Indian Subcontinent Research Articles

Development of a laboratory-based model to study the interaction between nutrients and Vibrio cholerae and predicting the spread of cholera outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent.

Cholera is an infectious disease that is transmitted through contaminated water. The disease includes a long back history of epidemics. Despite the numerous hygiene and prevention techniques that have been developed for Cholera, outbreaks of cholera are still reported worldwide. The resolution to this issue lies in promptly identifying the area susceptible to cholera outbreaks, a matter that continues to perplex scientists and medical professionals. It has been reported that Vibrio is effective in nitrogen digestion because it contains the nasA gene. In this study, initially theimpact of nutrients (nitrate and nitrite) on growth of Vibrio cholerae was determined, subsequently a relationship was developed between nutrient substrates and V. cholerae growth rate, using Monod model. Subsequently, the model was applied to large national river quality data set (2012-2014) developed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and a possible cholerae outbreak zone was predicted. This work will definitely help the policy makers to develop management strategy for keeping rivers safe from future cholera outbreak.

A study of “Womanhood” as Symbols to Further Colonial, Nationalist, and Religious Communal Agendas in the Indian subcontinent

This study delves into the historical exploitation of women as symbols to advance colonial, nationalist, and religious communal agendas, particularly focusing on the Indian subcontinent. Through an analysis of various events, including the British response to widow immolation, the Bengal Renaissance, and the aftermath of the Partition of India, the study highlights how women’s plight was manipulated to serve broader political goals. Drawing from sources such as Tanika Sarkar’s Rebels, Wives, Saints and Urvashi Butalia’s The Other Side of Silence, the study underscores the dual nature of women’s victimization: first by patriarchal structures and then by the instrumentalization of their suffering to bolster ideological narratives. It argues that despite purported humanitarian concerns, women’s agency and well-being were often overlooked, with their experiences reduced to mere symbols in the pursuit of power and national identity. This study aims to shed light on the complex intersections of gender, politics, and power dynamics in historical contexts. Examining the instrumentalization of women’s suffering for political ends prompts reflection on the ethical implications of using marginalized groups as symbols to promote ostensibly progressive agendas.

Schistophleps kendricki sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) from Bangladesh with an overview of the genus

Schistophleps Hampson, 1891 is one of the most frequently occurring genera of tiger moths, widely distributed in the Oriental and Australian regions. However, a lion’s share of the species belonging to this genus are poorly known except the original descriptions. In this article, we provide a brief overview of all known species currently assigning to this genus. We divide the species into albida, bicolora, bipuncta, flavia, fulvia, hyalina, and subtilis species groups on the basis of wing pattern elements along with geographic distributions, and four highly obscure species are discussed as a miscellaneous group. Among the species, Schistophleps bipuncta Hampson, 1891 is the most frequently occurring taxon having a distribution stretching all over the South East Asia. However, the variable wing maculations and other features, reflected through the observations on various citizen science platforms from different regions of the Indian subcontinent indicate to a sibling species yet to discover. Herein, we describe the species as Schistophleps kendricki Rayhan, Bucsek, & Jahan sp. nov., from Chittagong, Bangladesh that is similar to the Schistophleps bipuncta species group in wing maculation, but markedly differs from all of its closely allied congeners in the genitalia configurations in having characteristic modification of uncus. Besides, a comparison of observations on different citizen science platforms from the Indian subcontinent is provided that suggests the possible distribution of this new species throughout the Bengal including West Bengal, India and Bangladesh.

An octad of fumarate hydratase-deficient uterine leiomyomas: Case series with review of literature from a single institution.

Fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient (FH-d) leiomyomas are included in the recent World Health Organization fascicle of the female genital tumors. These are known to be associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome. The tumors can be diagnosed based on certain histopathological features, along with loss of immunohistochemical expression of FH immunostain in most tumors. Currently, there is no documentation on these tumors from our subcontinent. We analyzed eight FH-d leiomyomas diagnosed at our institute. The most common presentation was vaginal bleeding (menorrhagia). Pelvic ultrasonogram revealed multiple fibroids in most patients except in two, who harbored a single fibroid. The size of these fibroids ranged from 3 to 19 cm. Five patients underwent myomectomies, while three underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphino-ophorectomy. The most consistently observed histopathological features were hemangiopericytomatous vascular patterns, cytoplasmic globules, increased cellularity, distinct eosinophilic nucleoli, and cytological atypia (8/8, 100% tumors), followed by multinucleate giant cells and perivascular edema, seen in 62% and 50% tumors, respectively. Immunohistochemically, all tumors were positive for desmin, smooth muscle actin, and h-caldesmon and showed loss of FH immunostain, along with low Ki-67/MIB1. None of those patients had any renal or cutaneous manifestations. This constitutes the first such study from the Indian subcontinent and reinforces that although uterine leiomyomas constitute an integral component of the diagnosis of HLRCC syndrome, these occur in the absence of renal or cutaneous manifestations. FH-d uterine leiomyomas are more likely sporadic and could be a false alarm to raise the possibility of HLRCC with their exclusive presence.

Cretaceous-Cenozoic cooling history of central-northern Tibet: Insights from the fission track thermochronology of detrital apatite from sediments of the Tuotuohe Basin

Deciphering the interactions between tectonic and exhumation processes in the Tanggula Mountains (central-northern Tibetan Plateau) can provide insights into the processes of the Tibetan plateau uplift and its geomorphic evolution. In this study, we present new detrital apatite fission track (AFT) data from Cenozoic sediments of the Tuotuohe Basin (northeastern part of the Qiangtang terrane) and its periphery (including the Tanggula Mountains), with the aim to reconstruct the cooling history of the Tanggula Mountains during the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic era. Our results show that the provenance of detrital material evolved in the Tuotuohe Basin and highlight that previously deposited sediments were recycled into the Tuotuohe Basin at ∼ 27.5 Ma. The data further outline that the Tanggula Mountains and the Tuotuohe Basin experienced three major phases of tectonic uplift and exhumation: 122–106, 65–54, and 44–35 Ma. These exhumation-induced cooling phases might be related with three phases of primary tectonic activity, i.e., the collision between the Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes (central part of the Tibetan Plateau) that started during the Early Cretaceous, the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates in the Early Cenozoic and finally, the “hard collision (the Indian and Eurasian continents)” that occurred during the Early Eocene–Oligocene.

No country for sex workers, then or now: Srijit Mukherji’s Begum Jaan (2017) and its many imagi-nations

ABSTRACT This paper reads the period film Begum Jaan (Mukherji, 2017) for its portrayal of Partition of the Indian subcontinent as an event of gendered and sexual violence. In doing so, it explores the biopolitics of sex work at the historical juncture of 1947 and examines how the birth of nations accompanies the devaluing of women’s lives over their unraped bodies. Focusing on the political and ethical import of the sex workers’ resistance against eviction in the film, it highlights the precarity of women within the institutional mechanisms of an incipient nation.

Dermatophytosis Caused by Trichophyton indotineae (Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS Genotype VIII) in Sri Lanka.

Over the past few years, a recalcitrant dermatophytosis has been observed on the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka, which has caused a major public health issue in the region. An emerging species, Trichophyton indotineae, first described as Trichophyton mentagrophytes ITS genotype VIII, is thought to be responsible for this fast-spreading, mostly terbinafine-resistant dermatophytosis. Recalcitrant dermatophytosis is a challenge to dermatologists, and knowing the causative species and antifungal sensitivity in the earlier stage of management would be invaluable. We report a case series of patients with dermatophytosis caused by T. indotineae in Sri Lanka. This is the first detection of this highly terbinafine-resistant strain in Sri Lanka, and existence of this species should be taken seriously by dermatologists and healthcare policymakers for better management of tinea infections and antifungal stewardship in the country.

Novel TMPRSS6 variants and their impact on iron-refractory iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: A North Indian genotype phenotype study.

Iron-refractory iron deficiency anaemia (IRIDA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, distinguished by hypochromic microcytic anaemia, low transferrin levels and inappropriately elevated hepcidin (HEPC) levels. It is caused by mutations in TMPRSS6 gene. Systematic screening of 500 pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia having moderate to severe microcytosis with no other causes of anaemia were enrolled to rule out oral iron refractoriness. It identified a final cohort of 10 (2.15% prevalence) individuals with IRIDA phenotype. Haematological and biochemical analysis revealed significant differences between iron responders and iron non-responders, with iron non-responders showing lower haemoglobin, red blood cell count, serum iron and serum ferritin levels, along with elevated HEPC (9.47 ± 2.75 ng/mL, p = 0.0009) and erythropoietin (4.58 ± 4.07 µ/mL, p = 0.0196) levels. Genetic sequencing of the TMPRSS6 gene in this final cohort identified 10 novel variants, including seven missense and three frame-shift mutations, with four missense variants showing high functional impact defining the IRIDA phenotype. Structural analysis revealed significant damage caused by two variants (p.L83R and p.S235R). This study provides valuable insights into IRIDA among pregnant women in the Indian subcontinent, unveiling its underlying causes of unresponsiveness, genetic mechanisms and prevalence. Furthermore, research collaboration is essential to validate these findings and develop effective treatments.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B) in India: insights from a large cohort study suggest ancient origin.

The ethnic diversity of India provides a unique opportunity to study the history of the origin of mutations of genetic disorders. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B), a recently identified dominantly inherited cerebellar disorder is caused by GAA-repeat expansions in intron 1 of Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (FGF14). Predominantly reported in the European population, we aimed to screen this mutation and study the founder haplotype of SCA27B in Indian ataxia patients. We have undertaken screening of GAA repeats in a large Indian cohort of ~ 1400 uncharacterised ataxia patients and kindreds and long-read sequencing-based GAA repeat length assessment. High throughput genotyping-based haplotype analysis was also performed. We utilized ~ 1000 Indian genomes to study the GAA at-risk expansion alleles. We report a high frequency of 1.83% (n = 23) of SCA27B in the uncharacterized Indian ataxia cohort. We observed several biallelic GAA expansion mutations (n = 5) with younger disease onset. We observed a risk haplotype (AATCCGTGG) flanking the FGF14-GAA locus over a 74kb region in linkage disequilibrium. We further studied the frequency of this risk haplotype across diverse geographical population groups. The highest prevalence of the risk haplotype was observed in the European population (29.9%) followed by Indians (21.5%). The observed risk haplotype has existed through ~ 1100 generations (~ 22,000 years), assuming a correlated genealogy. This study provides valuable insights into SCA27B and its Upper Paleolithic origin in the Indian subcontinent. The high occurrence of biallelic expansion is probably relevant to the endogamous nature of the Indian population.

Mustard oil consumption and Harris platelet syndrome: unveiling a dietary link to thrombocytopenia in the Indian subcontinent

Background and objectives: Asymptomatic thrombocytopenia, characterized by a reduced platelet count without bleeding symptoms, is notably prevalent in certain regions of India and Bangladesh, presenting a diagnostic challenge. A significant portion of healthy blood donors from Bangladesh and various parts of India, particularly West Bengal, exhibit this condition, termed Harris platelet syndrome (HPS). This review explores the potential correlation between mustard oil consumption, a common dietary staple in these regions, and the incidence of HPS. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using systematic search strategies across databases such as Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus. Keywords included "Harris platelet syndrome," "mustard oil consumption," "thrombocytopenia," and "erucic acid." Studies were selected based on relevance and quality, focusing on the epidemiology of HPS, dietary habits, and the thrombocytopenic effects of erucic acid. Results: HPS shows a significant geographical prevalence in the Indian subcontinent, notably in regions like West Bengal, Kashmir, and Assam. The review identifies a higher prevalence of thrombocytopenia in areas with predominant mustard oil usage. Studies highlight the association between dietary erucic acid from mustard oil and thrombocytopenia, with notable effects observed in patients treated with Lorenzo’s Oil, which contains erucic acid. Conclusions: The review highlights a significant association between mustard oil consumption and asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in the Indian subcontinent. The similarity in hematological profiles between HPS and erucic acid-induced thrombocytopenia underscores the need for further research. This includes measuring erucic acid levels in patients, conducting controlled dietary interventions, and genetic analyses to differentiate between genetic and environmental factors. July 2024; Vol. 18(2):009. DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.021 *Correspondence: Wasim Md MohosinUl Haque, Department of Nephrology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: wmmhaque@live.com

YAP1∷KMT2A fusion-positive sarcoma: An emerging soft tissue tumor entity with morphological features resembling a sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma.

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) constitute a morphological continuum with certain overlapping histopathological features and MUC 4 immunopositivity. SEF is characterized by EWSR1 gene rearrangement, is relatively more aggressive and shows a limited response to chemotherapy. Lately, a subset of tumors with morphological features of SEF, but lacking MUC4 immunostaining and EWSR1 gene rearrangement have been observed. We report the first case of YAP1∷KMT2A-positive sarcoma from the Indian subcontinent along with a review of similar tumors reported previously. A case of 31-year-old male presented with a 3 cm painful lump in the right suboccipital region. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen revealed a cellular tumor composed of atypical spindle and epithelioid cells, exhibiting moderate nuclear pleomorphism, arranged in cords, embedded in a dense collagenous/hyalinized stroma. By immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for cyclin D1 and negative for MUC4, desmin, myogenin, β-catenin, STAT6, myoD1, SMA, and S100P. By fluorescence in-situ hybridization, EWSR1 gene rearrangement was negative. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed YAP1exon5∷KMT2Aexon4 fusion. Given a positive resection margin, he underwent a revision surgery involving wide local excision of the lesion including the outer table of the occipital bone followed by image-guided radiation therapy. Over 2 years of his follow-up, the patient is alive with no evidence of recurrence. Thus, YAP1∷KMT2A positive sarcomas have distinct molecular and overlapping histopathological features with SEF, with relatively less aggressive disease course. Documentation of additional similar tumors with long-term follow-up is required.

Study on the Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Cirrus Parameters, Radiative Characteristics and Precipitation over the Indian Subcontinent

Study on the Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Cirrus Parameters, Radiative Characteristics and Precipitation over the Indian Subcontinent

Assessment of the spatial distribution and identification of potential risk areas for the sterility mosaic disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Huth) in Southern India

Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) is an emerging biotic risk to the cultivation of pigeonpea throughout the Indian subcontinent. The prevalence and distribution of SMD documented from diverse agro-climatic zones are still poorly known. In this investigation, we determined the spatial distribution of SMD covering major pigeonpea-growing states of Southern India namely, Karnataka, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh by considering 2 years of exploratory survey data. Geospatial approaches were employed to determine the SMD incidence levels at unvisited locations using neighboring observations. The results indicated enormous variability in disease incidence ranging from 0 to 82.64% and 0 to 36.84%, respectively, in Kharif 2021–22 and 2022–23 in pigeonpea-growing states. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and Ripley’s K function established the presence of average clustering over sampling locations. Two main clusters were identified via agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. From the Local Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation (LISA) analysis, most of the districts were clustered together at (I<0). From the p-values, Bidar and Krishnagiri districts recorded the highest spatial dependence, while the remaining districts recorded medium spatial dependence (p < 0.05). Based on kriging, the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, Medak and Ranga Reddy districts of Telangana, Bijapur district of Karnataka, and Latur district in Maharashtra states were found to be vulnerable to SMD occurrence in the future. The Matern and Spherical models were shown to be the best of the several semivariogram experimental models tested for spatial patterns of SMD incidence, from which OK and IK maps were created. Based on the interpolation results, the potential SMD hotspots/risk areas were most prominent in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu states. These identified hotspots for SMD revealed high levels of disease probability rates (>25%) above the threshold level and must be closely monitored to restrict and minimize further disease spread across the studied areas in Southern India. In pigeonpea, this is the first study in India that attempted to understand the spatial pattern of SMD using geostatistical methodologies. The results of the study will aid in the design and dissemination of specific management practices and curb the further spread of SMD.

New record and redescription of invasive cassava green mite, Mononychellus mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker) in India on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz

The unnoticed invasion of mites is attributed to the absence of consistent monitoring over time. This recent investigation identified the presence of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker 1970), on Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for the first time in the Indian subcontinent. The study involves a comprehensive re-description of the invasive mite, Mononychellus mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker), employing an integrative approach. The report also highlights the potential future threat posed by the invasive mite to crop diversity in India.

From rupture to disruptive innovation: the colonial subcontinent’s ‘Devil’s Wind’; the Mughal Bagh (garden) and the English-style public park

ABSTRACT Set against the backdrop of the 1857 uprising against British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent, the article examines the impact of this tumultuous event on the Mughal era Bagh (garden). The uprising, while causing a sudden and unprecedented rupture in the subcontinent’s political, cultural and urban landscape, also led to a form of disruptive innovation that displaced the well-established Bagh, a private space for leisure or veneration of the deceased, by a novel garden type, an English-style public park. More often than not, this new garden type emerged from remodelling the Bagh, to result in a Bagh-turned-Public Park. This innovative venture not only physically replaced the original Bagh but also changed the notion of leisure from the Mughal-to-the-metropole-inspired variant. Concurrently, this landscape endeavour served the agenda of empire to stamp British authority. To make its case, the city of Delhi, whose large corpus of Mughal- era Baghs underwent remodelling, is selected. As the epicentre of the uprising, Delhi was the recipient of the colonial regime’s spatially tumultuous military and civic interventions to turn it into a tamed modern city, among whose new spatial icons was the English-style public park. Two gardens are examined to demonstrate the rupture and disruptive innovation, as colonial civic actors overlaid an English-style landscape on the Bagh. This seemingly innocuous landscape intervention was as disruptive and efficacious as its spatially violent military counterpart in transforming Delhi into a colonial modern city. The article concludes by taking stock of the Bagh-turned-Public Park in the present as a colonial legacy that continues to be an integral part of the leisure landscape of Indian cities.

Effect of potassium chloride-induced salt stress on bacoside A biosynthesis in Bacopa monnieri (L.) grown under in vitro and in vivo conditions: a comparative study.

Bacopa monnieri L. is a highly acclaimed plant species for its diverse pharmaceutical properties and is mostly found in the Indian subcontinent. In this study, the effects of salt (KCl) stress on plant height, biomass, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activities of Bacopa monnieri in both in vitro and in vivo conditions were investigated. A significant increase of up to 1.8 folds and 1.3 folds in bacoside-A content at 100mM KCl was recorded in both in vivo and in vitro grown plants, respectively. Higher salinity (> 100mM KCl) stress exerted a negative effect on plant height and plant biomass, whereas at levels ≤ 100 KCl, substantial improvement in terms of plant height (PH) and biomass (PB) was recorded in both in vivo (up to 1.6-fold and 1.8-fold high) and in vitro (up to 1.9-fold and 1.7-fold high) conditions. Total chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme (CAT, POD) activities were also maximum at 100mM KCl. However, at higher KCl levels (200mM), no significant increase in any of the morphophysiological parameters was recorded. Therefore, 100mM KCl was identified as the optimum salt concentration for enhancing bacoside A content, plant growth, and physiological properties in terms of antioxidant enzyme activity and chlorophyll content in B. monnieri.

Inclusive voices, inclusive lives: Lived experiences, stigma and discrimination faced by persons with disabilities in corporate India

Lived experience is a key construct in qualitative phenomenological research. It refers to the direct or firsthand experience of a situation by the person concerned, vis a vis the knowledge gained through second hand, mediated or cognitive sources. According to an estimate by the WHO, globally, 15 percent of the population live with some form of disability, and over 80 percent them in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. India has a population of over 1.3 billion, of which 2.2 percent live with some form of severe mental or physical disability. Persons with disability experience significant marginalization because of negative stereotypes associated with disability and persons impacted by it. In the last two decades, the lived experience movement, championed by persons with disability who highlight their needs, concerns, and rights is also tangible in the Indian subcontinent. This has resulted in significant impacts in the lives of persons with disability. The role of lived experience is a powerful antidote to the culture of stigma, shame, secrecy, and silence around disability. The study is a qualitative phenomenological approach that consists of focus groups and in-depth interviews with persons with disability to explore their lived experiences and perspectives of disability. This has the potential to widen the conversation on corporate perspectives on inclusion of persons with disability in the corporate workspace. Person with lived experience of disability are “experts by experience.” The authenticity of their lived experience endows them with the potential to emerge as robust change agents who can humanize society. The study is a compelling proof of concept for the need to integrate persons with disability as pivotal stakeholders in effecting disability inclusive policies and practices in corporate workspaces in the country. Keywords: Disability, Inclusion, Lived experience, Employment, Marginalization

Research on the Origin of Harappan Civilization - Debates on the background and origin of the First Urbanization in Indian Subcontinent

Research on the Origin of Harappan Civilization - Debates on the background and origin of the First Urbanization in Indian Subcontinent

Chromatographic Profiling of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Extracts for Phytochemical Characterization

Ziziphus mauritiana, commonly known as Chinese date, Ber, and Indian jujube, belongs to the Rhamnaceae family and is native to Southeast Asia. Although it has been naturalized in tropical regions from South Africa to the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, its phytochemical profile remains underexplored. A comprehensive phytochemical profiling and standardization of extract can be achieved by TLC and HPLC analysis. The study involves the development of improved chromatographic methods for the analysis of local Z. mauritiana leaves, including selection of the mobile phase type, gradient elution method and temperature, which are all potential HPLC parameters that may affect the result of analysis. The leaves were subjected to extraction through maceration utilizing methanol and hexane. The results indicated a percentage yield of 7.28% for hexane and 18.98% for methanol. TLC investigations were conducted using the crude extracts obtained, employing a dual mobile phase system (ethyl acetate: chloroform = 6:4) for the methanol extract and hexane:acetone (6:4) for the hexane extract, respectively. Both systems exhibited successful separation of phytochemicals. The methanol extract was subjected to HPLC profiling in accordance with the established protocols. Naringin was determined to be present through qualitative HPLC screening. Phytochemicals present in the leaves of Z. mauritiana are identified as a result of this research, which also sheds light on the optimal parameters for TLC and HPLC analyses. This research may also provide valuable insight regarding the importance of quality control and formulation of herbal medicines from the standardized extract.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HOTELS OF THE JET AGE IN PAKISTAN AND INDIA: THE INTERCONTINENTAL IN KARACHI AND THE OBEROI INTERCONTINENTAL IN NEW DELHI

This paper focuses on the architecture, interior design, and promotion of new United States-financed international business and tourist hotels of the 1960s in Karachi and New Delhi, analysing these as transcultural spaces of modernity during the early jet age. In part, these and many other US-financed hotels in locations relatively close to the Soviet sphere of influence in Asia, North Africa and Europe were political symbols, promoting the the American way of life, but they were also symbolic of the aspirations of mainly post-colonial nations to project images of progress and national development. The research builds upon other recent scholarship on the manifestations and experiences of modernism in architecture, planning and travel in the Indian Subcontinent in the post-Second World War era and how modern architecture and post-colonial political framework went hand in hand with each other. Keywords: Post Colonial Architecture, Nationalism, Modern Architecture, Hotels, Subcontinent