Subjective Conviction Research Articles

Rationalizing ‘identity’ through Virginia Woolf’s Lily Briscoe in To the Lighthouse

The 1927 publication of Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse (2007) was a landmark for both the author and the development of the novel in England. Since Woolf's death in 1941, To The Lighthouse (2007) has risen in importance as a focus of criticism concerning issues of gender, empire, and class. This paper will not be focused on the narrative techniques used by Woolf as the ‘stream of consciousness’ has been covered excessively by many scholars. It rather repositions the novel within the critical framework laid out by Toni Morrison in two of her critical works, Playing in the Dark (1992) and The Origin of Others (2017), to extend Edward Said’s argument on hegemony as discussed in his Orientalism (2003) to rationalize Woolf’s own understanding of identity within a 21st century racial framework. The discussion of Morrison’s critical text invites, as I argue in the paper, re-positioning the the link between Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe into a new perspective, beyond the representation of Briscoe as simply an ‘Orient’. Morrison’s critical framework presents a more concise understanding of identity within the creative framework of literary texts to reflect a subjective conviction of the author in question.

An invitation to forge a diagnostic-therapeutic alliance in the restoration of occlusal-postural balance

It is common for postural problems to be diagnosed and treated from any specialty related to general orthopedics, but very distant from Stomatology, especially dentomaxillofacial orthopedics. Ignoring the fact that the strong association between occlusal problems and body posture has been tactically demonstrated, which goes beyond mere clinical impressions and subjective convictions. That is why we find ourselves with patients who, after palliative treatments and physiotherapy, cannot recover; by dismissing malocclusion as cause or effect. The subject has set a trend in the academic field, arousing a lot of interest, but there is much to be done. The segmented approach to the human body and specialties still persists. Despite the efforts, there is still some confusion due to the great diversity of protocols that are not fully agreed upon and methodological errors. The epicenter of our actions is the patient and we owe ourselves to them, therefore a diagnostic-therapeutic Alliance is essential for the restoration of the Occluso-postural balance. But it is not only desirable, but also vital that an innovative cooperation strategy be implemented between disciplines related to general and dentomaxillofacial orthopedics,¸that adapts to their needs, with a more open, pragmatic and holistic vision, that breaks with this behavior segmented

Values Constitute the Boundaries in Between the Rules of Nature and Social Recognition

Values Constitute the Boundaries in Between the Rules of Nature and Social Recognition Werdie van Staden (bio) The boundary problem on defining the conceptual scope and limits of a mental disorder may be tackled at either side of the boundary. On one side, philosophers and philosophically minded clinicians tried clarifying the concept of mental disorder and its related concepts of mental illness and dysfunction in their use and definition. On the other side, Mohammed Rashed's article (2021) gives a substantive and refreshing account of this neglected side in terms of social recognition. Thereby the boundary is clarified from the outside through the limits set by the epistemic status of identity claims and the diachronic and synchronic unity of the self-conceptions that make up a person's identity. Stimulated by and building on Rashed's approach, I highlight some of the strengths and the crucial growth-points by which some of the limitations to Rashed's approach will be apparent and may be tackled conceptually. Among the various strengths including the aesthetic clarity, originality, coherence and rigor of his argument, a salient strength of Rashed's approach is that it makes explicit and espouses some of the values that illuminate the boundary. Values are thus not quashed or denied as in the naturalists' attempts to define mental disorder (or diseases more generally) in value-free terms – unsuccessful as these attempts have been (see, for example, the article by Fulford [1990] in which he shows that Boorse does not succeed in averting value terms in clarifying the concept of disease despite Boorse attempting to do so). The first growth-point concerns the logical qualifiers in a key premise in Rashed's article. The premise is: If X is in the scope of social recognition, X is not a mental disorder. Rashed provides inductively examples of mental disorders for which this premise would be true. This premise is true, however, only if all mental disorders are outside the scope of social recognition, or the weaker version, in so far as mental disorders are outside the scope of social recognition. Rashed's article is neither clear on, nor providing support for which of these qualifiers pertain, but this may be addressed in further conceptual and empirical research. This issue prompts a second growth-point. If all mental disorders are not outside the scope of social recognition, Rashed's article clarifies only that area of the boundary where there is no conceptual overlap between mental disorder [End Page 315] and social recognition. That some overlap may indeed pertain is suggested by a quality of both social recognition and mental disorders – that is, both are matters of extent (or degree) rather than "all-or-nothing" phenomena. Rashed argues that the theory of recognition presupposes a range of capacities: the capacity to determine the nature of the relation between one's subjective conviction and the social category with which one identifies; the capacity for diachronic unity of self-conception; and the capacity for synchronic unity of self-conception. These capacities are sometimes partially rather than completely affected by mental disorder. That one may be affected in these capacities partially rather than in an "all-or-nothing" way, is for example taken as a given in therapeutic pursuits by which agency is gradually recovered during a therapeutic process – see for example the March 2021 issue of Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology on personal recognition. From the theory of recognition side, further clarification is also required on the extent to which these capacities must be intact for social recognition, which does not feature in Rashed's article and is at best implied in the mentioned PPP issue. A third growth point, inviting supposedly even more substantive work than the preceding ones, concerns another hidden qualifier to the key premise of Rashed's article. The values that Rashed identifies as operating on the one side of the boundary and on which his account of social recognition hinges, are Kantian deontological values, Aristotelian virtues and the duty and virtue "to care," His account is cogent: these values are relevant and important. Notwithstanding, the values crucial on either side of the boundary are not limited to these values and need...

Identification of factors associated with hand hygiene adherence as a support for creating curriculum for nurses training – a multivariate analysis

Aim. Handwashing is the easiest way to prevent infection but is often neglected. The purpose of the study was to identify the barriers limiting the respect for hygiene procedures by nurses. Material and Methods. The study involved direct quasi-participant observation and a questionnaire of 11 nurses in six wards of three hospitals in Poland. Results. In total,1,195 observations were conducted in which 3,355 activities requiring hygiene procedures were observed over 8 months. The nurses’ knowledge of proper hand hygiene and infection prevention principles were unsatisfactory, with an average value of correct answers in the knowledge test of 8.7 (Max = 15). The univariate analysis indicated the following barriers in hand hygiene: emergencies, allergies, or too few dispensers. In multivariate analysis, the application of hygiene procedures depended on the level of education (higher education – worse compliance with the rules) and subjective conviction that handwashing/glove use was important. Conclusion. Educational programmes on hand hygiene should focus on the World Health Organisation indications that glove use is not a substitute for handwashing.

The Best Interest of the Child and its Application in the Practice of Social Workers in the Czech Republic

Historically, the views of lawyers and social workers in the application of socio-legal protection of children in the Czech Republic often fail to understand the best interests of the child (the best interests of the child under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child). In 90´s we can see in practice the direction of implementation of the basic principles of the Convention into individual decisions of social workers. Emphasizing the principle of proportionality between the various rights of the child should lead to the recognition of the child as the holder of the rights, not as the object of care and protection. However, in the late modern era, we have seen a certain shift. Instead of reflecting on the subjective conviction of the creator of what is best for the child; rather, decisions that consist not of ignorance of the content of these fundamental rights and freedoms, but of determining the values of the decision maker. Therefore, this should lead us to a deeper reflection on how workers in social and legal protection institutions understand the issue of the best interests of the child and to further discuss its implementation. The research part of the article focuses, through qualitative interviews, on uncovering how social workers in child protection in the Czech Republic think about the best interest of the child and their impact on practice, and these results relate to the perspective of lawyers extracted from legal acts, regulations, and judgments.

Politics and State: Two Sides of the Same Phenomenon

Introduction. The centuries-old history of the state and political protest movements as their driving force highlights an interesting pattern. Participants, initiators, and leaders are not interested in the underlying causes of protests. The forms and content of management, socio-political systems are changing but in all situations a narrow circle of people continues to make all important decisions.Materials and methods. The study used comparative legal and systemic methods, various materials.The results of the study. Political decisions overtly or covertly threaten performers of these decisions with punishment for non-compliance. However, as a rule only they always bear suffering and losses for erroneous decisions.Discussion and conclusion. According to Hegel a political decision is based “on subjective goals and opinions, on subjective feeling and private conviction that lead to the destruction of internal morality, integrity and conscience, love and law in relations between individuals, on the one hand, and public order and state laws not limited by legal norms and not restrained by public institutions, on the other”. The well-known scientists Weber, Duverger, Bentham and many others also held the same opinion that politics expresses “the desire of those in power to possess it, which provides them with control over society and personal benefits”. The term “politics” in its modern sense has arisen due to a misunderstanding. The prestige of Aristotle was used to give the befitting justification to the right of the sovereign to make decisions according to his preference and whim. In the 3rd century A.D. Aristotle used in his work the word “politics”, which at that time meant “state” (“polity” is the rule of the majority; Aristotle used it as the name of a specific form of state republic). Now, in many contexts, the word “politics” is used along with the terms “political system” or “state”, and the lack of knowledge about patterns is replaced by describing past or fictional events in the lives of the mighty people and fortunetelling about future events.

Influence of Cabin Vibration on Driver’s Depth Perception and Subjective Conviction When Using Automotive 3D Head-Up Display -Basic Study on the Relationship between Degree of Correction and Driver’s Recognition-

Proceedings of the International Display Workshops Volume 26 (IDW '19),Influence of Cabin Vibration on Driver’s Depth Perception and Subjective Conviction When Using Automotive 3D Head-Up Display -Basic Study on the Relationship between Degree of Correction and Driver’s Recognition-

Influence of Cabin Vibration on Driver’s Depth Perception and Subjective Conviction When Using Automotive 3D Head-Up Display -Basic Study on the Relationship between Degree of Correction and Driver’s Recognition-

Influence of Cabin Vibration on Driver’s Depth Perception and Subjective Conviction When Using Automotive 3D Head-Up Display -Basic Study on the Relationship between Degree of Correction and Driver’s Recognition-

Public Opinion and Sensus Fidelium

Public opinion and religious opinion are located within plural societies, connected to social networks. The experience of the phenomenon of public opinion by the believers interacts with the experience of religious opinions. What are the mediations employed by the sensus fidelium to explain the contradictions between public and religious opinion? This article discusses the proximity between public and religious opinions through the categories of publicity, contradiction, utility and truth. In networked societies, the faithful exercise the right to express their opinions and religious convictions. The phenomenon of the sensus fidelium immediately evidences the experience of faith of the believers as subjective convictions and religious opinions. Afterwards, these opinions are mediated by the collegiate spheres of the Church, expressing the coherence of the belief, that is, its truth. The proximity between public and religious opinions points to more complex scenarios for the Church and the believers.

Overconfidence in infection control proficiency

Infection control partially depends on hygiene and communication skills. Unfortunately, motivation for continuous training is lower than desired. Many health care providers (HCPs) do not recognize the need for training but express this need for others. This is attributable to heuristic errors, such as the overconfidence effect. The aim of this study was to quantify the flawed self-assessment in infection-control. In this cross-sectional multicenter study, 255 HCPs of different specialties participated in the 29-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, assessing perceived proficiency in hand hygiene and communication skills for both themselves and others (colleagues, trainees, and supervisors of their own specialty and HCPs of others). 222 of 255 surveys could be analyzed. Respondents rated themselves to be better trained in handhygiene (P < .001) than trainees, colleagues, and supervisors; the same was seen for feedback skills (P < .001). HCPs of other specialties were consistently rated worse in all aspects (P < .001). Results show an overplacement effect in infection prevention skills. The belief of being well educated creates a subjective conviction that no further education in hand hygiene is needed. Thus, HCPs may face motivation barriers that require specialized programs to overcome these beliefs.

A Relation between Objectivity and Subjectivity in the Moral Reflection of Gabrielė Petkevičaitė during World War I

It is considered that conscience embraces dialectic relation between objectivity and subjectivity. The conviction of an individual conscience is mere subjective conviction so it should satisfy objective moral norms. This article discusses how conscience, as the source of inward responsibility, and objective order of moral rules correlate between each other. Wartime is the limitary situation when the conflict between subjective convictions and objective occasions comes out dramatically clear. In the article it is made attempt to assess how the Lithuanian writer Gabrielė Petkevičaitė authorizes her understanding of right and justice during World War I even if it does not satisfy requirements of objective good. G. Petkevičaitė wrote all reflections of her experience in the diary named Karo meto dienoraštis (The Wartime Diary) in 1914–1919. There is presented Lithuanian writer’s attitude towards prevailing opinion that some of the unwarrantable (sometimes even criminal) actions and behavior are justifiable during such hard limitary times. The texts of the diary reveal the fact that, despite complicated situations, the Lithuanian writer remained true-hearted to humanism ideals and the truth.

Individuals with high obsessive-compulsive tendencies or undermined confidence rely more on external proxies to access their internal states

Background and ObjectivesThe Seeking Proxies for Internal States (SPIS) hypothesis predicts that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a deficit in subjective convictions, which may lead to a reliance on external substitutes for the perceptions of an individual's internal states. Two well-designed studies were performed for the present work that adopted a false bio-feedback procedure in a muscle tension task to examine the SPIS hypothesis. MethodsThe false bio-feedback paradigm was used to investigate our hypothesis. NeXus-10 Mark II hardware and V2011 BioTrace + software (Mind Media B.V., Herten, Netherlands) were utilized to measure the muscle tension of the flexor carpiulnaris muscle, which characterized the target's internal state. In addition, false EMG changes were recorded and displayed on a computer monitor and were considered external proxies. ResultsStudy 1 demonstrated that the participants with high obsessive-compulsive (OC) tendencies were more affected by the false bio-feedback and exhibited lower confidence in their judgments regarding their muscle tension compared with the participants with low OC tendencies. These findings indicate that subjects with high OC tendencies were more influenced by self-perception effects. In contrast, the subjects in the undermined confidence group in Study 2 were more easily influenced by the false bio-feedback compared with the control group, which suggests that the subjects in the undermined confidence group were more affected by self-perception effects. LimitationsWe did not combine the undermined confidence with OC tendencies or OCD symptoms in our paradigm to investigate their joint effects on self-perception. ConclusionsOur findings provide further evidence that supports the SPIS hypothesis, which indicates that OC tendencies and the confidence in an individual's recognition of internal states appear to have similar effects on the assessment of internal states and reliance on proxies.

Hypnosis and belief: A review of hypnotic delusions.

Hypnosis can create temporary, but highly compelling alterations in belief. As such, it can be used to model many aspects of clinical delusions in the laboratory. This approach allows researchers to recreate features of delusions on demand and examine underlying processes with a high level of experimental control. This paper reviews studies that have used hypnosis to model delusions in this way. First, the paper reviews studies that have focused on reproducing the surface features of delusions, such as their high levels of subjective conviction and strong resistance to counter-evidence. Second, the paper reviews studies that have focused on modelling underlying processes of delusions, including anomalous experiences or cognitive deficits that underpin specific delusional beliefs. Finally, the paper evaluates this body of research as a whole. The paper discusses advantages and limitations of using hypnotic models to study delusions and suggests some directions for future research.

Avatares de la conciencia moral. Imputación, culpa y responsabilidad

In regards to the excessive objectification of guilt that has resulted from the juridization of criminal proceedings (legal framework, indictment, court, public trial and sentencing), this paper aims to assert the importance of the subjective experience of guilt as the basis for reorienting action. The goal is to emphasize the essential nature of subjective conviction for the processes of justice and redress. To show this, a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology (Ricoeur) is used. This approach makes it possible to analyaze the configuration of moral conscience as the result of the tension between indictment-guilt and responsibility. Finally, the authors conclude that it is necessary to move from experiencing guilt as remorse to experiencing it as responsibility toward others and toward the future. Individuals should be aware of what is in their own hands and the subjective character of responsibility in order to avoid moral simulation.

Climacus and the Arguments for God’s Existence

AbstractThis article offers an evaluation of Climacus’ objections to the arguments for the existence of God. With one exception (the critique of the ontological argument, which seems to anticipate the contemporary logico-empiricist position), these objections are found wanting. In the first general objection, Climacus seems to jump illegitimately from the objective reality of God’s existence (or non-existence) to the subjective conviction about God’s existence (or nonexistence). In the second, one might find exceptions to Climacus’ assertion that one can never deduce the existence of persons from the facts of the palpable world. Next, the objection against the teleological argument is inconclusive, since, in my opinion, Climacus does not offer a clear structure to-or critique of-this argument. Lastly, the ethico-religious objection fails because God’s existence- even if one would accept the reality of a sensus divinitatis-is not yet transparently evident to us. Nonetheless, in Climacus’ treatment of all these objections we observe similarities with certain ideas of contemporary reformed epistemology: a skepticism with regard to natural theology, a belief in a sensus divinitatis, and a positive assessment of the role of faith as an epistemological presupposition.

Louis Althusser and the End of Classical Russian Marxism: Spinoza, Hegel and the Critique of Dogmatic Marxism

An attempt to restate Marx's critical method in terms of Spinozist dogmatic epistemology was central to Louis Althusser's conception of Marxist philosophy. Although it is no longer necessary to argue that this ‘restatement’ had almost no ground in Marx's own thinking, it was a highly significant expression of the essence of dialectical materialism. Through discussion of Hegel's critique of Spinoza, it will be argued that a democratically acceptable method of criticism of the mistaken beliefs of others, such as Marx developed in Capital, must take a resolutely anti-dogmatic approach which has the principle of winning subjective conviction at its core.

Postmodern Enslavement and Identityanomie: Analogue Modes of Escape from Freedom

The paper puts special emphasis on issue resonances identity shaft, which in postmodern orbit is not conceptual "favorite" for inaugurisanost perception of reality and value structure. Notated perception of the postmodern era, its conceptual articulation seeks to review the traditional structure, the postulates of postmodernism, not more "staff" refers to the evolution of the product technological sphere. Recline on the philosophical background of Jean Baudrillard, the authors discuss the indicative field simulacrum who have no ontological potential and whose affirmative purpose of bringing man to the stage gnoseological passivity. Communication "binder " postmodernity, represents deprivation their own (human) authority as a subjective conviction and questioning the identity of belonging. Therefore, the sense of identity of the modern era is reflected in the fragmentation and fluidity of existence , and it is right to say that a man living in the modern era of floating universe, without a certain criteria. Continuous changes that accompany burdened life courses of individuals and apparently are presented as a privilege and needs actually are hidden mechanisms by which individuals are listed and seduced by easy consumption, obviate indirectly authenticity and originality of its own spirit. It's value skeleton is ideologically determined consumer orientation. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p408

Positive Self–regard and Claim to Leadership: Two Fundamental Forms of Self–evaluation

The present article examines the common factor structure of various self–evaluative personality constructs. Consistent with previous research, we found considerable redundancy between constructs. Two basic forms of self–evaluation could be distinguished: Positive Self–regard (PSR) reflects people's contentedness with themselves in comparison with their own standards. Constructs such as depression, self–esteem and neuroticism have very high loadings on this factor. In contrast, Claim to Leadership (CTL) reflects the subjective conviction that one is called to take charge and lead others. This conviction is often called ‘narcissism’. PSR mainly reflects an intra–personal kind of self–evaluation, whereas CTL reflects an inter–personal kind. Both forms of self–evaluation independently predict intellectual self–enhancement, but only one of them (PSR) also predicts self–reported mental health. Moreover, the two forms of self–evaluation are differentially associated with self–reported and peer–reported inter–personal traits (Dominance and Affiliation). Finally, the concepts of ‘Grandiosity’ and ‘Vulnerability’ from narcissism research may easily be reframed in terms of CTL and PSR. The two–dimensional framework may help overcome the conceptual confusion that exists around different forms of self–evaluation and streamline the field for future research. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

Are you sure? Delusion conviction moderates the behavioural and emotional consequences of paranoid ideas

IntroductionParanoid beliefs strongly impact behaviour and emotion: Most people with paranoid delusions engage in safety behaviours and a relevant minority even commits violent acts under the influence of delusional thoughts. The present study examined whether different levels of belief conviction modulate subsequent behaviour and emotion. To be able to control for important confounds, we set up an analogue study using nonclinical participants.MethodsParticipants were recruited from the general population (N=1935) and asked to fill out the Paranoia Checklist. Individuals had to imagine being persecuted by a secret service, whereby the level of subjective conviction was set at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90%, or 100%. Subsequently, participants had to estimate for 37 behavioural and emotional items how they might respond to this threat.ResultsThree quarters of the sample affirmed the presence of at least one paranoid idea from the Paranoia Checklist over the duration of a month. The level of belief conviction and paranoia was positively associated with behavioural and emotional consequences.ConclusionsOur investigation suggests that a higher degree of belief conviction aggravates the behavioural consequences of persecutory beliefs in a linear fashion. The study is limited by its “what if” character and should be replicated with clinical participants. The study suggests that treatment approaches that aim to reduce overconviction may positively impact behaviour in psychosis.

Obsessive-compulsive tendencies and undermined confidence are related to reliance on proxies for internal states in a false feedback paradigm

Background and objectives We have previously hypothesized that obsessive-compulsive (OC) tendencies are associated with a general lack of subjective conviction regarding internal states, which leads to compensatory seeking of and reliance on more discernible substitutes (proxies) for these states (Lazarov, A., Dar, R., Oded, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 516–523). This article presents two studies designed to provide further support to this hypothesis by using false biofeedback as a proxy for internal states. Methods In Study 1 we presented high and low OC participants with pre-programmed false feedback showing either increasing or decreasing levels of muscle tension. In Study 2 we presented similar false feedback on level of relaxation to non-selected participants, half of which received instructions that undermined their confidence in their ability to assess their own level of relaxation. Results In Study 1, high OC participants were more affected by false biofeedback when judging their own level of muscle tension than were low OC participants. In Study 2, undermined confidence participants were more affected by false biofeedback when judging their own level of relaxation as compared to control participants. Limitations Our findings are based on a non-clinical, highly functioning, largely female student sample and their generalization to OCD requires replication with a sample of OCD patients. Conclusions These results provide converging evidence for our hypothesis by replicating and extending our previous findings. We discuss the implication of our hypothesis for the understanding and treatment of OCD and outline directions for future research.