Subcultural Studies Research Articles

Exploring the Potential of Turmeric as a Natural Antibacterial Agent: In Vitro Evaluation of Crude Paste and Aqueous Extract

Background: There is growing concern in the use of natural antimicrobial compounds due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. One such contender is turmeric (Curcuma longa), an herb known for its usage in medicine for centuries; nowadays, however, its prospects in pharmacology are being actively discussed. Since access and utilization of modern health care is scarce in Bangladesh, such natural cures are worth researching. Objective: To assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of turmeric’s crude paste and aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology with the collaboration of Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, over a period of one year from July 2010 to June 2011, and it consisted of three experiments: Effects of crude turmeric paste incorporated in nutrient agar media, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Aqueous Turmeric Extract and Amikacin by broth dilution method, and Subculture method to confirm bactericidal effect. Results: CTP demonstrated effective growth of S. aureus at 10% concentration and E. coli at 30% concentration. The MIC of ATE was found to be 800 μg/ml for S. aureus and 2000 μg/ml for E. coli. The MIC for amikacin was 10 μg/ml for both organisms. These effects have been further substantiated in subculture studies regarding their bactericidal properties. Conclusion: From the findings of the current study, it is evident that both turmeric and its crude paste had profound antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli, though the effect of crude paste was observed to be stronger than that of the aqueous extract. Although not as strong as Amikacin, its organic nature and possibility of side effects make it worth pursuing. Hence, this work adds to the literature on the fact that turmeric has health benefits as highlighted by traditional medical practice and points to the need to find new natural sources of .............

Sartorial subversion in subculture of Malaysian female Muslim punks

Punk culture, with its hallmark rebellious aesthetic, often stands in stark contrast to the modesty prescribed by Islamic traditions, particularly regarding women's attire. This article explores the sartorial practices of female Muslim punks in Malaysia, investigating the complex interplay of gender, religion, and subcultural identities within the Malaysian context. Employing an ethnographic approach, we examine how these women use dress for self-expression, empowerment, and resistance, challenging the historic oversights in punk discourse. Introducing the conceptual framework of ‘the localization of subculture’, our research provides a theoretical model for understanding how global subcultures, like punk, adapt to local contexts, leading to unique cultural expressions. Examining individual approaches to dress practices, our findings demonstrate the ability of the Malaysian punk community to deconstruct conventional norms and actively construct meanings of its own. This article invites a re-evaluation of subculture studies and advocates rethinking what we know about subcultures by considering local influences.

A Study of Image Design and Youth Subculture of Animal Emojis in the Semiotic Perspective of Roland Barthes

A Study of Image Design and Youth Subculture of Animal Emojis in the Semiotic Perspective of Roland Barthes

Decolonial Underground Pedagogy: Decolonising Education, Informal Learning and Subculture Studies for Educational Justice

Decolonial Underground Pedagogy: Decolonising Education, Informal Learning and Subculture Studies for Educational Justice

Introducing methadone maintenance therapy into Ukrainian prisons: a qualitative study of criminal subculture, Russia's full-scale invasion, and contested methadone objects.

After pilot testing, methadone was newly being introduced into Ukrainian prisons in 2021 as part of a national scale-up strategy to treat opioid use disorder and prevent transmission of HIV and HCV infections. Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) scale-up in Eastern Europe and Central Asia prisons has been hampered by varying levels of influence of criminal subculture, an extralegal informal governance by a social hierarchy that operates in parallel to formal prison authorities. This study examined the socio-environmental factors influencing the uptake of methadone treatment in Ukrainian prisons, including changes that evolved during Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the displacement of people deprived of liberty (PDL) from conflict to non-conflict regions. In-depth qualitative interviews (N = 37) were conducted from January 2021 to October 2022 in the only two Ukrainian prisons where methadone was being introduced with PDL (N = 18). These two prisons continued to provide methadone after the full-scale invasion. Former PDL (N = 4) were also interviewed and prison staff (N = 15). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Four authors independently reviewed, coded, and applied a phenomenological framework for data analysis, delineating themes related to criminal subculture, drug use, methadone uptake, and evolving changes during the Russian invasion. Criminal subculture perceptions varied, with some seeing it as strongly discouraging drug use among certain groups, while others described it as a residual and weak influence from a more distant past. The influence of the subculture on methadone treatment uptake, however, was less clear. PDL and prison staff struggled to identify and articulate differences between illicit street-bought methadone, used recreationally, and medically prescribed methadone. Thus, the meaning of "methadone" varies in interpretation as it is being introduced, making it potentially conflicting for patients to opt into this evidence-based treatment. As Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, PDL from conflict zones were transferred to non-conflict regions where methadone was being introduced. The prison environment became more enabling for PDL to start methadone as they were segregated and not subject to the existing criminal subculture's rules and lacked the social ties necessary to procure drugs illegally. It appears that the criminal subculture is variable and evolving in Ukrainian prisons and appears to be impacted differently by the invasion of Russia. As methadone scale-up in prisons expands, it will be important to distinguish the meaning of methadone perpetuated negatively by the prison subculture versus that in which it is intended as a medical treatment by the formal prison authorities. The current invasion of Ukraine by Russia provides a potential disruption to alter this course.

In Vitro Callogenesis of Murici-Pitanga (Byrsonima gardneriana a. Juss.) Malpighiaceae

Objective: The present work aimed to evaluate the callogenesis of murici-pitanga in different explants and growth regulators. since this species has great medicinal, environmental and economic importance, however the cultivation process and extractivism make its propagation difficult. Therefore, in vitro cultivation provides conditions that can optimize its propagation. Among the techniques used in in vitro micropropagation, callogenesis allows the regeneration of tissues, organs or plants, becoming a cultivation alternative for the species under study. Method: Explants from seedlings cultivated in vitro were inoculated in MS 1/2 medium with different types, concentrations and combinations of growth regulators, namely: zygotic embryos under 6-benzylaminopurine x α-naphthaleneacetic acid (BAP x ANA) (0.0 ; 11.1, 22.2 and 44.4 µM); leaf and stem segments under NAA (0.0; 13.42; 26.85 and 40.27 µM) and root and leaf segments under 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.0; 2. 26; 4.52; 9.05 and 18.10 µM), with subcultures in cell suspensions (0.0; 4.52; 9.05; 18.10 and 3620 µM) and callus growth curve (4. 52 µM). Resultsandconclusion: The percentage of induction and mass of fresh callus matter were evaluated. The callogenesis of murici-pitanga occurs more efficiently in the root segment in a medium supplemented with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D. Where, the calluses presented friable characteristics, in addition to better averages of induction percentage and fresh matter mass. For cell suspension, a concentration of 4.52 µM of 2,4-D is indicated, and in the growth curve, the best period for callus subculture may occur on the 56th day of cultivation, established based on the callus growth pattern sigmoidal with three distinct phases. Therefore, the murici-pitanga can be regenerated through calluses originating from root segments. Originality/value: Studies that address the in vitro propagation of murici-pitanga are scarce, and the present work reports significant results, with new explant options and different types of growth regulators to be used. In addition to advances in studies of callus subcultures with great potential for regeneration. These results become important, since the species needs techniques that facilitate its propagation, and could support future morphogenetic studies, obtaining secondary metabolites, in addition to establishing a regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis.

The Research on the Role of Abstract Culture in the Composition of Chinese Virtual Streamer Fans Culture --Taking A-SOUL as an Example

The rapid development of the virtual streamer industry in China in recent years has caused extensive discussions in Chinese Mainstream media. As a corporate virtual streamer group jointly launched by two entertainment giants called ByteDance and YH ENTERTAINMENT, A-SOUL has received widespread concern from many fields in Chinese society. This paper starts from the perspective of Social Identity theory and analyzes the frequent words on the bullet-screen sent by A-SOUL fans in live-streamings as well as the popular comments of A-SOUL related videos, which in order to explore the role of the emerging online language abstract words and the abstract culture behind them in the fan culture of Chinese virtual steamer. The study found that A-SOULs fans has used abstract words to increase exposure for the virtual streamer group, to vent their emotions and to satisfy their own sense of in-group identity. Abstract culture plays an important role in the cultural composition of virtual streamer fans, which has practical significance for the study of Chinese Internet subcultures and emerging online language trends.

Особенности организационной субкультуры представителей экстремальных профессий

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article is devoted to a review of foreign publications in the field of phenomenology of organizational subculture of employees of high-risk professions. The problems of scientific research in this area are represented in foreign psychology by such vectors as: the study of various problems of the relationship between extreme activity and organizational subculture, assessment of the impact of extremity on the subculture, personal characteristics and behavior of employees. The publications assess the impact of extreme professional activity on the organizational subculture and its main elements, unambiguously linking the conditions of extreme work and the corresponding consequences both at the level of personal or behavioral changes and at the level of subculture. It is shown that the duration of employees' stay in extreme conditions of activity is of no fundamental importance for the organizational subculture in comparison with the severity of the corresponding stress factors, as well as with the nature and characteristics of work. Extremity potentiates the emergence of both positive aspects of the subculture (professional identity, corporate solidarity, etc.) and negative ones (personal distancing, consolidation of the service team on a negative basis, etc.). Foreign approaches to the study of organizational subculture in the field of extreme professions differ significantly from the national ones, based on traditional value-semantic relations both in interpersonal communication and in intra-organizational interaction. The material allows to improve psychopractics in an extreme field of activity.</p>

A Study of Subculture Based on Online Communication from the Perspective of Carnival Theory: Taking Hip-Hop Culture as an Example

As a kind of subculture that is relatively popular among young people, hip-hop culture has been developing well in the past few years with the power of internet communication. Hip-hop culture includes street dance, rap, DJ and graffiti, and has a very rebellious spirit that advocates a free and equal relationship. As for China, hip-hop culture, as an imported product, was once excluded from the mainstream system and had been growing wildly "underground" for a long time. However, in recent years, along with the broadcast of some variety shows, hip-hop culture has been presented in the discourse system of mass media based on online communication, which has attracted widespread attention. The essay includes four parts. The first part starts from the respective concepts of hip-hop culture, subculture, and rave concept, and explains their definition and the process of development respectively. The second part explains the connotation and development of hip-hop culture and subculture from the perspective of rave theory. The third part describes how the online medium has influenced cultural communication. The last part describes the process of localization and transformation of hip-hop culture in China and its current development.

4chumblr’s divorce: Revisiting the online culture wars through the 2014 Tumblr-4chan raids

This text concerns conflict between users of 4chan and Tumblr, two groups said to have formed a vanguard to the ‘online culture wars’ of the last decade. Specifically, I focus on a 2014 clash known as the ‘Tumblr-4chan raids’. Predating the more infamous Gamergate controversy, I see this event as a useful alternative microcosm to study polarisation among online subcultures in the mid-2010s. Drawing from subculture studies, I first theorise cross-site clashes as puncturing a sense of ‘subcultural territoriality’ whereby an online platform is appropriated as a secluded refuge. Through a quali-quantitative archival study, I find that the raids were initiated and exacerbated by trolling 4channers rather than a clash between equal sides. I ultimately argue that the feud partially arose out of 4channers’ reactionary ‘media ideologies’ on the Internet, wherein sensitivity, empathy, and care were seen as incongruous with ideas on the online as brutal and unforgiving. Next to better-known political clashes between feminists and anti-feminists, the paper thus highlights the polarising role of media ideologies at the onset of the ‘online culture wars’ in the mid-2010s.

“We are snowflakes”: Minor transnationalism and the cultural resilience of slash fanfiction community in China

This article examines the cultural resilience of the Chinese slash fanfiction subculture. Popular among Chinese youth, the writing and reading of slash are subjected to increasingly stringent regulations due to changes in the political environment. Drawing from the theoretical framework of minor transnationalism, the current study situates the development of the Chinese slash community in the context of post-socialist reform and globalization, arguing that slash fanfiction is a form of non-institutional, border-crossing cultural practice that challenges orthodox heteronormativity in nationalistic discourses. Foregrounding the double-edge-sword role of digital platforms, this article dissects the cultural resilience of the Chinese slash community—manifested as various strategies in keeping the viability of their cultural practices, including cultural enclosure, border-crossing platform-switching, and social media activism. This article contributes to the study of subcultures by bringing a transnational perspective that focuses on continuous, resilient cultural practices in negotiations of alternative cultural and political agendas. Methodologically, it also contributes to social media ethnographic research by testing out a comprehensive toolkit that combines close reading with computational text-mining and visual network analysis in the analysis of multimodal social media discourses.

Collective and material embeddedness: a critique of subcultural studies and a new perspective

ABSTRACT This paper first investigates why the main strands in conventional subcultural and post-subcultural research have neglected the collective and material aspects of subcultural practice. It then investigates more recent attempts to include collectivity and materiality in the analysis and seeks to further develop such perspectives. In this way the paper seeks to demonstrate the need for a new embedded perspective on the material and collective dimensions of subcultural practice. In the first part of the paper, I embark on a critical reading of the traditional ‘schools’ of subcultural and post-subcultural theory. I seek to show that they all suffer from a blind spot in regard to collective and material embeddedness. In the second part, I analyse a number of ‘thick’ empirical accounts of subcultural collectivity, creativity and interchange with material and musical objects. I attempt to develop these descriptions further and seek to show how they may benefit from having more attention paid to collective and material embeddedness, as well as to the interchange between these two dimensions in subcultural practice. I hope to thus demonstrate how the embedded perspective may contribute to analyses of subcultural creativity and lived subcultural experience.

Sociological study of mediatization from an institutional perspective: Concepts and empirical researches

The rapidly unfolding process of mediatization radically changes the contours of social reality. Unprecedented arrangements of individuals, communications and media give rise to new collectivities and new translocal discourses on politics, economics, education, culture, and religion. The new media included in the structure of communication opened up access to information and practice beyond the censorship of institutionalized authorities. A variety of movements, groups and communities declare themselves through the communicative spaces of blogs, websites, podcasts, digital platforms. Media’s public sphere gives the voice to youth subcultures that previously were in the gray zones of sociality. These and many other consequences of mediatization call into question the methodological tools of social sciences. Theories on mediatization as well as the empirical research into mediatized social reality are the relatively new developments of the Russian academic field. There is an evident absence of sociological theorizing on mediatization in the Russian literature on media research. This article is aimed at reviewing the institutional approach of the Danish sociologist Stig Hjarvard, who was a pioneer in the theoretical understanding of mediatization as a process of total change in modern societies. The institutional approach is extremely in demand in the humanities. The part of the article covers from Hjarvard’s initial reflections on the mediatization to his later development of approach to mediatization.The article proposes an analysis of the key concepts of the institutional approach and the thematic areas formed through its application in the study of youth — youth practices and subcultures in the media’s public spere and digital storytelling as a tool for identity construction. The proposed article contains an analysis of specific cases of applying the methodology of the approach in the study of subcultures of street graffiti writers, skaters and electro-dancers.

Electric Empires: From Countercultural Movement to Corporate Enterprise

ABSTRACT This article explores the emergence of the Electronic Dance Music (EDM) subculture, and how it transitioned from being perceived as a deviant subculture into a more legitimate culture industry. Using a historical analysis of documents, interviews with industry professionals, and ethnographic observations at EDM events; we explore the process by which this transition occurred. As we argue, the defining features of the EDM subculture also laid the foundations for outsiders to commodify the movement as a culture industry. We identify the concept of “subcultural appropriation” as the mechanism by which the movement’s politically dissident features were removed, and its place as a multi-billion dollar industry made possible. Long adherents to the subculture we interviewed, noted that this rise in popularity came at the cost of feelings of solidarity and commitment to core values of the subculture. We conclude with a discussion of how this study addresses limitations of the culture industry thesis, and argue for its continued utility to the study of subcultures and social groups.

Psychobilly: Subcultural Survival

Psychobilly: Subcultural Survival details the history, development, and continuation of the psychobilly subculture. Psychobilly builds upon the work of various subcultural, post-subcultural, performance studies, and other theoretical frameworks to explain the different factors that make up the psychobilly subculture, a small but dedicated group drawing on influences of punk, rockabilly, horror movies, and others to create a unique style, music, and a set of behaviors. In Psychobilly, Kimberly Kattari delves into the multiple aspects of the subculture, examining the history, style, evolution, and fierce continuation of psychobillies in the present. Psychobilly would be of interest to anyone in folklore, subcultural studies, punk, rockabilly, or horror circles.Chapter 1 opens with the early history of psychobilly as it started in England, evolving from former Teds, rockabillies, and punks in the 1970s and 1980s, who felt these scenes had lost their original rebellious spirit. Kattari weaves an excellent narrative drawing on fieldwork as well as previous publications. Like most origins, the word “psychobilly” is shrouded in mystery. While the term arose in various capacities—with proto-psychobilly acts like Screaming Jay Hawkins and Screaming Lord Sutch as well as the Cramps providing some early indications of what was to follow—it was the Meteors who led the first wave of what would become psychobilly. Rejected from the larger rockabilly scene due to their experimental and aggressive performances, groups like the Meteors found their own way in the music world where, combined with the punk scene of the late 1970s and 1980s, they created something unique.From my own personal experiences playing and participating in the Midwestern punk scene of the early 2010s, the traces of punk subculture are clearly evident in psychobilly—disillusionment, estrangement, and wanting to create something openly resistant to larger society. However, while sharing some similarities, psychobilly emphasizes an apolitical approach that celebrates all things carnivalesque. Through emphasizing these various transgressive behaviors, Kattari perfectly captures the distinctive forms of performance within psychobilly. Music, rather than a force of decrying sociopolitical oppression prevalent in several subgenres of punk, is instead used as a form of escape. Morever, such performances celebrate all things macabre, dark, and grotesque—all which are absolutely lovely. “Wrecking”—a term involving a variety of moves as diverse as walking like zombies to slamming into one another to throwing punches—highlights a communal release of aggression.Equally exciting is the style meant to clearly designate the rejection of popular culture and the restraints of mainstream society: a mixture of rockabilly, punk, and specific contributions such as the instantly recognizable wedge quaff hairstyle. One goal shared by many in the various punk subcultures, and especially psychobilly, is to intentionally shock or make others uncomfortable through dress—which explains why someone in a passing vehicle once told me I was going to “burn in hell” for wearing a metal shirt incorporating religious iconography. As successive “waves”—new iterations, influences, and bands—of psychobilly continued in the following decades, efforts to intentionally reject larger society manifested in a multitude of ways, such as through dress, lyrical content, performances, and many other formats.Particularly enjoyable and relevant to my own studies within punk subculture is chapter 4, “Male Dominance and Female Empowerment.” Some of the larger issues within the scene—as well as in other subcultural studies—are the treatment of women as objects, sexual ownership and dominance, and downplaying or outright rejecting female psychobilly groups as distinctly not psychobilly. Although much of psychobilly intentionally breaks with parts of popular culture, its maintenance of typical discourses of male hegemony continues to be a severe point of conflict. The disparity between male and female behaviors, style, and other elements exemplifies the hypocritical approaches within the scene.Toward the end of Psychobilly, the focus shifts toward psychobilly in the digital age and, with decades of existence, the methods of gatekeeping toward what is, and what isn't, psychobilly. Although some have heralded the rise of the internet as the destruction of subcultures, the case of psychobilly—where a small but dedicated group of individuals is spread across the globe—illustrates the opposite: friendships are maintained while new members, potentially isolated, are able to find a like-minded community. Kattari also explores in depth the notion of gatekeeping as psychobilly becomes more established and new waves emerge.Psychobilly: Subcultural Survival is an excellent exploration of an often underlooked subculture. By providing an amazing overview of the subculture's history, style, behavior, and developments, the book insightfully demonstrates the continued existence of subcultures within the age of the internet. For anyone wanting to get into subcultural studies and the corresponding theoretical framework, this is a great place to start.

Antibacterial effect of Amlaki (Phyllanthus emblica) extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: The emergence of bacterial resistance is creating a global health issue. The newer generations of antimicrobials used to combat this problem are expensive and their adverse effects are also notable. Natural herbal remedies have shown promising antimicrobial properties and fewer side effects compared to synthetic antimicrobial agents. In this regard, one of the reputed medicinal plants, Phyllanthus emblica (Amlaki) was investigated for potential antibacterial effect against the most common nosocomial pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Objective: The experimental study was to determine the antibacterial effect of aqueous as well as ethanolic extract of (P. aeruginosa) against standard strains of P. aeruginosa. Methods: The study was conducted during the period of July 2018 to June 2019 in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration of Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Six separate experiments were done e.g. (Expt-I) Determination of the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Amlaki (AAE) and (Expt-II) ethanolic extract (EAE) against P. aeruginosa by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, (Expt-III) Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous extract, (Expt-IV) ethanolic extract and (Expt-V) a standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin against test organism by broth dilution technique as well as making a comparison with MIC of AAE and EAE and (Expt-VI) Subculture studies of materials from effective AAE, EAE and ciprofloxacin preparations for confirmation of respective results of Experiments III, IV and V. Result: Both aqueous and ethanolic extract of Amlaki was found active against P. aeruginosa in disc diffusion method. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were used in six different concentrations 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, 600 μg/ml, 800 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml. For aqueous extract and ethanolic extracts dose dependent inhibitory effect was observed against the test organism. Showing greater inhibitory effect at the same concentrations [AAE vs EAE: 6vs6, 6vs8, 7.5vs17, 15.5vs23.5, 24vs25, 27.5vs35]. The MIC of ciprofloxacin was lowest in comparison to MICs of AAE and EAE for the test organism. The subculture studies also confirmed the results of the previous experiments Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is definite antibacterial effect of both aqueous and ethanolic extract of P. emblica (Amlaki) against P. aeruginosa. Detection and isolation of the biologically active ingredients responsible for this antibacterial effect demands further large scale study.

Youth subculture and education

Educators, policymakers, and the public are often intensely engaged in youth cultures and practices. Nowadays, young people behave in irrational, creative, selfish, deviant, apathetic, generous, committed, tolerant, and many other, often contradictory ways. Educators should attend to widely circulating accounts of youth, because these often yield or buttress attitudes and policies that influence young people. The paper presents the results of a study of youth subcultures as an interactive form of self-identification and socialization of university students’ personality and educational purposes. The theoretical basis of the study was the scientific works of famous domestic and foreign scientists in the field of social sciences, education, and humanities. Research methods: practical and theoretical ones. The theoretical methods are analysis, classification and generalization. The practical methods are sociological survey and testing. The study sample consisted of students at Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, Moscow State University of the Civil Engineering, Russian State Social University and Moscow City University. As a result of the data obtained, the authors of the paper designed a program of additional education for university students in the context of the development of youth subcultures. The designed program is directed towards the interaction of youth subcultures and institutions of higher education. As a result of the testing of the program at the aforesaid institutions of higher professional education, the effectiveness of its introduction into the educational process has been proved.

‘A Couple of These Videos Is All You Really Needed to Get Pumped to Skate’: Subcultural Media, Nostalgia and Re-Viewing 1990s Skate Media on YouTube

The reappearance of VHS skateboarding movies produced during the 1990s on YouTube presents a timely opportunity to examine how the subcultural identities of former skateboarders are reassessed in later life. Drawing on subcultural studies and theories of mediated memory, this article analyses comments made by viewers of YouTube re-postings of 411 Video Magazine, an era-defining skateboard movie series of the 1990s. The analysis suggests that re-viewing content of once cherished VHS tapes affords former skaters a nostalgic moment of reconnection with their youth involving a combination of three forms of nostalgia: subcultural nostalgia, biographical nostalgia, and format nostalgia. For many viewers, re-viewing skate videos retrospectively recognizes the formative role skateboarding played in shaping their identity and also allows an appraisal of both the past subcultural formation and the media format through which its values were expressed and communicated.

Negative chain referral sampling: doing justice to subcultural diversity

ABSTRACT This paper calls for renewed consideration of the way research subjects are selected in the study of subcultures. All too often, subcultural researchers limit themselves to the use of one or two of the orthodox sampling designs, such as ‘convenience sampling’ (selecting subjects who are readily available) or ‘chain referral sampling’ (selecting a readily available subject who refers the researcher to other subjects). While these designs certainly have their merits, especially in the early research phase of negotiating access and acceptance, they may impede insight into the diversity that exists within subcultural groups. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among punks and graffiti writers, this paper introduces a supplementary design, that of ‘negative chain referral sampling’, which consists of using group members’ categorisations of subcultural anomalies as an opening to explore subcultural variation and tensions. This design is one that flips the logic of conventional chain referral sampling: if we are encouraged not to speak to certain subjects, for instance, due to their lack of authenticity or status, this forms the motivation for doing exactly that. Closer examination of subcultural anomalies may deepen our understanding of the boundary work, identity-making and social exclusion that occurs in all subcultural groups.

Membunuh Tradisi’: Adegan Musik Metal Dan Subkultur Madura

Abstract— Metal music is not 'easy listening' music. Unlike pop music which is full of "laziness", metal music is full of "explosions" from a musical aspect so, not everyone is able and willing to explore metal music. Because of its aggressive noise, metal music is flourishing in the big cities. Madura, whose society tends to be traditional, is a serious obstacle for its young people who enjoy metal music. Those who enjoy metal music are commonly referred to as "metal youths". So far, there have not been many metal studies in Madura. In fact, Madurese metal youths performed metal music scenes that were no less great than those of outsiders. Therefore, this study seeks to describe scenes of obedience to Madurese metal youths with a musical phenomenology approach, and to explain them from the perspective of subcultural studies. Based on the results of the research, it shows that the scenes of the metalization of Madurese metal youths are not only centered on the musical scene, but also, jump out of the musical scene which shakes the stability of the tradition and the political domination of their religion.
 
 Keywords—: Metal Music Scenes; MadureseMetalYouths; Subcultural Studies.