sub-Saharan Areas Research Articles

The status of the Church in Africa

The Church in Africa is currently experiencing a surge in numerical growth, consequently making Christianity the leading religion in the continent. Just before the twentieth century, Africa was known to be a heartland of voodooist, witchcraft, and traditional religions. The continent is now emerging as the “center of gravity of Christianity.” Research predicts Africa to have the largest majority of Christian population by 2060, with four in ten Christians living in the region. Despite tremendous growth, however, the Church in Africa still lacks the influence and impact one would expect it to have. Poverty and hunger are still rampant, especially in the Sub-Saharan area, where children are malnourished and deprived. Although the cornerstone of Christianity is love, one would expect that the growth of the Church would affect the socio-economic state of Africa. Sadly, the current statistics show otherwise. Notable, too, is the contribution of missionaries to the global missionary effort, which is only 6%. Amid numerical growth, the African Church still faces major challenges, including but not limited to persecutions in certain regions by some governments and extremist groups, the lack of “African identity,” and low enthusiasm to participate in political leadership and community development.

Assessing desertification in sub-Saharan peri-urban areas: Case study applications in Burkina Faso and Senegal

This study, carried out within the FP7-ENV-2010 CLUVA project, aimed to classify and map sensitivity to desertification in peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Saint Louis (Senegal) African cities by applying a multifactor approach based on the EU MEDALUS key indicators. All local data allowed identifying Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) and an Index of Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAI). The studied peri-urban areas had an overall high sensitivity to desertification. In Ouagadougou, the most sensitive areas were those poorly vegetated and overexploited by an ever-increasing demographic pressure; in Saint Louis, the critical zones were mostly located in the northern part of the studied area, strongly characterized by both shallow sandy soils and vegetation overexploitation by grazing and domestic. This study suggests that ESAs maps can represent a valuable tool to promote and orientate effective policies of desertification prevention and mitigation for sustainable development of the African rural-urban interfaces.

English

The overuse of chemical fertilizers in agriculture remains an environmental concern, especially in sub-Saharan areas of Africa where soil degradation lead to low crop yield. Crop inoculation with beneficial microorganisms appears a good alternative to reduce chemical substances and improve yield. In this regard, studies on soil biological activities and inoculation experiments on maize (Zea mays L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops were conducted. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of these crops on soil microbial activities and to assess their response to inoculation with two fungi (Glomus aggregatum and Glomus etunicatum) alone or in combination. Rhizospheric and non rhizospheric soils were collected in peanut and maize fields at Takali in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Soil enzymes activities, total microbial biomass, AMF spore and rhizobia densities were determined in these soils. Then, mycorrhizal inoculation experiment of these plant species was conducted in a greenhouse located at Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. After three months, plant growth and yield, mycorrhizal and nodulation parameters were measured. Results showed that maize has significantly improved enzymes activities, spore density and total microbial biomass of soil. Effect of peanut was only significant on chitinase. Moreover, soil rhizobia density was reduced under this crop effect. Maize significantly improved these parameters more than peanut. Inoculation results showed a significant enhancement of the height and shoot dry weight of maize with single inoculation with G. aggregatum or G. etunicatum even if a low mycorrhization rate was observed. However, in peanut, the mixed inoculants (G. aggregatum + G. etunicatum) significantly increased the pod weight and nodulation parameters. Results showed the importance of plant cover in the improvement of soil biological quality including enzymes activities and microbial community and suggested that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation is influenced by many factors as plant species, AMF and soil environment characteristics.   Key words: A. hypogaea, Z. mays, soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass, soil microorganisms’ density, mycorrhizal inoculation. &nbsp

The impact of urban development on risk in sub-Saharan Africa's cities with a focus on small and intermediate urban centres

The main urban issue that sub-Saharan Africa is facing is rapid growth in its urban population without the urban governance structures in place that can meet their responsibilities and manage the change. This has created very large deficits in infrastructure and service provision which exposes much of the urban population to high levels of risk. Without competent, effective and accountable urban governments, it is not possible to tap the great potential that cities have for supporting good living conditions and good health. This paper examines both the scale of urban change and the development challenge facing sub-Saharan Africa's urban areas and the possible implications on risk. It describes how a substantial proportion of sub-Saharan Africa's national (and urban) population lives in small and intermediate size urban centres (and thus not in rural areas or large cities) and considers what we know about risk in these urban centres and the implications for development. The paper suggests that within the region's urban population, inadequacies in provision for basic infrastructure and services are usually larger, the smaller the urban centre. Most small urban centres in the region have local governments with very little capacity or funding to fulfil their responsibilities for risk reducing infrastructure and services. Of these, the inadequacies in provision for water and sanitation are the best documented. But in some instances, provision for water and sanitation is so poor in large cities that the proportion of their inhabitants lacking adequate provision is as high as those living in small urban centres.

A preliminary checklist of the ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) fauna of Senegal

This work presents the first checklist of the ant species of Senegal, based on a review of the literature and on recent thorough sampling in Senegalese orchard agrosystems during rainy and dry seasons. Eighty-nine species belonging to 31 genera and 9 subfamilies of Formicidae are known. The most speciose genera were Monomorium Mayr, 1855, and Camponotus Mayr, 1861, with 13 and 12 species, respectively. The fresh collection yielded 31 species recorded for the first time in Senegal, including two undescribed species. The composition of the ant fauna reflects the fact that Senegal is in intermediate ecozone between North Africa and sub-Saharan areas, with some species previously known only from distant locations, such as Sudan.

Quantum Notes on Classic Places

I would like to sing about an unstable, yet constant force that stresses and pushes imagination. It makes cultural and social transformations a process to experience in person. [...]

Wing morphology, winter ecology, and fecundity selection: evidence for sex-dependence in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica).

Variation in wing morphology results from the combination of diverse selection pressures. Wing feather morphology within species varies with sex and ontogenetic effects, and also with ecological factors. Yet, the direction of causation for the wing morphology-ecology association remains to be elucidated. Under the 'ecology-dependence' hypothesis, wing morphology covaries with ecological conditions, because the latter affect feather molt. Alternatively, the 'habitat choice' hypothesis posits that individuals with different wing morphology choose different habitats because of the habitat-dependent advantages of a specific wing morphology. We tested these competing hypotheses in the migratory, aerially insectivorous barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). We quantified wing morphology (isometric size, pointedness, and convexity) on the same individuals during consecutive breeding seasons (i.e., before and after molt in sub-Saharan wintering areas) and located wintering areas using light-level geolocators. Wing pointedness of females but not males during 1year negatively correlated with vegetation vigor (gauged by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI) in the African area where individuals spent the next winter. Partial least-squares path modelling showed that the association between wing morphology and NDVI was sex-dependent. Conversely, NDVI during wintering did not predict wing morphology in the next breeding season. Because wing morphology can have carry-over effects on subsequent performance, we investigated selection on wing traits and found strong positive fecundity selection on wing size of females. Our results suggest that female barn swallows choose their wintering habitat depending on their wing morphology. In addition, directional fecundity selection operates on females, suggesting sex-dependence of current selection on the flight apparatus.

Cost-effectiveness of an ambulance-based referral system for emergency obstetrical and neonatal care in rural Ethiopia

BackgroundTo estimate the cost-effectiveness of an ambulance-based referral system an dedicated to emergency obstetrics and neonatal care (EmONC) in remote sub-Saharan settings.MethodsIn this prospective study performed in Oromiya Region (Ethiopia), all obstetrical cases referred to the hospital with the ambulance were consecutively evaluated during a three-months period. The health professionals who managed the referred cases were requested to identify those that could be considered as undoubtedly effective. Pre and post-referral costs included those required to run the ambulance service and the additional costs necessary for the assistance in the hospital. Local life expectancy tables were used to calculate the number of year saved.ResultsA total of 111 ambulance referrals were recorded. The ambulance was undoubtedly effective for 9 women and 4 newborns, corresponding to 336 years saved. The total cost of the intervention was 8299 US dollars. The cost per year life saved was 24.7 US dollars which is below the benchmarks of 150 and 30 US dollars that define attractive and very attractive interventions. Sensitivity analyses on the rate of effective referrals, on the costs of the ambulance and on the discount rate confirmed the robustness of the result.ConclusionsAn ambulance-based referral system for EmONC in remote sub-Saharan areas appears highly cost-effective.

Abstract 1374: Frequent up-regulation of histone methyltransferase G9a contributed to liver carcinogenesis by epigenetically silencing of tumor suppressor RARRES3

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and is the most common type of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia area where hepatitis B infections are common. The initiation and progression of HCC was attributed to alternations in genetics and disruptions of epigenetic processes which lead to altered gene functions in both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Recent advancements in the field of cancer epigenetics increasingly emphasize the important role of every component in the epigenetic machinery. However, the alternations of epigenetic mechanisms involved in HCC are still largely unknown. Using transcriptome sequencing, we examined the expression of 591 epigenetic regulators in hepatitis B-associated human HCC and found that most of the epigenetic regulators are deregulated especially the histone modification enzymes. Among all of them, we identified G9a (Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2, EHMT2), a histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) specific histone methyltransferases, as one of the most significantly up-regulated epigenetic regulators in human HCCs. Previous studies about epigenetic alternations primarily focused on promoter DNA hypermethylation. However, little is known about the pathological implications of histone modifications. Herein, we hypothesis the frequent up-regulation of G9a causes epigenetic aberrations which contribute liver carcinogenesis, and targeting G9a could be a potential epigenetic therapeutic method for HCC treatment. In this study, we found that G9a was frequently up-regulated in different HCC sample cohorts. Up-regulation of G9a was significantly associated with HCC disease progression, cancer aggressiveness, and more malignant tumor phenotypes. Functionally, we demonstrated that shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of G9a suppressed HCC cell proliferation in vitro and inhibited subcutaneously xenograft HCC tumorigenicity in vivo. Depletion of G9a significantly reduced HCC cell migration ability and induced cell senescence. Pharmacological inhibition of G9a by small molecule inhibitors, UNC0638 and BIX01294, also suppressed HCC cell growth and altered cell morphology. Mechanistically, we showed that the frequent up-regulation of G9a in human HCC was attributed to gene copy number gain at chromosome 6p21 and loss of miR-1. Furthermore, up-regulation of G9 also epigenetically repressed miR-1 expression and thus formed a feedforward regulation loop between them. By utilizing RNA-Seq and GSEA analysis, we identified a potential tumor suppressor RARRES that was epigenetically silenced by G9a and promoted tumor cells proliferation in human HCC. Taken together, we showed that G9a are novel oncogenes in human HCCs and G9a could be novel therapeutic targets for HCC treatment. Citation Format: lai wei, Felice Ho-Ching Tsang, Dicky Cheuk-Ting Law, Sandy Leung-Kuen Au, Joyce Man-Fong Lee, Carmen Chak-Lui Wong, Irene Oi-Lin Ng, Jack Chun-Ming Wong. Frequent up-regulation of histone methyltransferase G9a contributed to liver carcinogenesis by epigenetically silencing of tumor suppressor RARRES3 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1374. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1374

Direct current microgrids based on solar power systems and storage optimization, as a tool for cost-effective rural electrification

Around 20% of world population lives without electricity access, most of them are concentrated in Sub-Saharan rural areas. Traditional approaches to electrify rural areas imply capital intensive infrastructures and large investments, while DC microgrids, based on renewable sources and storage systems, can be easily implementable and lead to cost effective solutions. The use of super efficient appliances can dramatically reduce the households electricity consumption, leading to smaller and cheaper systems. In this study an analysis of the use of efficient DC appliances is performed starting by essential energy services. Solar home system design optimization can be achieved by the evaluation of irradiation variation and the load requirements, finding the most cost-effective solution. Rural electrification can have a major impact to drastically improve the quality of life of millions of people through the sustainable use of solar energy.

Social media reveal that charismatic species are not the main attractor of ecotourists to sub-Saharan protected areas

Charismatic megafauna are arguably considered the primary attractor of ecotourists to sub-Saharan African protected areas. However, the lack of visitation data across the whole continent has thus far prevented the investigation of whether charismatic species are indeed a key attractor of ecotourists to protected areas. Social media data can now be used for this purpose. We mined data from Instagram, and used generalized linear models with site- and country-level deviations to explore which socio-economic, geographical and biological factors explain social media use in sub-Saharan African protected areas. We found that charismatic species richness did not explain social media usage. On the other hand, protected areas that were more accessible, had sparser vegetation, where human population density was higher, and that were located in wealthier countries, had higher social media use. Interestingly, protected areas with lower richness in non-charismatic species had more users. Overall, our results suggest that more factors than simply charismatic species might explain attractiveness of protected areas, and call for more in-depth content analysis of the posts. With African countries projected to develop further in the near-future, more social media data will become available, and could be used to inform protected area management and marketing.

Postharvest UV-C treatment for extending shelf life and improving nutritional quality of African indigenous leafy vegetables

Currently, consumer eating habits have shifted to an increasing demand for high quality, safe and healthy food products worldwide. In many African countries, specifically African indigenous leafy vegetables (AIVs) gained importance in this respect contributing to human diet by providing minerals, proteins, vitamins and health-promoting antioxidant compounds. Moreover, these vegetables have an immense potential in creating job opportunities in rural as well as peri-urban areas. However, AIVs tend to suffer severe quantitative and qualitative postharvest losses because of their high perishability. UV-C has been mainly applied in sanitation and food safety for its germicidal effect but also has an impact on preventing nutritional losses. To address this, studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of postharvest application of hormic UV-C dosages on bioactive plant compounds of two AIVs, i.e. African nightshade (Solanum scabrum Mill.) cv. Olevolosi and vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) cv. Madiira. Eight weeks after planting, the leaves were harvested and treated with UV-C (254nm) at either 1.7kJm−2 or 3.4kJm−2 while untreated leaves served as control. The leaves were kept for 4 and 14d at 20°C (65% RH) and 5°C (85% RH), respectively. The quality parameters studied were fresh weight loss, mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn), protein, and structural carbohydrates determining dietary fibre content and microbial counts. In addition, antioxidative, health promoting plant compounds, i.e. carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The results showed that fresh weight loss of both AIVs was significantly reduced with application of lower UV-C dosage (1.7kJm−2). Mineral elements and proteins were variedly affected with a general decline in the initial stages followed by an increase compared to the untreated leaves. Hemicellulose and cellulose was significantly increased in vegetable amaranth and lignin content was significantly increased in African nightshade following UV-C treatment. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents declined within 2–4d during storage, depending on storage conditions; but thereafter increased again significantly compared to the control. Aerobic mesophyllic and yeast counts were significantly reduced by UV-C treatment, while mould counts were not affected. The findings demonstrate the potential of using hormic UV-C for maintaining the nutritional quality of AIVs during their supply chain as an easy to apply and effective tool, hence contributing to improved food accessibility and food safety in Sub-Saharan areas such as Kenya.

Cardiac magnetic resonance study of scorpion toxic myocarditis.

Scorpion envenomation may represent a life-threatening condition and, specifically in tropical, subtropical and sub-Saharan area, will be considered a public health problem. We describe a case of a 25-year-old Caucasian woman, suffering from severe scorpion envenomation by Leirus Quinquestratius . The patient presented a catecholamine induced myocarditis and myocardial dysfunction. Our observations, obtained by repeated cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) assessments (11 days; 3, 9 and 15 months), firstly revealed a possible irreversible and sub-clinical myocardial damage. CMR seems to be a useful tool to assess cardiac damage in scorpion envenomation, particularly in terms of prevention of irreversible myocardial damage and dilated cardiomyopathy delayed …

Optimizing Public Transport Systems in Sub-saharan Africa Using Operational Research Technique: A Focus on Nigeria

The rapid urbanization of sub-Saharan Africa metropolitan areas combined with inadequate or poorly executed development plans, has given rise to numerous transportation problems, including deteriorated physical attractions and comfort of road based public transport. This addresses these problems. Mathematical model is used to optimize the public transport system of Lagos, Nigeria. Lagos being a typical sub-Saharan metropolitan city, is used as a good representation of others. The public transport system in Lagos is modelled using linear programming algorithm. The resulting linear programming model was solved using simplex method, with the aid of a computer software – LIP solver. The optimal transport system, if implemented, will eradicate the problem caused by poor public transport system in sub-Saharan Africa or at least reduce them to the barest minimum.

Transition to Parenthood and HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe.

BackgroundThe relationship between the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and people’s choices about life course events describing the transition to parenthood–sexual debut, union (in the form of marriage, cohabitation, or long-term relationship), and parenthood–is still unclear. A crucial role in shaping this relationship may be played by the sequence of these events and by their timing. This suggests the opportunity to focus on the life courses in their entirety rather than on the specific events, thus adopting a holistic approach that regards each individual’s life course trajectory as a whole.MethodsWe summarise the individual life courses describing the transition to parenthood using ordered sequences of the three considered events. We aim to (i) investigate the association between the sequences and HIV infection, and (ii) understand how these sequences interact with known mechanisms for HIV transmission, such as the length of sexual exposure and the experience of non-regular sexual partnerships. For this purpose, we use data from a general population cohort study run in Manicaland (Zimbabwe), a Sub-Saharan African area characterised by high HIV prevalence.ResultsFor both genders, individuals who experienced either premarital or delayed childbearing have higher HIV risk compared to individuals following more standard transitions. This can be explained by the interplay of the sequences with known HIV proximate determinants, e.g., a longer exposure to sexual activity and higher rates of premarital sex. Moreover, we found that people in the younger birth cohorts experience more normative and safer sequences.ConclusionsThe shift of younger generations towards more normative transitions to parenthood is a sign of behaviour change that might have contributed to the observed reduction in HIV prevalence in the area. On the other hand, for people with less normative transitions, targeted strategies are essential for HIV prevention.

Mobile phone use for a social strategy to improve antiretroviral refill experience at a low-resource HIV clinic: patient responses from Nigeria

ABSTRACTIn sub-Saharan African areas where antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are not available through community pharmacies, clinic-based pharmacies are often the primary source of ARV drug refills. Social pressure is mounting on treatment providers to adjust ARV refill services towards user-friendly approaches which prioritize patients’ convenience and engage their resourcefulness. By this demand, patients may be signalling dissatisfaction with the current provider-led model of monthly visits to facility-based pharmacies for ARV refill. Mobile phones are increasingly popular in sub-Saharan Africa, and have been used to support ARV treatment goals in this setting. A patient-centred response to on-going social pressure requires treatment providers to view ARV refill activities through the eyes of patients who are negotiating the challenges of day-to-day life while contemplating their next refill appointment. Using focus groups of five categories of adult patients receiving combination ARV therapy, we conducted this cross-sectional qualitative study to provide insight into modifiable gaps between patients’ expectations and experiences of the use of mobile phones in facility-based ARV refill service at a public HIV clinic in Nigeria. A notable finding was patients’ preference for harnessing informal social support (through intermediaries with mobile phones) to maintain adherence to ARV refill appointments when they could not present in person. This evolving social support strategy also has the potential to enhance defaulter tracking. Our study findings may inform the development of ARV refill strategies and the design of future qualitative studies on client–provider communication by mobile phones in under-resourced HIV treatment programmes.

Epidemiology of the outbreak, vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mali: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To compile available data and to estimate the burden, characteristics and risks factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Mali. Articles in English and French were searched in Hinari, Google scholar and PubMed. Unpublished studies were identified by searching in Google.com. Terms used were cutaneous leishmaniasis Mali; Leishmaniasis Mali, Leishmania major Mali; or Phlebotomus Mali or Sergentomyia Mali. We select descriptive studies on CL and sandflies in Mali. Data were extracted and checked by the author, then analyzed by region, by study population and type of biological tests, meta-analysis approach with STATA software was used. Nineteen published (n=19) and three unpublished were included. CL epidemiology was characterized by occurrence of clinical cases in different areas of Mali, outbreaks restricted to known areas of transmission and isolated cases diagnosed in travelers. In endemic areas, population at risk are young age persons, farmers, ranchers, housewives, teachers and military personnel. The annual incidence ranged from 290 to 580 cases of CL. Leishmania major is the main species encountered throughout the country (North Savanna, Sahel and Sub-Saharan areas), and Phlebotomus duboscqi has been identified as the vector and Sergentomyia (Spelaeomyia) darlingi as possible vector. The overall estimated prevalence of positive LST (Leishmanin Skin Test) was 22.1%. The overall frequency of CL disease among suspected cases was 40.3%. Although descriptive, hospital-based and cross-sectional studies are robust enough to determine the extent of CL in Mali; future well-designed eco-epidemiological studies at a nationwide scale are needed to fully characterize CL epidemiology and risk factors in Mali.

Tubal Infertility and Chlamydia Trachomatis in a Congolese Infertile Population

Infertility of tubal origin is the most frequent in sub-Saharan area. It is due to tuboperitoneal lesions mainly because of infection; especially sexually transmitted infection. Worldwide, Chlamydia trachomatis is the main pathogen. In our setting, some studies failed to establish the link between tubal infertility and chlamydia trachomatis. The current study aimed to determine the local data related to chlamydia trachomatis role in tubal infertility and the usefulness of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titer test (CAT) in discrimination of the patients with and without tuboperitoneal lesions. Patients’ average age was 33.9 ± 4.8 years, average coitarche 19.4 ± 4.4 years and average number of partners: 3.1 ± 1.6. The level of CAT is correlated to the tuboperitoneal severity. CAT was more specific (93.3%; CI 95%: 81.7 - 98.6) than sensitive (72.7% CI 95%: 49.8 - 89.3) and discriminated correctly 89% (AUC = 0.89) of the patients with or without tuboperitoneal lesions. In conclusion, as it is stated worldwide, Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent sexually transmitted pathogen associated with tubal infertility. CAT has to be used as a tool to select patients to be submitted to invasive investigation, like laparoscopy.

Differential Migration in the Common ChiffchaffPhylloscopus collybita: Sub-Saharan Wintering Grounds Host More Adults and Females as Well as Birds of Larger Size and Better Physical Condition

Summary. Avian migration strategies may include intra-specific variations, also known as differential migration. These migratory adaptations between conspecifics are particularly important given their implications for population dynamics. We aimed to examine the differential migration pattern as a function of age and sex, and whether this pattern also determines body morphology, in a passerine whose migration strategy includes movements to both pre- and sub-Saharan wintering areas. Thus, 1,100 common chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita were sampled during 2009–2012 at eight wintering locations within the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions. Biometric and body condition variables were studied for their relationship to geographical, climatic and productivity indexes. A higher proportion of adults and females were observed at lower latitudes. Common chiffchaffs were larger and in better body condition in sub-Saharan areas, coinciding with greater plant productivity and less annual rainfall. The selection of t...

Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change.

We mapped current and future temperature suitability for malaria transmission in Africa using a published model that incorporates nonlinear physiological responses to temperature of the mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae and the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We found that a larger area of Africa currently experiences the ideal temperature for transmission than previously supposed. Under future climate projections, we predicted a modest increase in the overall area suitable for malaria transmission, but a net decrease in the most suitable area. Combined with human population density projections, our maps suggest that areas with temperatures suitable for year-round, highest-risk transmission will shift from coastal West Africa to the Albertine Rift between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda, whereas areas with seasonal transmission suitability will shift toward sub-Saharan coastal areas. Mapping temperature suitability places important bounds on malaria transmissibility and, along with local level demographic, socioeconomic, and ecological factors, can indicate where resources may be best spent on malaria control.