Styrene-butadiene Rubber Content Research Articles

How the interaction between styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR) binder and a secondary fluid affects the rheology, microstructure and adhesive properties of capillary-suspension-type graphite slurries used for Li-ion battery anodes

The distinct structure and flow properties of capillary suspensions, i.e., ternary solid/fluid/fluid systems including two immiscible fluids, make these kinds of slurries promising candidates for the fabrication of Li-ion battery electrodes. Recently, aqueous graphite slurries have been introduced that have beneficial coating properties and yield high-capacity cells with a superior electrochemical performance. Here, we investigate how SBR particles, frequently used as a binder in graphite slurries, affect the structure and flow of the wet paste as well as the adhesion of the dry anode layer. Combining rheological, interfacial and structural investigations revealed that the SBR particles are located at the interface of both liquid phases, and the amount of added SBR and the energy input for dispersing the secondary fluid offer extra degrees of freedom for adjusting the flow properties and microstructure according to processing and product demands. Most importantly, at a given SBR content, the adhesion strength of the capillary-suspension-type graphite slurries to the current collector is substantially higher than for the anode layers made from conventional suspensions. This novel approach promises battery electrodes with extended durability at a low binder content and improved electrical conductivity. Further research on this highly technical highly demanding topic is needed to understand the underlying physics and its impact on electrochemical cell performance.

Effect of styrene-butadiene rubber and fumed silica nano-filler on the microstructure and mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester resin

In this research, the microstructure and mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester (GFRP) composites modified by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and fumed silica were investigated. The fumed silica particles were dispersed uniformly in the nano-scale into the unsaturated polyester resin. Then, it was mixed with SBR and chopped glass fiber by bulk molding compound (BMC) process, and molded by compression molding. A full factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilized to study the effect of factors and their interactions on the mechanical properties. The addition of fumed silica nano-filler improved tensile, flexural and impact strength, tensile and flexural modulus but reduced the elongation at break. On the other hand, adding SBR content decreased flexural strength and modulus and tensile modulus of composites, but, increased elongation at break, impact and tensile strength. Based on optimization results, the SBR with 10 wt% and 3 phr for fumed silica has been selected as the optimum composite formulation providing the best strength-stiffness-toughness balance among the samples.

Dough moulding compound reinforced silicone rubber insulating composites using polymerized styrene butadiene rubber as a compatibilizer

Abstract Dough moulding compound (DMC) reinforced polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) / methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVQ) composites were prepared, in which MVQ was matrix, DMC was a reinforcement phase and SBR was a compatibilizer. Dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), infrared spectrum analysis (IR) and the effect of SBR and DMC content on mechanical properties, electrical insulating property and compatibility of the composites were investigated. The results showd that the morphology and thermal properties of the composites were improved when dough moulding compound was used as a reinforcement, and styrene butadiene rubber was compatibilizer, and had excellent insulating property with volume resistivity above 4.8×1012 Ω·m.

Investigating the effects of SBR on the properties of gilsonite modified asphalt

With the aim of improving high and low temperature performance, storage stability and compatibility of gilsonite modified asphalt, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was selected to achieve a further modification in this research. The effects of SBR on the conventional properties, rheological behaviors (rutting, fatigue damage and low temperature cracking resistance performance), storage stability and compatibility of gilsonite modified asphalts were evaluated using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), blending beam rheometer (BBR) and rotational viscosity (RV). DSR tests showed that addition of SBR increased G′, G″ and failure temperature of gilsonite modified asphalt, indicating the improvement of rutting and fatigue resistance. Gilsonite had great effect on improving the temperature sensibility of asphalt significantly. Moreover, BBR tests revealed SBR had beneficial effect on the low temperature cracking resistance of gilsonite modified asphalt obviously. Furthermore, SBR could improve the storage stability and compatibility of gilsonite modified asphalt, which was easy to occur phase separation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) tests showed that the modification mechanisms of gilsonite and gilsonite/SBR modified asphalts mainly focused on physical blending, and further explained the effects of SBR on storage stability and compatibility of gilsonite modified asphalt. Meanwhile, the influences of gilsonite and SBR on the properties of asphalts mainly depended on their contents. In the study, in order to balance the compatibility, high and low temperature performance of gilsonite/SBR modified asphalt containing 30 wt% gilsonite, the mixing content of SBR was recommended as 7.5 wt%.

Effect of phenolic resin on the performance of the styrene-butadiene rubber modified asphalt

To obtain the highest performance of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) modified asphalt, the phenolic resin (PF) was used. The changes on physical properties of asphalt binder such as penetration, softening points, storage stability, ductility, elastic recovery, and viscosity measurement with different content of SBR and PF (1–5%) were investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy test was used to analyze the chemical and molecular changes on binders before and after aging. Wheel tracking (rutting) test, Moisture susceptibility test, and cracking resistance were also conducted to examine the high and low-temperature performance of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture. Results indicated that PF enhanced the physical properties of SBR modified asphalt. Besides, the addition of PF would reduce the effect of temperature changes on asphalt performance. The high-temperature deformation resistance of HMA mixture was significantly increased by the addition of PF with opposed impact on the resistance of cracking.

Effect of organo clay on curing, mechanical and dielectric properties of NR/SBR blends

Natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) based elastomeric blends reinforced with organically modified Sodium bentonite clay were prepared by two roll mills. Vulcanization parameters such as minimum and maximum torque values scorch and cure times are measured by Oscillating Disc Rheometer. Mechanical properties such as Tensile strength, modulus at 100%, 200% and 300% elongation and elongation at break and Hardness were measured by Universal testing machine and Durometer Shore A hardness meter respectively. Dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (ε’), dissipation factor (tanδ) and volume resistivity (ρv) were measured at room temperature. The curing studies show that torque values are increasing in NR/SBR blends by increase NR content. The scorch and optimum cure time in NR/SBR blends reinforced organo modified clay was found through increase in the SBR content. This may be due to better processing safety of the NR/SBR blends reinforced with organo modified clay. Mechanical properties show that addition of SBR in blends, tensile strength, elongation modulus increases, but 100% modulus slightly increases and no change was observed in Hardness. Dielectric studies show that dielectric constant of NR and SBR rubbers are almost same, it may due to their non-polar nature. But addition of SBR in NR/SBR blend, dielectric constant gradually increases and maximum value observed at 50/50 ratio. But no considerable change was observed in dissipation factor. Frequency dependant resistivity shows that volume resistivity was not changed with respect to frequency up to 3.5 kHz and beyond that the frequency dependence resistivity was found.

Effect of styrene butadiene rubber on the light pyrolysis of the natural rubber

The use of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in tire rubber presents a challenge for the recycling of tire rubber because of its complex degradation behavior compared with that of natural rubber (NR). The effect of the composition of SBR on the degradation of NR was observed by light pyrolysis at variable times at 300 °C. The morphology, sol-gel evolution of the NR/SBR blends and the degradation mechanism was investigated. In addition, the structural evolution of the sol and gel fractions were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that the mechanism of degradation between SBR and NR differed significantly at 300 °C. The broken molecular chains present in SBR recombined with themselves or those of NR to form a new crosslinked network. The results also showed that the ratio of NR/SBR in the sol and gel fractions remains almost constant and unrelated to the original ratio of the NR/SBR blends. Following an increase in SBR content, the sol fraction of different NR/SBR blends mainly consisted of the small molecular chains of NR, whereas the gel fraction mostly constituted re-crosslinked SBR molecular chains.

Influence of water-borne epoxy resin content on performance of waterborne epoxy resin compound SBR modified emulsified asphalt for tack coat

In order to improve the performance of emulsified asphalt for tack coat, waterborne epoxy resin was blended with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) to prepare epoxy SBR modified emulsified asphalt by using an emulsification and then a modification process. The contents of SBR latex and epoxy resin in modified emulsified asphalt were determined by several evaluation indexes. The SBR latex content was determined by the adhesion and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiment. The general content range of the waterborne epoxy resin was determined through storage stability test at first. Brookfield Rotational Viscometer was employed to test the viscosity of modified emulsified asphalt with the passing of time. Then the epoxy resin curing reaction time was determined and used to guide the modified emulsified asphalt evaporation residue experiments. The modified emulsified asphalt was employed as bonding material in a rolled composite plate and an 45° oblique shearing tests were taken on the core samples. The performance evaluation results have been compared with specification standards. It was found that the addition of SBR latex and epoxy improve the high and low temperature properties and shear strength of asphalt significantly. Particularly, under the optimum SBR and epoxy resin content, the modified emulsified asphalt shows better physical thermal property and therefore better storage stability. The optimal contents of SBR and waterborne epoxy resin are all determined as 3%.

The Influence of Fiber Surface Treatment and SBR as Impact Modifier on Rheological Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Wood Plastic Composite from Acrylate-Styrene-Acrylonitrile and Bagasse

Morphology, mechanical properties and rheological behavior of wood plastic composite, derived from acrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) and bagasse which was treated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and using styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as impact modifier, were reported. The effect of fiber surface treatment with KMnO4 and different amount of SBR on properties of wood plastic composite, prepared from ASA and 50 phr of bagasse, were investigated. Wood plastic composites (both treated and untreated) with varying amount of SBR, as impact modifier from 0-15 wt% of ASA, were prepared by melt-blending technique. The specimens were shaped with a compression molding machine and characterized, including morphology, impact strength, flexural properties and rheological behavior. It was demonstrated that the fiber surface treatment, using KMnO4, could effectively impove interfacial adhesion between bagasse and ASA matrix. These led to an improvement of morphology and mechanical properties such as impact strength, flexural strength and modulus. SEM micrographs revealed that the interfacial modification enhanced the interfacial adhesion between bagasse (fiber) and ASA (matrix) causing an increasing of shear stress and shear viscosity. Additionally, the effect of amount of SBR, as impact modifier, was also reported. The resulted showed that the impact strength was improved with increasing the amount of SBR (up 5 wt% of ASA) whereas, flexural strength and modulus were found to decrease with increasing SBR content.

Effect of Applying Techniques and Polymer Content on Strength and Drying Shrinkage of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The purposes of this study were to evaluate compressive strength, flexural strength, and drying shrinkage of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) applying different techniques and varying polymer content. Two groups of specimens were classified applying the techniques: sprayed and premixed methods. AR-Glass was used with fiber content of 3 to 4% by volume. GFRC was mixed and applied different techniques with proportions of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) content of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of cement. Compressive and flexural strength tests were performed at 1 and 28 days. Drying shrinkage tests were measured up to 98 days. The results obtained showed that increasing the SBR content showed a lower compressive strength of GFRC for both sprayed and premixed techniques. In the other hand, 28-day flexural strength results of GFRC for both premixed and sprayed techniques were found to increase with increasing SBR content. The GFRC mixes using sprayed technique exhibited flexural strength higher than the corresponding mixes using premixed technique because of the two-dimensional layer of fiber alignment for the sprayed technique. Increasing the SBR content exhibited the lower drying shrinkage of GFRC. At the age of 98 days, the drying shrinkage of GFRC using 9% SBR content was about 40% lower than that of GFRC using 0% SBR content.

A novel TG–GC/MS system

Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) is a common technique to characterize the composition of polymers. To obtain more information about the decomposition products (and by this to get more information of the original composition of the original polymer), the TG is frequently coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) and/or an infrared spectrometer (FTIR). However, TG–MS and TG–FTIR do not permit to identify the decomposition products separately. Especially with decomposition products present in low concentration, their identification by FTIR or MS is virtually impossible. This problem can be avoided by combing gas chromatography (GC) and MS. In this configuration, GC is used to separate different decomposition products that are then unambiguously identified by the MS. In the past, GC/MS coupled to TG offered only few GC injections or poor separation. A novel system includes a heated storage interface. This interface can store up to 16 gas aliquots collected at distinct temperatures during the course of a TG experiment. In this contribution, we present this new approach to combine a TG with a GC/MS. The potential of this novel combination is illustrated on the example of natural rubber samples with less than 10 % SBR content styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR). Using one SBR-specific decomposition product (styrene), quantification of the SBR content is possible. Also, emission profiles of in principle any decomposition product can be obtained and compared with the TG and the DTG curve.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER MODIFIED BITUMEN BINDER

The study investigates the rheological properties of bitumen of 60-70 penetration grade modified with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). SBR is an elastomer which is an important sort of synthetic rubber. It is a copolymer whose molecular structure primarily consists of organic compound styrene and butadiene chain. Bitumen is visco-elastic in nature. The rate of load application and temperature has a great influence on its performance. Various fundamental properties of bitumen were evaluated, namely complex shear modulus (G*), short-term ageing, long-term ageing, viscosity, penetration and softening point by using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT), Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV), Rotational Viscometer (RV), Penetrometer and Ring and Ball Test, respectively. The binders were mixed with varying percentage of SBR i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% by the weight of bitumen binder. The use of SBR has played an active role in improving the viscoelastic properties of bitumen. The use of SBR modifier changes the rheological behavior of bitumen by increasing its complex shear modulus (G*) and the resistance of mixture against permanent deformation (rutting). It was also found that increasing the content of SBR led to the increase in viscosity of modified bitumen, which helps in elevating the mixing and compaction temperature of asphalt mixtures.

The Performance of Styrene Butadiene Rubber on the Engineering Properties of Asphaltic Concrete AC14

This study investigated the effects of adding various percentages of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) on the engineering properties and performance of asphaltic concrete. SBR was added into the mixture at 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% on a mass-to-mass basis. Conventional bitumen used in this study was 80/100 PEN. The performances of SBR on the asphalt mixture properties were evaluated based on Marshall Stability, abrasion loss, resilient modulus, and dynamic creep test. Results indicated an improvement in the engineering properties and performance with the addition of SBR content. For instance, stability increased by 18.8% as the SBR content increased from 0% to 5%. Dynamic creep stiffness also increased by 46.2%. Similarly, the resilient modulus was also found to increase by approximately 84.6%.

Hardness and compression resistance of natural rubber and synthetic rubber mixtures

This project aims to mechanically characterize through compression resistance and shore hardness tests, the mixture of hevea brasiliensis natural rubber with butadiene synthetic rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM). For each of the studied mixtures were performed 10 tests, each of which increased by 10% the content of synthetic rubber in the mixture; each test consisted of carrying out five tests of compression resistance and five tests of shore hardness. The specimens were vulcanized on a temperature of 160°C, during an approximate time of 15 minutes, and the equipment used in the performance of the mechanical tests were a Shimadzu universal machine and a digital durometer. The results show that the A shore hardness increases directly proportional, with a linear trend, with the content of synthetic BR, SBR or EPDM rubber present in the mixture, being the EPDM the most influential. With respect to the compression resistance is observed that the content of BR or SBR increase this property directly proportional through a linear trend; while the EPDM content also increases but with a polynomial trend.

Mechanical properties, Payne effect, and Mullins effect of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on high-impact polystyrene and styrene–butadiene rubber compatibilized by styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) blends were prepared by dynamic vulcanization technique, and the TPVs were compatibilized by styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS). Experimental results indicate that SBS had a good compatibilization effect on the HIPS/SBR TPVs. A rubber process analyzer reveals that elastic modulus increased with increasing frequency and increasing SBR content in the TPVs led to obvious decrease in elastic modulus. A softening phenomenon could be observed in the stress–stretch curves of HIPS/SBR and HIPS/SBS/SBR TPVs during the uniaxial loading–unloading cycles. Compatibilized HIPS/SBR TPV had the relatively lower stress and internal friction loss.

Effects of the interaction of hardness, resilience, and fatigue properties on the abrasion properties of rubber blends

AbstractThe establishment of prediction model for abrasion properties of vulcanizates, based on their simple physio‐mechanical properties, is a hot research field in tribology. The hardness (H), resilience (R), and dynamic fatigue fracture parameters (m) of rubber vulcanizates were combined together in this article, named as hardness–resilience product (HmR), and its relationships with the abrasion loss for various vulcanizates [natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR), and their blends] was investigated by using Akron and DIN abrader. The results showed that, for NR/SBR blends with different SBR content, compared with log(H4R), the abrasion loss had much better linear relationship with log(HmR) for both Akron and DIN abrasion. This good linear relationship, for both Akron and DIN abrasion, also appeared in the SBR/BR blends with different BR content. Furthermore, for both blending systems (NR/SBR and SBR/BR), when all the data above were put together, the abrasion loss also had good linear relationships with its log(HmR) no matter for Akron or DIN abrasion, which indicated that this linear relationship had some universality. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1212‐1219, 2013

Reducing Benzo(a)pyrene Content of Coal-Tar-Pitch Modified by Styrene-Butadiene Rubber through Dynamic Vulcanization

Coal tar pitch (CTP) mainly consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic. Among PAHs, benzo (a) pyrene (BAP) as one of the most prominently reported carcinogens which present in CTP causes the concerns of environmentalists. In this work, CTP was modified by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) through dynamic vulcanization. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS) was used to measure the content of BAP. After SBR modification through dynamic vulcanization, the BAP content have been reduced to 50%. With increasing the content of SBR,the content of BAP further reduced. The light component of the modified CTP decreased by the SBR modifier,verified by Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Meanwhile, the SBR modifier has improved physical properties of the CTP, such as softening point, ductility, flowing property at high temperature. When the SBR content reached to 6 from 5.5, the softening point increased dramatically to 99 from 50.5. Thus, the modified CTP has various potential applications such as road pavement and carbon binder.

Preparation of silica-reinforced styrene–butadiene rubber via co-coagulation process

Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) was reinforced with silica (SiO2) by co-coagulating process. This study investigated the SiO2 amount, stirring time and pH value affecting the SiO2 content, curing characteristics and mechanical properties of SBR. Results showed that SiO2 content and reinforcing behavior were greatly influenced by the amount of SiO2 and pH value. The torque, tensile strength and elongation at break were optimal when the mass fraction of SiO2 was 21.5 wt%, stirring time was 6 h and pH value was 6.57. The utilized efficiency of SiO2 decreased with the increasing amount of SiO2 but increased with the increasing stirring time. The optimum cure time decreased with the increasing amount of SiO2. Both tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with the increasing pH value. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the SiO2 nanoparticles were distributed evenly in the SBR.

Segmental mobility in the vicinity of Tg in PS/SBR blends: Nanodomain size prediction of the dispersed phase

AbstractThe blends of polystyrene (PS) and styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) are melt‐blended at different ratios to form physical thermoplastic elastomers. This polymeric blend is expected to behave more or less similar to chemically synthesized block copolymers such as styrene‐butadiene block copolymers (SBS). In this study, mechanical and the thermomechanical properties of this blend are investigated and compared to those of SBS copolymer. As far as morphology is considered, the blend shows a two‐phase morphology with an interface, which shows very weak interactions. According to the observed morphology and the domain size of dispersed phase the blends are of good integrity. The mechanical properties of the blends confirm the integrity of the blend and effective interface stress transfer. The tensile and Izod impact properties of the blends shows improvements upon increase in SBR content of the blend. As SBR content augments the elongation at break increases, whereas tensile dissipated energy and impact resistance go through a maximum. Therefore, blend with SBR‐content in 60–75% range can be considered as preferred one. In a wide range of concentration a phase inversion was observed and Tg‐depression was detected also for the SBR phase. This Tg‐depression was correlated to the changes in dynamics of segments (segmental mobility) near the surfaces. Using the proposed relationships between Tg‐depression and the thickness of the thin films, it was tried to calculate domain size of SBR inclusions in PS matrix. A rough correlation between SBR domain sizes in SEM images and calculated thicknesses using Tg‐depression in thin films was found. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Determination of the Content of Styrene-butadiene Rubber in Modified Asphalt Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A sensitive method was used to measure the content of styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) in modified asphalt by HPLC.The temperature was set at 30 ℃ and a wavelength of 222 nm was used for the detector.A mobile phase of hexane,acetonitrile and THF with equal proportion was used.The RSD of this method is 1.5%,and a linear equation of y=800.94x+579.03 with a correlation coefficient of r=0.9998 was obtained.