Butadiene Styrene Research Articles

Abrasion Behaviors of Silica-Reinforced Solution Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Compounds Using Different Abrasion Testers

Abrasion Behaviors of Silica-Reinforced Solution Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Compounds Using Different Abrasion Testers

High Young's Modulus Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12-Based Solid Electrolyte Interphase Regulating Lithium Deposition for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode.

Artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers have been widely regarded as an effective protection for lithium (Li) metal anodes. In this work, an artificial SEI film consisting of dense Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) nanoparticles and polymerized styrene butadiene rubber is designed, which has good mechanical and chemical stability to effectively prevent Li anode corrosion by the electrolyte. The LLZTO-based SEI film can not only guide Li to uniformly deposit at the interface but also accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics due to its high Li+ conductivity. In particular, the high Young's modulus of the LLZTO-based SEI will regulate e- distribution in the continuous Li plating/stripping process and achieve uniform deposition of Li. As a consequence, the Li anode with LLZTO-based SEI (Li@LLZTO) enables symmetric cells to demonstrate a stable overpotential of 25 mV for 600 h at a current density of 1 mA cm-2 for 1 mA h cm-2. The Li@LLZTO||LFP (LiFePO4) full cell exhibits a capacity of 106 mA h g-1 after 800 cycles at 5 C with retention as high as 90%. Our strategy here suggests that the artificial SEI with high Young's modulus effectively inhibits the formation of Li dendrites and provides some guidance for the design of higher performance Li metal batteries.

Effect of additively manufactured polymeric inserts on impact response of construction safety helmets

Purpose Struck-by accidents (i.e. being hit by a falling object) are a leading cause of traumatic brain injuries in the construction industry. Despite the critical role of hard hats in minimizing such injuries, their overall design has not appreciably changed in decades. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential benefits of modifying commercially available hard hat designs by incorporating a compliant cantilever and a sacrificial, energy-absorbing structure to enhance their protective capabilities against impacts. Design/methodology/approach This study involved conducting experimental impact tests to obtain the head acceleration attenuation using hard hats with a variety of compliant cantilever lattice insert designs. These lattice inserts were additively manufactured using three polymeric materials, including polylactide (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, high-impact polystyrene and three porosity levels. A Hybrid III head/neck assembly was fitted with each hard hat design, and experimental drop tests were conducted using a 1.8-kg steel impactor dropped from 1.83 m. The maximum acceleration and head injury criterion (HIC) values were obtained for each test. Findings Analysis of variance revealed that HIC was significantly reduced for all lattices with 56% porosity (p < 0.023) compared to the control (unmodified) hard hat. The most effective insert was found to be a PLA insert with 56% porosity, which reduced the HIC value by 38% compared to the control (unmodified) hard hat, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.018. Originality/value The data present in this study reveals that simple and inexpensive modifications can be made to existing hard hat designs to reduce injury risk from overhead impacts.

Optimization of physical and mechanical properties of PC/ABS/PMMA blends by mixture design approach

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the recycling of end‐of‐life computer plastics, focusing on polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) copolymer, which constitute a significant portion of collected computers. Through differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy analyses, the properties of raw PC, ABS and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were evaluated. Various blends of PC and ABS were prepared, incorporating different percentages of recycled PMMA as a cost‐effective coupling agent. These blends were processed through melt compounding using a contra‐rotating twin‐screw extruder and subsequently shaped by injection molding. An experimental mixture design was applied to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of the composite materials, including melt flow index, hardness, flexural strain at break and Charpy impact strength. The results of the desirability analysis indicated that the optimal blend for achieving a balance between mechanical and physical properties consists of a high PC content (approximately 80% or more), a low ABS content (less than 20%) and less than 5% recycled PMMA. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Stability effects of added biomass on microalgae styrene–butadiene–styrene composites

Stability effects of added biomass on microalgae styrene–butadiene–styrene composites

Morphology, viscoelastic properties and the mechanical performance of highly toughened polyamide 6/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/polylactic acid ternary blends

AbstractIn this research, the morphology, rheology, and mechanical performance of polyamide 6/polylactic acid/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PA6/ABS/PLA) ternary blends were studied. The optimum ABS percentage in PA6/ABS binary blend to achieve highly toughened blend was determined around 35 wt.%. The spreading coefficient (Sij) predictions showed that each of PLA and ABS can form separate phase in the PA6 matrix. The evaluation of the interfacial interactions in the ternary blends revealed a higher tendency of PLA to interact with PA6 chains (Sij:−1.20) rather than ABS (Sij:−0.20) which is in comply with higher work of adhesion of PLA/PA6 than PLA/ABS and PA6/ABS. By adding PLA to the binary blends of PA6/ABS, it was found that the ABS domain size decreased due to rheological change. The localization of each component in the ternary blends observed in SEM analysis was in agreement with spreading coefficient predictions. Morphological evaluations revealed higher interfacial interactions between PA6 and PLA in the blends with up to 20 wt.% PLA. The optimized blend ratio of ternary blends showed higher complex viscosity at low shear rates and higher values than the mixing rule prediction. The optimum flexural modulus of 2 GPa and impact resistance of 47 kJ/m2 were achieved at 20 wt.% PLA in PA6/ABS/PLA ternary blend.Highlights The optimum PA6/ABS blend ratio to achieve high toughness was determined. The phase localization in the blends predicted via Spreading Coefficient. The interaction of PA6 and ABS enhanced by the addition of PLA in the blends. The mechanical properties of blends are correlated with rheological behavior. The flexural modulus of blends was higher than Halpin–Tsai model predictions.

Lean-and-Green Fractional Factorial Screening of 3D-Printed ABS Mechanical Properties Using a Gibbs Sampler and a Neutrosophic Profiler

The use of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in additive manufacturing applications constitutes an elucidating example of a promising match of a sustainable material to a sustainable production process. Lean-and-green datacentric-based techniques may enhance the sustainability of product-making and process-improvement efforts. The mechanical properties—the yield strength and the ultimate compression strength—of 3D-printed ABS product specimens are profiled by considering as many as eleven controlling factors at the process/product design stage. A fractional-factorial trial planner is used to sustainably suppress by three orders of magnitude the experimental needs for materials, machine time, and work hours. A Gibbs sampler and a neutrosophic profiler are employed to treat the complex production process by taking into account potential data uncertainty complications due to multiple distributions and indeterminacy issues due to inconsistencies owing to mechanical testing conditions. The small-data multifactorial screening outcomes appeared to steadily converge to three factors (the layer height, the infill pattern angle, and the outline overlap) with a couple of extra factors (the number of top/bottom layers and the infill density) to supplement the linear modeling effort and provide adequate predictions for maximizing the responses of the two examined mechanical properties. The performance of the optimal 3D-printed ABS specimens exhibited sustainably acceptable discrepancies, which were estimated at 3.5% for the confirmed mean yield strength of 51.70 MPa and at 5.5% for the confirmed mean ultimate compression strength of 53.58 MPa. The verified predictors that were optimally determined from this study were (1) the layer thickness—set at 0.1 mm; (2) the infill angle—set at 0°; (3) the outline overlap—set at 80%; (4) the number of top/bottom layers—set at 5; and (5) the infill density—set at 100%. The multifactorial datacentric approach composed of a fractional-factorial trial planner, a Gibbs sampler, and a neutrosophic profiler may be further tested on more intricate materials and composites while introducing additional product/process characteristics.

Compressive Properties of Additively Manufactured Metal-Reinforced PLA and ABS Composites

The development of multi-material filaments has enabled fused filament fabrication-based additive manufacturing to address demand for high-performance lightweight multifunctional components. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene processing–structure–property)-based filaments with metallic reinforcements of magnetic iron (MI), stainless steel (SS), bronze (Br), copper (Cu), Bismuth (Bi), and Tungsten (W) were investigated to elucidate their complex processing–structure–property relationships. The microstructure of 3D-printed materials were characterized by microscopy and analyzed to determine the metal cross-sectional area percentage and the relationship between metal reinforcement, the polymer matrix, and porosity. Compression testing was conducted in directions parallel and perpendicular to the build direction in order to evaluate the effect of orientation and metal reinforcement on the mechanical properties. Three-dimensional-printed specimens experienced either fracture through print layers or layer-wise interfacial rupture for loads applied perpendicular and parallel to the print layers, respectively. A dependence of yield strength on loading orientation was observed for Br-PLA, Cu-PLA, SS-PLA, Bi-ABS, and W-ABS; however, MI-PLA and pure ABS specimens did not exhibit this sensitivity. Metal reinforcement also influenced the magnitude of compressive yield strength, with MI-PLA and SS-PLA demonstrating increased strength over Br-PLA and Cu-PLA, while ABS demonstrated increased strength over Bi-ABS and W-ABS. These results demonstrate the importance of considering orientation in printing and applications, the trade-off between various metallic reinforcements for added multifunctionality, and the potential of these tailored polymer composites for novel 3D-printed structures.

The optimization of mechanical properties of polypropylene/styrene butadiene rubber/silicon carbide nanocomposites using response surface methodology

AbstractPolypropylene is a useful and widely consumed thermoplastic with very good properties that can be mixed with a combination of rubber and nanoparticles in order to eliminate its shortcomings. In this paper, the simultaneous combination of both the toughening effect of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and the reinforcing effect of silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were investigated in polypropylene matrix. Mechanical properties (tensile and impact strength [TS and IS]) of compounds were analyzed using the central composite design approach in Design‐Expert software. With two factors for input variables of SBR and SiC weight percentages, and their five levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) and (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6), respectively, the central composite design approach employs 11 experiments for creation of models and the analysis of variance investigations with two output responses of TS and IS. Statistical results revealed that SBR and SiC contents had a significant effect on TS, IS, and the microstructure of compounds, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy images. To maximize all mechanical properties simultaneously with desirability functions, TS and IS of the optimum sample were computed to be 21.98 MPa and 8.66 kJ/m2 in amounts of 13.45 and 2.80 weight percentage (wt%) of SBR and SiC, respectively.Highlights By increasing silicon carbide (SiC) in polypropylene/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), tensile strength decreases after a peak due to agglomeration effect. By increasing SiC in polypropylene/SBR, impact strength decreases after a peak due to agglomeration effect. By increasing SiC, the rubber particles' dimensions decrease according to scanning electron microscopy analysis. Simultaneous maximum of tensile strength and impact strength are 21.98 MPa and 8.66 KJ/m2, respectively. Optimum value of SBR and SiC in above maximums are 13.45 and 2.8 wt%, respectively.

The Effect of the Proportion of Rubber Components on the Properties of EVA/SBR/BR Foams

In actual production processes, pure ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foams have a high shrinkage rate, and the foaming matrix is prone to plastic deformation, even causing the collapse of bubbles. This limits the further application of EVA foams. In this study, we incorporated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR) into EVA to improve the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of EVA composite foams without sacrificing their low-density characteristics of low density. We used a melting index meter, rotorless vulcanizing meter and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to characterize the changes in viscosity and energy storage modulus of the composite matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the microscopic morphology of foams. The mechanical properties test results showed that the addition of SBR reduced the density of EVA/SBR/BR composite foams, and the addition of BR improved the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the foams. By combining the advantages of both, the density of products is comparable to pure EVA, the tensile strength and the compressive strength are increased by 11% and 6.3% relative to pure EVA, respectively.

From Nanoscale to Macroscale Characterization of Sulfur-Modified Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes in Styrene Butadiene Rubber Compounds

From Nanoscale to Macroscale Characterization of Sulfur-Modified Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes in Styrene Butadiene Rubber Compounds

Modeling and Strength Calculations of Parts Made Using 3D Printing Technology and Mounted in a Custom-Made Lower Limb Exoskeleton

This study is focused on the application of 3D-printed elements and conventional elements to create a prototype of a custom-made exoskeleton for lower limb rehabilitation. The 3D-printed elements were produced by using Fused Deposition Modeling technology and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material. The scope of this work involved the design and construction of an exoskeleton, experimental testing of the ABS material and numerical research by using the finite element method. On the basis of the obtained results, it was possible to deduce whether the load-bearing 3D-printed elements can be used in the proposed mechanical construction. The work contains full data of the material models used in FEM modeling, taking into account the orthotropic properties of the ABS material. Various types of finite elements were used in the presented FE models. The work is a comprehensive combination of material testing issues with the possibility of implementing the obtained results in numerical strength models of machine parts.

Heat exchange and damage of carbon black‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber under uniaxial cyclic loading

AbstractIn this paper, we present an original experimental approach combining infrared thermography, analysis of voiding, and swelling tests to investigate damage mechanisms in carbon black (CB)‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR). Heat exchange and voiding under uniaxial cyclic loading have been observed. A mechanical and electrical percolating filler network was identified by atomic force microscopy and electrical conductivity for the SBR with highest content of fillers (60 phr). SBR materials with a non percolating filler network show a reversible thermal energy dissipation during a series of cyclic loading, concomitant with reversible voiding mechanisms, through the successive formation and closing of voids. The SBR with the percolating network undergoes, during the series of cyclic loading, a high dissipation of energy under the form of heat, concomitantly with irreversible voiding mechanisms. Such mechanisms are shown to be due primarily to (i) the alteration of the filler network and/or filler/rubber interface and to a lower extent to (ii) the rubber matrix alteration (chains scission and/or crosslink breakage) as demonstrated by ex‐situ swelling.

Heat exchange and damage of carbon black‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber under uniaxial cyclic loading

AbstractIn this paper, we present an original experimental approach combining infrared thermography, analysis of voiding, and swelling tests to investigate damage mechanisms in carbon black (CB)‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR). Heat exchange and voiding under uniaxial cyclic loading have been observed. A mechanical and electrical percolating filler network was identified by atomic force microscopy and electrical conductivity for the SBR with highest content of fillers (60 phr). SBR materials with a non percolating filler network show a reversible thermal energy dissipation during a series of cyclic loading, concomitant with reversible voiding mechanisms, through the successive formation and closing of voids. The SBR with the percolating network undergoes, during the series of cyclic loading, a high dissipation of energy under the form of heat, concomitantly with irreversible voiding mechanisms. Such mechanisms are shown to be due primarily to (i) the alteration of the filler network and/or filler/rubber interface and to a lower extent to (ii) the rubber matrix alteration (chains scission and/or crosslink breakage) as demonstrated by ex‐situ swelling.

EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER(SBR)/BANANA FIBRE(BF) COMPOSITES

Tensile strength, rip strength, abrasion loss, hardness, and thermal conductivity are the main characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites that are examined in this work as a function of increasing banana fibre loading. Because banana fibres are reinforcing, adding them to the SBR matrix initially increases tensile and tear strength. However, there is an ideal concentration at which fibre aggregation and poor interfacial bonding cause these qualities to drop. Abrasion loss increases with higher loadings because of insufficient fibre dispersion, but it decreases with moderate fibre concentration, indicating enhanced wear resistance. Fibre addition improves the composites' hardness up to a certain point, beyond which adding too many fibres causes inconsistent results and lower hardness. It is discovered that as fibre counts increase, thermal conductivity decreases. KEYWORDS—SBR composites, tensile strength, thermal conducutivty.

EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER(SBR)/BANANA FIBRE(BF) COMPOSITES

Tensile strength, rip strength, abrasion loss, hardness, and thermal conductivity are the main characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites that are examined in this work as a function of increasing banana fibre loading. Because banana fibres are reinforcing, adding them to the SBR matrix initially increases tensile and tear strength. However, there is an ideal concentration at which fibre aggregation and poor interfacial bonding cause these qualities to drop. Abrasion loss increases with higher loadings because of insufficient fibre dispersion, but it decreases with moderate fibre concentration, indicating enhanced wear resistance. Fibre addition improves the composites' hardness up to a certain point, beyond which adding too many fibres causes inconsistent results and lower hardness. It is discovered that as fibre counts increase, thermal conductivity decreases. KEYWORDS—SBR composites, tensile strength, thermal conducutivty.

Utilization of Nanocenospheres a waste material to improve the physical and rheological properties of SBS asphalt binders

The performance enhancement of asphalt binders by incorporating innovative additives has been a subject of significant research and industry interest. This study emphasizes the potential of Nano polymer composites as a promising additive for improving the performance of asphalt binders, providing valuable insights into developing advanced asphalt materials for sustainable road infrastructure construction and maintenance. It explores the utilization of nano cenospheres to amplify the attributes of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt binders. It introduces a novel approach by incorporating Nano polymer composites (NPC) comprising nanocenosphere particles and Styrene-butadiene-Styrene Particles. Nanocenosphere particles are the waste materials derived from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Styrene-butadiene-styrene is a type of thermoplastic elastomer, a synthetic rubber. A series of experimental tests, penetration, softening point, ductility, performance grading, temperature sweep, multiple stress and creep recovery, frequency sweep, linear amplitude sweep, and rutting aging index, is conducted to evaluate changes in physical and rheological properties. Results indicate that adding nano cenospheres particles in SBS asphalt binder enhances its softening point, elasticity recovery, rutting resistance, fatigue life, storage stability, and aging resistance compared to traditional SBS-modified asphalt binders. Statistical analyses were accomplished to comprehend the influence of the Nano polymer composites. This analysis provides valuable insights into the effects of nanocenospheres on SBS-modified binders. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a thorough interpretation of how the incorporation of nanocenospheres influences the attributes of Nano-polymer composites.

Numerical Simulation and Design of a Mechanical Structure of an Ankle Exoskeleton for Elderly People

This article presents the numerical simulation and design of an ankle exoskeleton oriented to elderly users. For the design, anatomical measurements were taken from a user of this age group to obtain an ergonomic, resistant, and exceptionally reliable mechanical structure. In addition, the design was validated to support a “weight range” of users between 50 and 80 kg in order to evaluate the reaction of the mechanism within the range of loads generated in relation to the first principal stress, the safety coefficient, the Von Mises stress, and principal deformations, for which the 3D CAD software Autodesk Inventor and theoretical correlations were used to calculate the displacement and rotation angles of the ankle in the structure. Likewise, two types of materials were evaluated: ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and a polymer reinforced with carbon fiber. Finally, the designed pieces were assembled with the guarantee that the mobility of the system had been validated through the numerical simulation environment, highlighting that by being generated through 3D printing, manufacturing costs are reduced, allowing them to be accessible and ensuring that more people can benefit from this ankle exoskeleton.

Numerical Simulation and Design of a Mechanical Structure of an Ankle Exoskeleton for Elderly People

This article presents the numerical simulation and design of an ankle exoskeleton oriented to elderly users. For the design, anatomical measurements were taken from a user of this age group to obtain an ergonomic, resistant, and exceptionally reliable mechanical structure. In addition, the design was validated to support a “weight range” of users between 50 and 80 kg in order to evaluate the reaction of the mechanism within the range of loads generated in relation to the first principal stress, the safety coefficient, the Von Mises stress, and principal deformations, for which the 3D CAD software Autodesk Inventor and theoretical correlations were used to calculate the displacement and rotation angles of the ankle in the structure. Likewise, two types of materials were evaluated: ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and a polymer reinforced with carbon fiber. Finally, the designed pieces were assembled with the guarantee that the mobility of the system had been validated through the numerical simulation environment, highlighting that by being generated through 3D printing, manufacturing costs are reduced, allowing them to be accessible and ensuring that more people can benefit from this ankle exoskeleton.

An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer

Abstract Polymer-modified concrete and mortars are widely used with different purposes in precast concrete and prestressed concrete structural elements, bridge decks, buildings, and repair requirements because of their significant behavior under different conditions, such as durability against freezing and thawing, ability to absorb impact loads and good mechanical properties compared to ordinary concretes. This study aims to improve some mechanical properties of cement mortar by using styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex, a superplasticizer, and also decreasing the absorption level to lower values by using these two admixtures. The study shows that using 10% SBR by weight of cement increases the compressive strength from 28.6 to 30.8 MPa and decreases the absorption from 2.3 to 1.7% which gives durability for cement mortar. This study also shows the development in strength achieved by using SBR superplasticizer simultaneously, and absorption decreases to only 0.76% for 10% SBR mixes. In comparison, it was 1.75% for mixes with SBR only.