinical outcomes at the 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, and latest follow-up in patients undergoing supervised physical therapy (PT) or a home-based exercise program after arthroscopic repair (ARCR) of massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs). MethodsA retrospective review was conducted on a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent either supervised PT or home-based therapy after ARCR of MRCTs between January 2015 and December 2018 at a single center with a minimum 24-month follow-up. At their 2-week postoperative routine follow-up, patients are allowed to choose between home-based and supervised PT. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and range of motion (ROM) were collected and compared between cohorts preoperatively and at the 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, and latest follow-up. The percentage of patients reaching or exceeding the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient accepted symptomatic state (PASS) for visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon score (ASES), and Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) were recorded for both cohorts at each time point. Complications, healing, satisfaction, and return to work were reported. Healing was evaluated via ultrasound at the latest follow-up. ResultsNinety-nine patients met the study criteria: 61 in the supervised PT cohort, and 38 in the home-based cohort. The supervised PT and home-based cohorts returned to clinic for their most recent follow-up at 53±20 and 55±16 months (p=0.496) after surgery, respectively. There was no difference when comparing tendon involvement (SS, p=0.574; IS, p=0.288; SSc p=0.592), tear retraction (p=0.603), or high-grade fatty infiltration (SS, p=0.684; IS, p-0.397; SSc p=0.473) based on preoperative MRI assessment and surgery-related factors, including anterior (p=0.473) or posterior (p=0.386) slides, fixation constructs (p=0.829), or complete repair (p=0.912). Both cohorts showed similar PROs and ROM at baseline. Postoperative PROs and ROM were similar among groups at the 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, and latest follow-up. However, ASES (71.4 vs 61.2; p = 0.013) and FF (135° vs 118°; p = 0.023) were significantly higher at 3-month follow-up in the home-based cohort. Both groups comparably achieved MCID and PASS for PROs at the 3-month, 6-month, and12-month follow-up. At the latest follow-up, the supervised PT and home-based cohort achieved MCID and PASS for VAS (75% vs 81%, p=0.573; 70% vs 72%, p=0.911), ASES (76% vs 74%, p=0.777; 72% vs 72%, p=0.873), and SSV (82% vs 84%, p=0.734; 72% vs 66%, p=0.489), respectively. Satisfaction, healing, complication, and return to work rates were similar. ConclusionPatients undergoing rehabilitation using a home-based protocol showed largely similar functional scores and healing to those with supervised PT after ARCR of MRCTs at the latest follow-up. Although patients with home-based therapy achieved higher FF and ASES at the 3-month follow-up, these became comparable starting at the 6-month postoperative mark. MCID and PASS were achieved similarly for PROs at each time point.

Neuronal Activity in the Gustatory Cortex during Economic Choice.

An economic choice entails computing and comparing the values of individual offers. Offer values are represented in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-an area that participates in value comparison-but it is unknown where offer values are computed in the first place. One possibility is that this computation takes place in OFC. Alternatively, offer values might be computed upstream of OFC. For choices between edible goods, a primary candidate is the gustatory region of the anterior insula (gustatory cortex, GC). Here we recorded from the GC of male rhesus monkeys choosing between different juice types. As a population, neurons in GC represented the flavor, the quantity, and the subjective value of the juice chosen by the animal. These variables were represented by distinct groups of cells and with different time courses. Specifically, chosen value signals emerged shortly after offer presentation, while neurons encoding the chosen juice and the chosen quantity peaked after juice delivery. Surprisingly, neurons in GC did not represent individual offer values in a systematic way. In a computational sense, the variables encoded in GC follow the process of value comparison. Thus our results argue against the hypothesis that offer values are computed in GC. At the same time, signals representing the subjective value of the expected reward indicate that responses in GC are not purely sensory. Thus neuronal responses in GC appear consummatory in nature.

Preventive Deradicalization in Lower Grade Madrasah through Religious Moderation in Quran-Hadith and Aqidah-Akhlak

This study investigates preventive deradicalization efforts in lower-grade students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah through the internalization of religious moderation values in Quran-Hadith and Aqidah-Akhlak subjects. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research subjects were selected purposively, and data were gathered via in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The analysis followed Miles, Huberman, and Saldana's interactive model, involving data condensation, presentation, and conclusion drawing, with data validity ensured through credibility tests and triangulation. The findings indicate that nationalistic values were instilled in students through value transformation by teachers, value transaction in flag ceremonies, and transinternalization, where students memorized the national anthem and Pancasila principles.

Analisis Konsep Ilmu Islam dan Implikasinya dalam Kependidikan di MI Quraniah 8 Palembang

This research aims to analyze the concept of Islamic knowledge and its implications in education at MI Quraniah 8 Palembang. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive method with a case study design. Data were collected through interviews, which were then organized, categorized, and interpreted in detail. The findings were presented through a narrative that depicted the research findings. The results of the study indicate that at MI Quraniah 8 Palembang, the concept of Islamic knowledge is significantly integrated into the educational curriculum. Each subject approaches Islamic values closely. The concepts of tauhid (monotheism) and akhlak (morality) are taught through readings, prayers, and internalization in daily life. The role of teachers is crucial in supporting this integration as information providers. Therefore, it can be concluded that the concept of Islamic knowledge is effectively integrated into education at MI Quraniah 8 Palembang. The curriculum and teaching methods are directed towards shaping students' character and faith while integrating Islamic values. It is recommended that MI Quraniah 8 Palembang continues to develop an approach that integrates the concept of Islamic knowledge into the curriculum and teaching methods. Additionally, it is important to involve active participation from parents in supporting education based on Islamic values. In this regard, cooperation between educational institutions, teachers, and parents will strengthen the implementation of holistic Islamic education. Further research can be conducted to deepen the understanding of the effectiveness of integrating the concept of Islamic knowledge in education and its impact on shaping students' character and faith. Keywords: Islam, Education, Concept

Pigeon racing in South Africa: Exploring the socio-economic nature and extent of this 'unknown sport'

This research addresses the paucity of academic exploration into pigeon racing, a globally recognized sport with limited scholarly attention. While prior studies focused on ornithology and medicine, this paper pioneers a comprehensive examination from a geographical perspective. Employing a quantitative methodology, the study surveyed 712 members of the South African National Pigeon Organization (SANPO), providing a nuanced understanding of demographics, organizational structures, subjective values, and economic impacts within pigeon racing. The study's findings reveal the dominance of males in the sport, its multi-generational nature, and widespread participation across diverse income groups. SANPO, with 3,540 members, emerges as a crucial entity in the sport's landscape. The paper categorizes fanciers into small, medium, and large groups based on bird ownership, presenting insights into their socio-demographic context and motivations. Pigeon-related activities are explored, emphasizing the sport's familial and youth development aspects. The economic analysis highlights the industry's substantial job creation and estimates its total economic worth between R528,968,608 and R1,620,390,112. By shedding light on this understudied sport, the research aims to stimulate further academic exploration and provide a foundation for informed discussions on the cultural, economic, and social aspects of pigeon racing.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN GURU TERBAIK PADA SMK NEGERI 1 MAJA MENGGUNAKAN METODE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

A decision support system is a system using a model that is built to help solve semi-structured problems. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is a method for solving a complex, unstructured situation into several components in a hierarchical arrangement, by giving a subjective value about the relative importance of each variable, and determining which variable has the highest priority in order to influence the outcome. this situation. The results of accuracy testing can be concluded that testing data on civil servant teachers which was carried out by comparing the data of civil servant teachers selected by the principal and using the system obtained an accuracy of 83.3%. In previous research, the Teacher Performance Assessment Team (PKG) was carried out by assuming the importance of each criterion without being given a weight, while the results obtained from system calculations, there was a weight given to each criterion. Testing was carried out on 47 civil servant teacher data with six planned civil servant teachers by the Principal in order to obtain the title of best teacher. Based on the test results, there were two civil servant teachers who were different from the data planned by the Principal, so the level of accuracy of the decision support system for selecting the best teacher using the AHP method was 83.3%.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study of Risk and Ambiguity in Monetary and Medical Decision-Making.

How do decision-makers choose between alternatives offering outcomes that are not easily quantifiable? Previous literature on decisions under uncertainty focused on alternatives with quantifiable outcomes, for example monetary lotteries. In such scenarios, decision-makers make decisions based on success chance, outcome magnitude, and individual preferences for uncertainty. It is not clear, however, how individuals construct subjective values when outcomes are not directly quantifiable. To explore how decision-makers choose when facing non-quantifiable outcomes, we focus here on medical decisions with qualitative outcomes. Specifically, we ask whether decision-makers exhibit the same attitudes towards two types of uncertainty - risk and ambiguity - across domains with quantitative and qualitative outcomes. To answer this question, we designed an online decision-making task where participants made binary choices between alternatives offering either guaranteed lower outcomes or potentially higher outcomes that are associated with some risk and ambiguity. The outcomes of choices were either different magnitudes of monetary gains or levels of improvement in a medical condition. We recruited 429 online participants and repeated the survey in two waves, which allowed us to compare the between-domain attitude consistency with within-domain consistency, over time. We found that risk and ambiguity attitudes were moderately correlated across domains. Over time, risk attitudes had slightly higher correlations compared to across domains, while in ambiguity over-time correlations were slightly weaker. These findings are consistent with the conceptualization of risk attitude as more trait-like, and ambiguity attitudes as more state-like. We discuss the implications and applicability of our novel modeling approach to broader contexts with non-quantifiable outcomes.

Mozi's "Concept of justice and benefit" and its contemporary moral education value

In Mozi's view of justice and benefit, he thought deeply about the connotation and relationship between justice and benefit. Justice is the highest value pursuit of Mozi's concept of justice and benefit, and benefit is the path exploration of the realization of Mozi's concept of justice and benefit. Mozi expanded the concepts of justice and benefit in his view of justice and benefit, and reached the theoretical path of upholding interest and respecting justice through the path of public interest and benefiting people, and finally formed the value ideal of "benefiting the world". The moral value of Mozi's concept of justice and benefit is mainly manifested as unique rational value, subject value and practical value. To effectively transform Mozi's concept of justice and benefit into the modern moral education value, we need to carry out the thought of noble justice and emphasize the education of ideal and belief. To meet the practical requirements, pay attention to the sense of moral education; Take people as the principle and follow the demands of moral education times.

Classification of Productive Subject Value with Vector Machine Support Method

This research aims to determine student competency obtained from productive subjects, one of the subjects that has an important role in measuring student quality. With the development of technology, student evaluations of productive subject grades can use data mining methods, one of which uses the Support Vector Machine approach. This method aims to build a classification of students' productive subject scores by identifying the variables that influence them. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the value of productive subjects at Public Vocation High School 1 Pasuruan can be predicted and evaluated using data mining techniques that utilize the Support Vector Machine algorithm. It aims to predict student grades in productive subjects by utilizing a logistic regression algorithm. The classification results illustrate that student grades in productive subjects are influenced by learning media variables, teacher teaching quality, classroom/laboratory facilities, interest, and motivation to learn. Apart from that, the Support Vector Machine algorithm has an accuracy value of 64.5001, precision of 56.0279, recall = 86.9952, and F1-Score = 67.882.

Coding attitudes of fourth-grade latinx students during distance learning

ABSTRACT Background and Context Despite the growing initiatives in K-12 computer science (CS), there is a continued disparity in the participation of Latinx and multilingual students, a historically underrepresented group in computing. The inequitable participation may be understood by examining students’ early development of CS attitudes. Objective This study aims to explore shifts and elicitation in coding attitudes of fourth-grade, Latinx students (ages 9-10) who underwent a year-long remote coding curriculum, with consideration of gender and language designation. Method Using a mixed method approach, pre-post survey responses on coding attitudes were analyzed to understand shifts and portrayal of Interest, Confidence, Utility, Social Values, and Perception of Coders, with consideration of gender or designation as an English Language Learner. Findings Gender and language designation did not interact with overall attitude shifts. However, there is a significant difference in Social Values and Confidence over time. Student interviews revealed more nuance in social influences with siblings and cousins as key motivators for extended learning, underlying values of perseverance in confidence, mixed perception of what coders do, and the importance of creativity to develop interest. Implications The key role of social influence in driving higher identity among Latinx students points to the important role of extended family. Moreso, developing students’ confidence in domain-specific tasks should be a focus in curricula in order to have a longer-term impact on motivation. Finally, more research on the role that subjective task values pertaining to cultural values should be explored in early coding motivation in order to broaden participation. Keywords: Coding attitudes, elementary students, remote learning, expectancy-value theory, coding curriculum.

The Subscapularis Healing Index: A New Scoring System for Predicting Subscapularis Healing After Arthroscopic Repair

Background: Previous research has emphasized the effect of prognostic factors on arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) success, but a specific focus on subscapularis (SSC) tendon repair healing is lacking. Purpose: To identify prognostic factors for SSC healing after ARCR and develop the Subscapularis Healing Index (SSC-HI) by incorporating these factors. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This was a retrospective study using prospectively maintained data collected from patients with isolated or combined SSC tears who underwent ARCR between 2011 and 2021 at a single institution with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Functional outcomes were assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scale. SSC tendon healing was evaluated via ultrasound at the final follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors affecting SSC healing, and based on these factors, the SSC-HI, which ranges from 0 to 15 points, was developed using odds ratios (ORs). Results: Among 1018 ARCR patients, 931 met the inclusion criteria; 279 returned voluntarily for postoperative SSC ultrasound assessment. The overall healing failure rate was 10.8% (30/279). Risk factors for healing failure included female sex (P = .008; OR, 3.119), body mass index (BMI) ≥30 (P = .053; OR, 2.323), supraspinatus fatty infiltration ≥3 (P = .033; OR, 3.211), lower SSC fatty infiltration ≥2 (P = .037; OR, 3.608), and Lafosse classification ≥3 (P = .007; OR, 3.224). A 15-point scoring system comprised the following: 3 points for female sex, 2 points for BMI ≥30, 3 points for supraspinatus fatty infiltration ≥3, 4 points for lower SSC fatty infiltration ≥2, and 3 points for Lafosse classification ≥3. Patients with ≤4 points had a 4% healing failure rate, while those with ≥9 points had a 55% rate of healing failure. Patients with a healed SSC reported significantly higher ASES (healed SSC: ΔASES, 44.7; unhealed SSC: ΔASES, 29; P < .01) and SSV (healed SSC: ΔSSV, 52.9; unhealed SSC: ΔSSV, 27.5; P < .01) and lower VAS (healed SSC: ΔVAS, –4.2; unhealed SSC: ΔVAS, –3; P < .01) scores compared with those with an unhealed SSC. Conclusion: The SSC-HI scoring system integrates clinical and radiological factors to predict SSC healing after surgical repair. Successful SSC healing was found to be associated with enhanced functional outcomes, underscoring the clinical relevance of SSC healing prediction in the management of these tears.

Patients Regularly Return to Medium- and Low-Impact Types of Sporting Activities Following Distal Femoral or Proximal Tibial Replacement After Resection of a Primary Bone Sarcoma

BackgroundLittle is known about the resumption of sporting activities following megaprosthetic reconstruction of the distal femur and proximal tibia after resection of a bone sarcoma. Thus, the aims of our study were: (1) to assess the functional outcome; (2) to evaluate pre- and post-operatively performed sporting activities; and (3) to identify potential beneficial and limiting factors. MethodsBetween 1993 and 2015, a total of 230 patients underwent distal femoral replacement (DFR), and 96 patients underwent proximal tibial replacement (PTR). The exclusion criteria were death, amputation, living overseas, and a congenital disability. Functional outcome and sporting activities were assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS), Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), subjective knee value (SKV), the Tegner activity score (TS), and the modified weighted activity score (WAS). ResultsThere were 93 patients who had a median follow-up of 182 months (interquartile range (IQR) 130 to 260) after DFR with the following median scores: MSTS 18 (IQR 12 to 23), TESS 75% (IQR 60 to 84), FJS 25 (IQR 8 to 40), SKV 53% (IQR 40 to 70), TS 3 (IQR 3 to 4), and WAS 4 (IQR 0 to 8). There were 42 patients who had a median follow-up of 193 months (IQR 137 to 244) after PTR had the following median scores: MSTS 17 (IQR 15 to 22), TESS 78% (IQR 68 to 88), FJS 32 (IQR 20 to 46), SKV 60% (IQR 40 to 70), TS 3 (IQR 3 to 4), and WAS 4 (IQR 1 to 10). Postoperatively, 61% of DFR and 76% of PTR patients participated in at least one sporting activity. ConclusionsThe functional outcome is overall good with a regular resumption of sporting activities. Patients’ age at surgery and higher preoperative sporting levels were associated with better functional outcomes and higher postoperative sporting activity.

Could intraoperative ultrasound improve clinical and radiological outcomes during arthroscopic calcification evacuation of rotator cuff?

IntroductionMartinel et al described an intraoperative ultrasound technique to easier identify calcification under arthroscopy. Our hypothesis was that intra-operative ultrasound monitoring allowed better evacuation of calcific tendinitis (CT). Our aim was to determine whether ultrasound monitoring improved the short-term clinical and radiological outcomes of CT. MethodsA prospective, single-center, single-operator, consecutive study conducted between February 2020 and June 2023. The inclusion criterion was surgical treatment for evacuation of symptomatic macro-centimetric calcification (CA) type A or B. The first 20 patients were operated on using the standard surgical technique and the next 20 under ultrasound control.The mean age at surgery was 49.8 years (minimum: 28 years; maximum: 64 years). Patients were reviewed at 6 weeks and 3 months. The evacuation of the CA was checked at 6 weeks by X-ray. ResultsIn the standard technique group, the mean preoperative Constant score was 41.4/100 (± 15.07). Postoperatively, the Constant score was 58.88/100 (± 15.28) at 6 weeks and 69.16/100 (± 13.86) at 3 months. The mean preoperative Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) was 39.0% (± 18.61). Postoperatively, the SSV was 64.0% (± 17.21) at 6 weeks and 79.47% (± 16.06) at 3 months.In the ultrasound control group, the preoperative Constant score was 44.48/100 (± 14.28) and 58.18/100 (± 15.64) at 6 weeks and 66.87/100 (± 18.45) at 3 months postoperatively. The mean preoperative SSV was 40.0% (± 16.54) and 61.75% (± 18.59) at 6 weeks and 76.05% (± 19.62) at 3 months postoperatively.There was no significant postoperative difference in Constant score (p=0.732) or SSV (p=0.566) between the two groups.There was a significant difference (p=0.004) between the two groups in terms of complete evacuation of the CA with the standard technique in 65% of cases (13 patients out of 20) and with intraoperative ultrasound monitoring in 95% of cases (19 patients out of 20). ConclusionThere was no significant postoperative difference in Constant score and SSV between the two groups in the short term.

The subjective value of genuine smiles guides real-world social behaviour.

The mechanisms that underpin human social behaviour are poorly understood, in part because natural social behaviour is challenging to study. The task of linking the mechanisms thought to drive social behaviour to specific social behaviours in a manner that maintains ecological validity poses an even greater challenge. Here we report evidence that the subjective value people assign to genuine smiles, as measured in the laboratory, determines their responsiveness to genuine smiles encountered in a naturalistic social interaction. Specifically, participants (university undergraduates; age 17 to 36) who valued genuine smiles to a greater degree also showed stronger attention capture effects to neutral faces that were previously associated with genuine smiles and faster reciprocity of a social partner's smiles in a real social interaction. Additionally, the faster participants responded to the partner's genuine smiles the higher the partner's ratings of interaction quality were after the interaction. These data suggest that individual differences in subjective value of genuine smiles, measured in the lab, is one element that underpins responsiveness to natural genuine smiles and subsequent social outcomes.