Subject Predicate Research Articles

PEMEROLEHAN POLA DASAR KALIMAT ANAK USIA 3;0-4;0 TAHUN (TINJAUAN PSIKOLINGUISTIK) SERTA IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERBAHASA ANAK USIA DINI (AUD)

The purpose of this study is to, (1) to describe the pattern of sentence children aged 3;0-4;0 years, (2) describe the form of speech children aged 3;0-4;0 years, (3) describe the form of implications for the development of language skills early childhood (AUD). This type of research is descriptive qualitative research method. based on the data analysis we can conclude the following matters as this. First, the sentence pattern diujarkan by children aged 3; 0-4; 0 years is. P (Predicate), S-P (Subject-Predicate), S-P-O-Pel (Subject-Predicate-Object-Complement) and S-P-O-Ket (Subject-Predicate-Object-Specification). Second, the form of speech children aged 3;0-4;0 year consists of speech one word, two words, three words, four words and five words. Third, the form of implications for the early childhood language skills.

A SYNTACTICAL PATTERN OF 2.5 YEARS OLD BOY UTTERANCE (A CASE STUDY)

This study aims to identify the utterances and to explore the language acquisition for 2.5 years old boy in its syntactical pattern. The duration of this research is four months by observing and recording the words expression pronounced by the boy. Based on the finding, this boy firmly acquires the language mostly by nature (innate ability). However, the positive environment enables him to develop the child’s language fluency. Both nature and environment have important roles in the child language acquisition. It is in line with the theoretical frame work of language acquisition that in general language acquisition is shaped and influenced mainly by two factors: biological (innate ability) and environmental factors. Awhile the type of the utterances spoken by the boy aged 2.5 years old consisting of declarative 48 %, interrogative 29%, imperative 21%, and exclamation utterances 2%. In the syntactical pattern, the boy mostly speaks using the predicate utterances pattern (P), subject-predicate (S-P), then predicate-subject (P-S). The predicate (P) and subject-predicate (S-P) pattern of utterances are the most frequently spoken by boy. The boy is accustomed to and easily expresses his intentions with those two patterns that have represented a complete utterance according to what the boy intended.

Knowledge Fusion via Joint Tensor and Matrix Factorization

We consider the task of knowledge fusion, an important aspect of cognitive intelligence, with the goal of combining part-of knowledge drawn from different sources. For this, entities and relations are cast into matrix-based representations. Unlike previous work on relation prediction, we consider the challenging setting of graphs with large amounts of completely separate connected components and no overlap between the training and test set entities. In order to address these challenges, we propose a novel cognitively inspired factorization method that jointly factorizes a subject–predicate–object tensor via RESCAL and a similarity matrix via matrix factorization. Our experimental results show that our method significantly outperforms several strong baseline models, including RESCAL and several TransE-style models. The proposed joint factorization of a subject–predicate–object tensor while applying matrix factorization to a similarity matrix obtains substantially higher average accuracy rates than previous approaches. This shows that it can successfully address the challenge of knowledge fusion of disconnected data.

Combining the Attention Network and Semantic Representation for Chinese Verb Metaphor Identification

Metaphor is the central issue of language and thinking. Metaphor identification plays a significant preliminary role in the field of machine translation, reading comprehension, and automatic summarization, making it a focus of natural language processing. Recently, research into Chinese verb metaphor identification has become a widespread concern. The main problem is that the usage of semantic resources is relatively simple, and there is a lack of deep semantic support. Therefore, this paper proposes a word representation method suitable for metaphor classification tasks, which combines the traditional word vector with structural information from the Synonym Thesaurus, so that the word vector can contain the abstraction degree of the word in the metaphor. On this basis, we propose a verb metaphor attention network based on subject–predicate and verb–object relationships, which gives full consideration to the global syntactic information when we perform LSTM encoding and calculate the weight of each word. At the same time, it can facilitate the understanding of literalness and non-literalness. The experimental results show that the identification effect improves on the existing results, indicating that word representation combining semantic resources and attention network can improve the verb metaphor identification performance.

Recurrent Visual Relationship Recognition with Triplet Unit for Diversity

The task of visual relationship recognition (VRR) is to recognize multiple objects and their relationships in an image. A fundamental difficulty of this task is class–number scalability, since the number of possible relationships we need to consider causes combinatorial explosion. Another difficulty of this task is modeling how to avoid outputting semantically redundant relationships. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a novel architecture with a recurrent neural network (RNN) and triplet unit (TU). The RNN allows our model to be optimized for outputting a sequence of relationships. By optimizing our model to a semantically diverse relationship sequence, we increase the variety in output relationships. At each step of the RNN, our TU enables the model to classify a relationship while achieving class–number scalability by decomposing a relationship into a subject–predicate–object (SPO) triplet. We evaluate our model on various datasets and compare the results to a baseline. These experimental results show our model’s superior recall and precision with fewer predictions compared to the baseline, even as it produces greater variety in relationships.

Deleuze, Immanence, and Immanent Writing in Qualitative Inquiry: Nonlinear Texts and Being a Traitor to Writing

Modernist writing relies on writing elements such as linearity, meaning, plot, internal coherence, subject–predicate relations, structure in general, and identity or fixity. For Deleuze, writing is nonreductive, destabilizes meaning, and undermines a thematic reading. More specifically, it rejects a sense of beginning, middle, and end; subject–object distinctions; subjects who are developed according to a structure; and a sense of identity. Deleuze’s concepts of immanence and the virtual are discussed, and two major forms of Deleuzian writing are then examined. Nonlinear texts are organized in a way that fails to meet the modernist demand for a linear, internally coherent, and unified narrative. Being a traitor to one’s own writing involves writing against any stabilizing sense of identity and against other modernist categories and boundaries. Portions of Blanchot’s story, The Madness of the Day, are used to illustrate each writing strategy, and an illustrative example from my own experience is then presented.

Peran Semantis Argumen Klausa Verbal Bahasa Dawan Dialek Amanuban, Nusa Tenggara Timur

This research entitled “The Role of Semantic Argument on Verbal Clauses of Dawan Dialect Amanuban”. The Problems discussed in this research are (a) How is the basic structure of verbal clause of Dawan Dialect Amanuban? (b) What role does the semantic argument contain in the verbal clause of Dawan Dialect Amanuban? The study aims to (a) Describe and analyze the structure of the verbal clause argument of Dawan Dialect Amanuban, (b) Identify and analyze the role of semantic argument verbal clause of Dawan Dialect Amanuban. The Method used is qualitative descriptive method and macro perceived theory (Macro rules). Based on this theory, the analysis of the research results shows that the basic structure of the BDDA verbal clause is Subject-Predicate-Object (SPO) and Subject-Predicate (SP) in the intransitive clause. Percent macro actors are realized through the thematic role of locative influencing agents, theme, instrumental, and benefactive. The role of the macro underground is realized through the thematic, benefactive, instrument, theme, locative, and influence roles.

Subjective assertions are weak: exploring the illocutionary profile of perspectivedependent predicates

Sentences containing subjective predicates – e.g., “The movie was awesome” – areintuitively anchored to a particular perspective; this makes them different from sentences describingobjective facts – e.g., “The movie was set in 1995”. While authors have long debatedon whether this intuition tracks a lexical distinction between subjective and factual predicates,much remains to be explored on whether, and how, the difference between these two assertionsis reflected at the illocutionary level. Relying on evidence from two experiments, we show thatassertions containing subjective predicates display different discourse behavior from objectiveassertions. We take these findings to support the idea that SAs should be assigned a specialillocutionary profile, unveiling a genuine empirical difference between subjective and factualspeech.Keywords: subjectivity, discourse, assertion, Common Ground.

A Quality Evaluation of Combined Search on a Knowledge Base and Text

We provide a quality evaluation of KB+Text search, a deep integration of knowledge base search and standard full-text search. A knowledge base (KB) is a set of subject–predicate–object triples with a common naming scheme. The standard query language is SPARQL, where queries are essentially lists of triples with variables. KB+Text search extends this by a special occurs-with predicate, which can be used to express the co-occurrence of words in the text with mentions of entities from the knowledge base. Both pure KB search and standard full-text search are included as special cases. We evaluate the result quality of KB+Text search on three different query sets. The corpus is the full version of the English Wikipedia (2.4 billion word occurrences) combined with the YAGO knowledge base (26 million triples). We provide a web application to reproduce our evaluation, which is accessible via http://ad.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/publications .

Clause Analysis: Using Syntactic Information to Automatically Extract Source, Subject, and Predicate from Texts with an Application to the 2008–2009 Gaza War

This article presents a new method and open source R package that uses syntactic information to automatically extract source–subject–predicate clauses. This improves on frequency-based text analysis methods by dividing text into predicates with an identified subject and optional source, extracting the statements and actions of (political) actors as mentioned in the text. The content of these predicates can be analyzed using existing frequency-based methods, allowing for the analysis of actions, issue positions and framing by different actors within a single text. We show that a small set of syntactic patterns can extract clauses and identify quotes with good accuracy, significantly outperforming a baseline system based on word order. Taking the 2008–2009 Gaza war as an example, we further show how corpus comparison and semantic network analysis applied to the results of the clause analysis can show differences in citation and framing patterns between U.S. and English-language Chinese coverage of this war.

Evaluating directionality in the internal reconstruction of pre-Old Irish copular clauses

This article reconstructs the syntax of pre-Old Irish copular clauses using relic or anomalous formations within Old Irish. It is therefore an exercise in syntactic internal reconstruction. The two patterns that are reconstructed are (a) the word order of subject and predicate, which was Predicate Subject in Old Irish but is argued to have been Subject Predicate in pre-Old Irish; (b) the order of negation, the clause-typing enclitic *de, the relative pronoun and the copula which is argued to be NEG+REL+de+COP. Furthermore, It is argued that a change from a fully verbal copula *issi in pre-Old Irish to a clause-typing particle is in Old Irish is implicated in the innovation of both (a) and (b). The reconstruction is evaluated using the technique of ‘local directionality’, by examining detailed feature/phrase-structure analyses of the constructions in at least two languages and hypothesizing the most economical and plausible relation between the two.

Ukrainian Participle and French Gerund as the Second Predicate of Non-Elementary Simple Sentence

The article in question deals with the comparative analysis of the semantico-syntactic structure of the non-elementary sentence with Ukrainian Participle and French Gerund from the standpoint of the second predicate functioning. It has been confirmed that the secondary predication in a simple non-elementary sentence structure is fulfilled while participation of three main components: primary predicate, subject and secondary predicate. The main second predicate semantic types as well as the factors and preconditions of the secondary predication realization have been distinguished and outlined

Sartre as a thinker of (Deleuzian) immanence: Prefiguring and complementing the micropolitical

It is typically held that Sartre is a thinker of transcendence, inasmuch as he retains a subject–predicate structure via intentional consciousness and ruptures an otherwise insular domain through his dialectic of the self. Against such interpretations, this article argues that in following the progression of Sartre’s thought, we will come to see a deepening engagement with, and development of, immanence in the spirit of Deleuze. Specifically, Sartre steadily develops a dialectic in which consciousness, while relating to an ‘outside’, is construed as also thoroughly embedded in that outside through the subject-body of the flesh and relations of desire. From this comes a conceptualisation of the in-itself and for-itself as simulacra or topological variations of a more primordial intertwining or fabric of univocal Being. In this sense, we are immediately taken away from the subject of social contract theory, insofar as this presumes an asocial self, and the notion of identity as the sine qua non of politics, insofar as this presumes the terrain of an inexplicable transcendent Other. This brings with it a take on politics that prefigures and is concomitant with Deleuzian micropolitics, while also serving to complement it through the retention of the ego as a practical function.

The Do-So-Diagnostic: Against finite VPs and for flat non-finite VPs

AbstractThe

Submergence of lexically encoded egocentricity in syntax: The case of subjective emotion predicates in Japanese

Abstract In Japanese, subjective emotion predicates such as kanashii ‘sad’ and tsurai ‘painful’ are exclusively used to describe the inner state of the speaker, reflecting a highly subjective construal. This study investigates systematically how emotion is expressed in formal but confidential narrative texts, in which the egocentric perspective normally conveyed by these predicates would be inappropriate. In the data examined, subjective predicates occurred very infrequently in the form of direct assertions. Instead, a range of syntactic structures is used which reflect a departure from a subjective construal; the emotion is either presented as severed in some way from the experiencer or a separate reporting self emerges, distanced from the experiencing self. These syntactic structures reflect a less egocentric, more objective construal of emotion, suitable for this narrative genre. In this way, syntax is shown to work to obscure the linguistic privilege lexically encoded in subjective emotion predicates in Japanese.

Analyzing Manifestos in their Electoral Context A New Approach Applied to Austria, 2002–2008

We present a new method to analyze party manifestos to benefit the placement of political partiesper seand to advance the study of elections. Our method improves on existing manual coding approaches by (1) generating semantically complete units based on syntax, (2) standardizing units into a subject–predicate–object structure, and (3) employing a fine-grained and flexible hierarchical coding scheme. We evaluate our approach by comparing estimates for the 2002, 2006, and 2008 Austrian national elections with those yielded by previous studies that employ the entire range of available measurement strategies. We also demonstrate how we link our new manifesto data with other kind of data produced in theAustrian National Election Study, especially mass and elite (party candidate) surveys.

기준 판단자의 도입과 주관성 형용사, 양상, 증거성

기준 판단자의 도입과 주관성 형용사, 양상, 증거성

An assessment of the status of Polycirridae genera (Annelida: Terebelliformia) and evolutionary transformation series of characters within the family

A phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the monophyly of non-monotypic genera of the terebelliform family Polycirridae, i.e. Polycirrus, Amaeana, Lysilla, and Hauchiella, and the evolution of characters among members of this clade. The monotypic genera, Enoplobranchus and Biremis, were also included, together with members of both known species in Hauchiella. Representative species were included for remaining genera: 14 species of Polycirrus, six species of Amaeana, and six species of Lysilla. Out-groups consisted of representatives of Spionidae, Cirratulidae, and Sabellariidae, as well as several species of Telothelepodidae. A total of 40 in- and out-group species were coded for 50 subjects (‘characters’) and 117 subject–predicate relationships (‘states’). Although results are consistent with recent phylogenetic studies within Terebelliformia that suggest Polycirridae monophyly, only Hauchiella was found to be monophyletic, albeit part of the more inclusive clade comprising remaining polycirrid genera. Evolutionary transformation series are discussed for selected characters in relation to the non-monophyly of Polycirrus, Lysilla, and Amaeana. Implications for the use of supraspecific taxa as ‘taxonomic surrogates’ are highlighted. The definition of Polycirridae is emended. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London

Focus marking and the unavailability of inversion structures in the Bantu language Bàsàá (A43)

In this paper, we discuss in situ and (seemingly) ex situ focusing of nominal categories in Northern Bàsàá (Bantu A43). We maintain that the clause-initial position as well as the higher degree of exhaustivity associated with the latter type of focus is due to its underlying status as the structural subject of an inverted pseudo-cleft. From a typological perspective, we argue that Northern Bàsàá is a rigid SVO language in which surface positions primarily encode thematic relations. In this respect, it differs from many of its often-discussed relatives which are characterized by their flexibility in word order and the strong influence of focus in determining it. The fact that Bàsàá can leave its focused constituents in their canonical position and that its cleft-sentences display the underlying Subject–Predicate word order indicates that in this grammar focus does not have a significant impact on word order. This difference between Bàsàá and other Bantu languages like Aghem (Grassfield), Kinyarwanda, Northern Sotho and Zulu is accounted for within Optimality Theory. Three constraints play a central role in capturing the various focusing strategies displayed by these languages: *Non-Subject/Proto-Agent, Subject=Topic and Align-Focus/Right. In this set of languages, Bàsàá is unique in placing the argument linking constraint above the two information-structural interface constraints.

English binominal NPs: A construction-based perspective

English binominal NPs (BNPs) (e.g., a giant of a man, a skullcracker of a headache) are of empirical and theoretical interest due to their complex syntactic and semantic properties. In this paper, we review some basic properties of the BNP construction, focusing on its headedness, semantic relations, and the role of the preposition of. We argue that these properties suggest an account in the spirit of construction grammar. In particular, we argue that the English BNP is a nominal juxtaposition construction with particular special syntactic constraints, linked to a semantic interpretation reminiscent of the subject–predicate relation.