Subjective Reading Research Articles

Effect of subject jigsaw and reading writing presentation techniques on academic achievement of 7th grade science students’ academic success in structure and properties of matter

"In this article a recently developed method, Reading Writing and Presentation (RWP) was introduced and compared with Subject Jigsaw Method (JG) and Control Group (CG). CG studied with present curriculum which was designed with respect to constructivism and issued by National Ministry of Education. Research was carried out with 7th grade elementary school students. Number of students included in RWP group was 22, in JG were 27 and in CG were 20. Thus, total number of the students enrolled in the study was 69. Research design was semiexperimental design with pre-test and post-test. Before the study all the students were given a pretest. Pre-test results revealed that JG group had statistically significant academic achievement over CG. After implementing the study, students were given post-test and, both RWP and JG group had statistically better achievement than CG. Also JG had better statistical achievement than RWP. Students also were given a technique view form. Results revealed that RWP is a useful method in developing social and cognitive skills. It is also concluded by the study that constructivist designed curriculums supported with cooperative learning method increase academic achievement and students gain positive social skills"

Metode Scaffolding dengan Kartu Suku Kata Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Mild Intellectual Disabilities

Limited cognitive function students need special learning strategies in formal schools. This study analyzed students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities were based on psychological assessments based on observations, interviews, Binet Intelligence Tests, Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) tests, and reports on learning outcomes. Scaffolding method is a learning technique designed to change the support given to students during the learning session by adjusting the level of students' abilities. This study aims to improve reading skills in mild intellectual disabilities students, especially early reading skills. This research method uses a single case experimental design with scaffolding method intervention followed by the use of syllable cards in a 2nd year of elementary school students who comprehended Indonesian language material in class 1 semester I. The data were analyzed descriptively which reported the improvement in the subject's reading ability based on the results of the intervention. The intervention to the subject was preceded by psychoeducation to teachers and parents for the attainment of research objectives. The results showed that the scaffolding method, followed by the use of syllable cards, specifically affected the subject's ability to pronounce letters, read syllables, read words, complete words, write dictated words, and read simple sentences. As a result, the subject shows the ability to read three to five syllables in a word and the subject can read words containing consonants at the end of words.
 Keywords: Mild Intellectual Disabilities, Scaffolding Method, Syllable Cards, Beginning Reading, Children with Special Needs

Validation of the color graduation scale in the optical nerve photograph, an alternative for qualitative classification.

To validate objectively the proposed Teherán-Morales's color grading scale, comparing to the subjective readings of specialists in optic nerve photography. Concordance study and diagnostic tests, in which 150 photographs of the optic nerve were evaluated, from three groups, glaucomatous neuropathy, neuropathy of other origin and control group with the Teherán-Morales's color scale and the analysis of three experts in optic nerve. Spearman's Rho correlation was performed between both analysis methods. In the analysis of all the photographs using Spearman's Rho, we found moderate correlations that were statistically significant P < 0.0001, the highest was in the temporal quadrant by observer 1 (r = 0.650 95% CI 0.546-0.733). In photographs of optic neuropathy, the correlations become moderately high, and statistically significant P < 0.0001, the highest correlation was for the temporal quadrant by observer 1 (r = 0.772 95% CI 0.626-0.865). In the glaucoma and normal eyes groups, there were moderate to low correlations with statistical significance P < 0.05. The Teherán-Morales's scale, for color grading, is useful in detecting color, correlates moderately with the subjective assessment of experts in the optic nerve having its best performance in optic neuropathy with very pale discs. However, in normal or glaucomatous optic discs, it has a low correlation, compared to the subjective clinical assessment.

Imaging of the Left Atrial Appendage Before Occluder Device Placement: Evaluation of Virtual Monoenergetic Images in a Single-Bolus Dual-Phase Protocol.

Preimplantation cardiac computed tomography (CT) for assessment of the left atrial appendage (LAA) enables correct sizing of the device and the detection of contraindications, such as thrombi. In the arterial phase, distinction between false filling defects and true thrombi can be hampered by insufficient contrast medium distribution. A delayed scan can be used to further differentiate both conditions, but contrast in these acquisitions is relatively lower. In this study, we investigated whether virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) from dual-energy spectral detector CT (SDCT) can be used to enhance contrast and visualization in the delayed phase. Forty-nine patients receiving SDCT imaging of the LAA were retrospectively enrolled. The imaging protocol comprised dual-phase acquisitions with single-bolus contrast injection. Conventional images (CI) from both phases and 40-keV VMI from the delayed phase were reconstructed. Attenuation, signal-, and contrast-to-noise ratios (SNR/CNR) were calculated by placing regions-of-interest in the LAA, left atrium, and muscular portion of interventricular septum. Two radiologists subjectively evaluated conspicuity and homogeneity of contrast distribution within the LAA. Contrast of the LAA decreased significantly in the delayed phase but was significantly improved by VMI, showing comparable attenuation, SNR, and CNR to CI from the arterial phase (attenuation/SNR/CNR, CI arterial phase: 266.0 ± 117.0 HU/14.2 ± 7.2/6.6 ± 3.9; CI-delayed phase: 107.6 ± 35.0 HU/5.9 ± 3.0/1.0 ± 1.0; VMI delayed phase: 260.3 ± 108.6 HU/18.2 ± 10.6/4.8 ± 3.4). The subjective reading confirmed the objective findings showing improved conspicuity and homogeneity in the delayed phase. The investigated single-bolus dual-phase acquisition protocol provided improved visualization of the LAA. Homogeneity of contrast media was higher in the delayed phase, while VMI maintained high contrast.

ELECTRONIC AUDIO READING AID LECTURE (E-ARAL)

This study determined the effectiveness of the Electronic Audio Reading Aid Lecture (E-ARAL) in the subject Reading and Analysis of Various Texts towards Research. This study addressed the Republic Act 10533 which encourages the development and reproduction of instructional materials. This study used a pre-test-post-test design. The respondents are chosen purposively with a grade of 79 and below and divided into two groups the control and experimental group. The control group used the traditional method and the experimental group used the intervention E-ARAL in teaching the lesson. The mean score of the pre-test and post-test of the two groups are both analyzed to determine their significant differences. In conclusion, the utilization of traditional teaching and the intervention E-ARAL are both effective in teaching the subject, but the intervention E-ARAL is more effective because of the higher mastery level results. Lastly, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups.

Image quality and dose exposure of contrast-enhanced abdominal CT on a 1st generation clinical dual-source photon-counting detector CT in obese patients vs. a 2nd generation dual-source dual energy integrating detector CT

PurposeTo compare the radiation dose as well as the image quality of contrast-enhanced abdominal 1st-generation Photon-Counting Detector CT (PCD-CT) to a 2nd-generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy-Integrating-Detector CT (DSCT) in obese patients. Method51 overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kgm2) patients (median age: 67.00 years; IQR: 59.00–73.00, median BMI 32.15 kgm2; IQR: 28.70–35.76) who underwent clinically indicated, contrast-enhanced abdominal-CT in portal-venous phase on both 2nd-generation DSCT and on a commercially available 1st-generation PCD-CT were prospectively included the degree of obesity was defined by BMI-calculation (overweight, obesity grade I/30–34.9; obesity grade II/35–39.9; obesity grade III > 40) and by the absolute weight value. The same contrast media and pump protocol were used for both scans. PCD-CT was performed in Quantumplus mode at 120 kVp whereas DSCT used also 120 kVp in single energy mode. Comparable convolution algorithm between DSCT and PCD-CT were set. For both scanners, polychromatic images were reconstructed; for PCD-CT data from all counted events above the lowest energy threshold at 20 keV (termed T3D) were used. Two independent radiologists assessed subjective image quality using a 5-point Likert-scale and quantified the contrast-to-noise ratio of parenchymatous organs and vascular structures. ResultsMedian time interval between the scans was 4 months (IQR 3–7 months). BMI was classified overweight (n = 18, 35.3%), grade I (n = 19, 37.3%), II (n = 9, 17.6%), III (n = 5, 9.8%). Mean CNRrenal_cortex (12.35 ± 3.77 vs. 14.16 ± 3.55) as well as median CNRvessels (9.88 vs. 12.40) and median CNRpancreas (2.81 vs. 4.04) of PCD-CT were significantly higher than those at DSCT (p < 0.05). The inter-reader agreement for all subjective image quality readings was moderate to substantial. Both radiologists independently rated the image quality higher for PCD-CT data sets (p < 0.05). Median CTDI and DLP values for PCD-CT and DSCT were 12.00 mGy (IQR: 10.20–13.50 mGy) vs. 16.05 mGy (IQR: 14.81–17.98) and 608 mGy * cm (IQR: 521.00–748.00 mGy * cm) vs. and 821.90 mGy * cm (IQR: 709.30–954.00 mGy * cm) (p < 0.001). ConclusionSignificant dose reduction by similar or even improved image quality was obtained with abdominal contrast-enhanced CT using PCD-CT in obese patients as compared to 2nd-generation DSCT.

Aging and the Perception of Affective and Linguistic Prosody.

Investigations of affective prosodic processing have demonstrated a decline with aging. It is unclear, however, whether this decline affects all or specific emotions. Also, little is known about the ability of syntactic resolution ambiguity with the use of prosody in aging. Twenty older (age range = 70-75) and 20 younger adults (age range = 20-25) performed an affective (happiness, neutrality, sadness, surprise, fear, and anger) and a linguistic (subject/object ambiguities) prosody task. Relative to young participants, older participants faced difficulty decoding affective prosody, particularly negative emotions, and syntactic prosody, in particular the subject reading condition. A marginally positive correlation was found between the affective and syntactic prosody tasks in the group of older individuals, but no gender differences in either prosodic task. The findings of the affective prosody task are discussed under the prism of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, whereas general parsing strategies can account for the preference for the object reading condition.

Особенности негативного информационно-психологического воздействия и его влияние на осуществление профессиональной деятельности сотрудников отделов информации и общественных связей органов внутренних дел Российской Федерации.

Abstract: the article analyzes the role of information posted on the Internet, the ability to form competencies demanded by modern society, the influence of personal qualities that contribute to reducing the level of negative information and psychological impact.&#x0D; Employees of the information and Public Relations departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia interact with representatives of various mass media, monitor social networks and have access to information that affects both positively and negatively on a police officer. The confirmation is the analysis of the number of media outlets that publish materials about the activities of internal affairs bodies. when evaluating the effectiveness of professional communication, it is always necessary to take into account the nature of employee relationships, which largely depend on their personal characteristics and communication culture.&#x0D; In order to minimize the negative information and psychological influence in the internal affairs bodies, tasks are being implemented aimed at improving the effectiveness of information and communication, affective and communicative, and regulatory and communicative aspects of interaction. In interpersonal communication, the multilevel process of image formation is carried out on the basis of a "subjective reading" of physical characteristics and psychological properties based on behavior, which makes it possible to prevent the occurrence of negative psychological influence. The article analyzes the increasing role of the Internet, presented in comparison for the period from 2001 to 2021. An empirical study has been conducted to identify competencies that contribute to minimizing the negative impact of destructive information on police officers, to systematize the forms of organizing information support for the activities of internal affairs bodies that contribute to overcoming the negative information and communication impact. Using the methods of questioning a group of employees responsible for interaction with the media of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Chelyabinsk region, the competencies that make up a set of professional qualities and communicative personality traits that contribute to increasing the level of psychological readiness for the negative impact of information were determined.

Subjective visual quality, reading fluency and patient satisfaction with the extended depth of focus IOL

Subjective visual quality, reading fluency and patient satisfaction with the extended depth of focus IOL

Can I teach this student?: A multilevel analysis of the links between teachers’ perceived effectiveness, interest-supportive teaching, and student interest in math and reading

Teachers’ perceived teaching competence is a multifaceted motivational factor that can shape their instructional decisions, persistence, and engagement in teaching. However, existing evidence on the theorized associations between teachers’ perceived competence (e.g., perceived effectiveness in the classroom) and important student outcomes such as students’ academic motivation is inconclusive. This study is the first to examine the interrelations between teachers’ perceived student-specific and domain-specific teaching effectiveness in math and reading, student-reported interest-supportive instruction, and students’ subject-specific interest in these domains, controlling for preexisting differences in students’ interest, cognitive ability, school grades, and family background. Data from 48 math and 55 reading teachers and their elementary school students were analyzed (N = 449 in math, N = 568 in reading; grades 3–6). Domain-specific multilevel path analyses revealed significant within-classroom associations of teachers’ perceived effectiveness in teaching individual students with student-reported interest-supportive instruction and subject-specific interest, but no significant between-classroom effects emerged. Preexisting within-class differences in students’ subject-specific interest positively predicted teachers’ perceived teaching effectiveness in math but not reading. In both subjects, the more effective a teacher felt in teaching a particular student, relative to the class average, the more likely this student perceived the teacher’s instruction as motivating, which then predicted a positive change in the student’s interest in math and reading. Different results across levels of analysis (between- vs. within-class) and subjects (math vs. reading) underscore the importance of examining both student-specific and subject-specific associations between teachers’ perceived teaching competence and student outcomes.

Validación de la escala de graduación del color en la fotografía del nervio óptico, una alternativa para la clasificación cualitativa

BackgroundTo validate objectively the proposed Teherán-Morales's color grading scale, comparing to the subjective readings of specialists in optic nerve photography. MethodsConcordance study and diagnostic tests, in which 150 photographs of the optic nerve were evaluated, from three groups, glaucomatous neuropathy, neuropathy of other origin and control group with the Teherán-Morales's color scale and the analysis of three experts in optic nerve. Spearman's Rho correlation was performed between both analysis methods. ResultsIn the analysis of all the photographs using Spearman's Rho, we found moderate correlations that were statistically significant P <.0001, the highest was in the temporal quadrant by observer 1 (r=0.650 95% CI 0.546 to 0.733). In photographs of optic neuropathy, the correlations become moderately high, and statistically significant P <.0001, the highest correlation was for the temporal quadrant by observer 1 (r=0.772 95% CI 0.626 to 0.865). In the glaucoma and normal eyes groups, there were moderate to low correlations with statistical significance P <.05. ConclusionsThe Teherán-Morales's scale, for color grading, is useful in detecting color, correlates moderately with the subjective assessment of experts in the optic nerve having its best performance in optic neuropathy with very pale discs. However, in normal or glaucomatous optic discs, it has a low correlation, compared to the subjective clinical assessment.

Magnetic Field-Enhanced Agglutination Readout Combined With Isothermal Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Molecular Detection of Dengue Virus.

Among the numerous molecular diagnostic methods, isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) is a simple method that has high sensitivity and avoids the use of expensive instruments. However, detection of amplified genomes often requires a fluorescence readout on costly readers or migration on a lateral flow strip with a subjective visual reading. Aiming to establish a new approach to rapidly and sensitively detect viruses, we combined RT-RPA with a magnetic field-enhanced agglutination (MFEA) assay and assessed the ability of this method to detect the dengue virus (DENV). Magnetization cycles accelerated the capture of amplified DENV genomes between functionalized magnetic nanoparticles by a fast chaining process to less than 5 min; the agglutination was quantified by simple turbidimetry. A total of 37 DENV RNA+ and 30 DENV RNA− samples were evaluated with this combined method. The sensitivity and specificity were 89.19% (95% CI, 72.75–100.00%) and 100% (95% CI, 81.74–100.00%), respectively. This approach provides a solution for developing innovative diagnostic assays for the molecular detection of emerging infections.

Eaching Stasis Theory as a Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing Tool in Engineering Subjects

eaching Stasis Theory as a Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing Tool in Engineering Subjects

Paired Reading Strategy and Comprehension Level Among Grade 10 Students

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of paired – reading strategy in improving the reading comprehension of Grade ten learners. In this study, the subjects were profiled first about their age, sex, parents’ highest educational attainment, family income and availability of reading materials. Then, the subjects reading comprehension level was also determined before and after the exposure in paired – reading strategy.The subjects of this study are the Grade 10 – Ruby learners which are assigned as control group and Grade 10 – Jade learners which were assigned as experimental group. Both groups are enrolled in Palina East National High School, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan, where the study was conducted, during the school year 2019 – 2020.In this study, the researcher utilized descriptive research design in addressing the problems about the profile of the subjects and their reading comprehension level. Then, a quasi - experimental research design was also used to determine the effectiveness of paired reading strategy in improving the reading comprehension of the learners. And in gathering the data needed in this study, a test which is the Oral Reading Comprehension assessment was utilized.Findings of the study revealed that both groups, the control and the experimental group, are at the literal level of reading comprehension before exposing to paired – reading strategy, then after the experimentation, the control group reached the interpretive level of reading comprehension while the experimental group reached the applied level of reading comprehension. Results were further supported by the findings of test of difference between the post-test of both groups which revealed that the experimental group had statistically better performance compared to the control group. Thus, paired reading strategy is more effective than traditional teaching in facilitating reading comprehension among learners.

The cognitive burden of severe malaria in the Ugandan classroom and the effects of a computerized intervention

IntroductionDue to the increased availability of anti-malarial treatments and the prevalence of malarial infection among vulnerable populations leading to cognitive impairment, malaria has become a leading cause of pediatric cognitive impairment in sub-Saharan Africa. ObjectivesTo examine the effects of malaria-induced cognitive impairment on school performance as an indicator of health and effects of a computerized intervention on school performance over time. DesignSecondary analysis. Sample216 school reports were collected from three hundred Ugandan children, aged five to twelve, enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. MeasurementsAcademic subjects (English, reading, writing, arithmetic, and Luganda); scores were standardized on an ordinal scale from one to five. ResultsAt baseline, malaria had no effect on academic performance, but age and socio-economic status had some effect. At one-year, there was no effect of the intervention on academic change over time; however, factors such as sex and home environment did demonstrate some effect on performance. ConclusionsThe results were unable to support the hypotheses that survivors of SM would demonstrate lower school performance than healthy comparisons and that the cognitive intervention would improve the performance of survivors. This suggests that future interventions ought to consider the influence of age, sex, and socio-economic status when caring for the cognitive needs of children in order to facilitate their ability to achieve academic success and, thus, improved quality of life.

Relief in Ignorance, Shattered Subjectivity: A Lacanian Reading of Subjectivity in Anton Chekhov’s “The Bet”

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This paper provides a psychoanalytical account of subjectivity. It engages in a Lacanian reading of subjectivity in Anton Chekhov’s “The Bet” (1889), whose protagonist, the lawyer, illustrates Jacques Lacan’s ideas about subjectivity and the subject. In the story, the lawyer develops a fragmented sense of subjectivity and experiences alienation from the society and all its allegedly logical and supposedly eternal norms, as well as loss and lack in his very being. The story reveals that subjectivity is unstable and constructed within and through language and that remaining a normal person, from the society’s perspective, requires not pondering over and beyond the language, but remaining stuck in it and never suspecting its authenticity and reliability. By contemplating whether the society’s ideologies are everlasting and what are or might be over them, the lawyer expects the society’s ideologies to bring bliss to human and thereby he develops hatred and despise towards them all. The ideas of Jacques Lacan about the development of subjectivity in the course of the mirror stage and the oedipal crisis are drawn upon.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The application of 99Tcm-DTPA orbital SPECT/CT in staging evaluation of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

Objective: To explore the application value of 99Tcm-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) orbital single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in staging evaluation of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Methods: A case-control study. A total of 40 patients with binocular TAO were recruited from May 2019 to December 2019 in the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University. According to the clinical activity score (CAS) standard, 40 TAO patients were divided into the active group (15 cases) and the inactive group (25 cases), and 10 healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. All subjects underwent 99Tcm-DTPA orbital SPECT/CT examination, and each subject's CAS, reading results and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were recorded. The Kruskal-Walis H test was used for the CAS comparison among the three groups. The analysis of variance was used for the SUVmax comparison among the three groups. The comparison between CAS and SUVmax before and after treatment was performed by paired samples Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired-sample t test, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed between SUVmax and CAS. The Kappa test was used to check the consistency between the reading result and CAS's judgment of TAO activity. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of the reading results and SUVmax for TAO. Results: The age difference among the three groups was not statistically significant, and the gender difference was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). The difference in CAS among the three groups was statistically significant (H=39.894; P<0.01). Patients with active TAO showed abnormal concentration and enhancement of nuclides in the orbital tissue, and the uptake of radionuclides was significantly increased, while patients with inactive TAO had a slight increase, and healthy volunteers had no significant or only mild uptake. The SUVmax of the active group (2.24±0.47) was highest, and that of the inactive group (1.57±0.43) was higher than the healthy control group (0.67±0.22). After pairwise comparison, there were statistical differences between groups (all P<0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, the SUVmax of all TAO patients was linearly, positively correlated with their CAS (r=0.753; P<0.05). In assessing the clinical activity of TAO, the reading results were consistent with CAS (Kappa value=0.737; P<0.05). Taking the reading results as the standard, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of SUVmax was 0.992, and the threshold of SUVmax to distinguish between active and inactive periods was 1.850, with a sensitivity of 86.70% and a specificity of 76.00%. Taking CAS results as the standard, the AUC of SUVmax was 0.853, and the threshold of SUVmax to distinguish between active and inactive periods was 1.850, with a sensitivity of 100.00% and a specificity of 87.50%. Five patients had inconsistent SUVmax and CAS. The CAS was ≥3, but the orbits did not show any inflammatory lesions in two of them; the CAS was<3, but the orbits showed inflammatory lesions in three of them. Thirteen active TAO patients with 99Tcm-DTPA orbital SPECT/CT showing significant accumulation of nuclides were given hormone shock therapy 12 times. After treatment, the CAS 2.00 (2.00) was lower than the pre-treatment 3.00 (1.50) score, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-3.100, P<0.01). The SUVmax after treatment (1.60±0.20) was lower than the pre-treatment value (2.17±0.34), and the difference was statistically significant (t=10.197, P<0.01). Conclusion: 99Tcm-DTPA orbital SPECT/CT can relatively accurately determine the state of orbital inflammation in patients with TAO, and can be used as a useful supplement to evaluate the clinical activity of TAO, helping to guide clinical treatment. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 830-836).

Processos de construção e desconstrução no filme ‘The Wall’ (1982) - Análise interpretativa nas perspectivas Semiótica e Psicanalítica

The article intends to shed light on certain aspects related to the perspective of semiotic and psychoanalytical analysis of the film The Wall (1982). The scope of the thematic field allows us to problematize the following question: What are the possible subjective readings or interpretations of the central visual, sound and verbal elements of The Wall’s film narrative, in the semiotic and psychoanalytic perspectives? The film reveals the complexity of human reality translated into real, symbolic and imagined narratives. Subjectivities expressed in its images, music, gestures and behavioral lapses, colors and shapes, verbalized and non-verbalized thoughts. Such communicative resources enable the psychological and semiotic interpretation of the messages intertwined in the filmic text. Qualitative Research, of a discursive nature, will be the methodological basis, able to investigate the subjective and intersubjective elements present in the feature film. The semiotic analysis added to the psychoanalytic psychological view proposes to translate the fundamental bases of the meanings intrinsic to the complex scenario of contents present in “The Wall”, since there are simultaneously several articulated messages presented in a number of overlapping languages and scenarios: a historical outline of the Pink Floyd group, a depressive post-war scenario in England, an atmosphere of anguish represented at various times and a personal history of degradation - diverse content being narrated in an intricate way in the film. The analyzed perspective highlights a debate that can expand the meaning of walls in the context of the current reality.

Application of The Phonic Method to Improve The Early Reading Skills of Mentally Retarded Children

This study has the aim of conducting research, namely to determine the improvement of reading skills for mentally retarded children by applying a reading method, namely the phonic method. The phonic method for mentally retarded students starts from hearing the sounds of letters and letter shapes, combining letters by letter into syllables, to reading nouns. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with the type of experimental research. And this study uses an A-B-A research design with 4 subjects with mental retardation, carried out in the Baseline A phase carried out in 2 sessions, in the Intervention phase 6 sessions, and in the Baseline A phase 2 sessions. The results of this study can be seen from the progress in each session that has been carried out, the progress of the subject's reading ability, and the progress of the conditions raised by the research subject in each session. And the results of the 4 research subjects showed that there was an increase in early reading skills for mentally retarded children by applying the phonic method.

Do We Really Need Hazard Prevention at the Expense of Safeguarding Death Dignity in COVID-19?

To date, little is known regarding the transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection for subjects involved in handling, transporting, and examining deceased persons with known or suspected COVID-19 positivity at the time of death. This experimental study aims to define if and/or how long SARS-CoV-2 persists with replication capacity in the tissues of individuals who died with/from COVID-19, thereby generating infectious hazards. Sixteen patients who died with/from COVID-19 who underwent autopsy between April 2020 and April 2021 were included in this study. Based on PMI, all samples were subdivided into two groups: ‘short PMI’ group (eight subjects who were autopsied between 12 to 72 h after death); ‘long PMI’ (eight subjects who were autopsied between 24 to 78 days after death). All patients tested positive for RT-PCR at nasopharyngeal swab both before death and on samples collected during post-mortem investigation. Moreover, a lung specimen was collected and frozen at −80 °C in order to perform viral culture. The result was defined based on the cytopathic effect (subjective reading) combined with the positivity of the RT-PCR test (objective reading) in the supernatant. Only in one sample (PMI 12 h), virus vitality was demonstrated. This study, supported by a literature review, suggests that the risk of cadaveric infection in cases of a person who died from/with COVID-19 is extremely low in the first hours after death, becoming null after 12 h after death, confirming the World Health Organization (WHO) assumed in March 2020 and suggesting that the corpse of a subject who died from/with COVID-19 should be generally considered not infectious.