Stylometric Analysis Research Articles

Noisy medieval data, from digitized manuscript to stylometric analysis: Evaluating Paul Meyer’s hagiographic hypothesis

Abstract Stylometric analysis of medieval vernacular texts is still a significant challenge: the importance of scribal variation, be it spelling or more substantial, as well as the variants and errors introduced in the tradition, complicate the task of the would-be stylometrist, by inducing noise and perhaps even interferences in the authorship signal. Basing the analysis on the study of the copy from a single hand of several texts can partially mitigate these issues (Camps and Cafiero, 2013, Setting bounds in a homogeneous corpus: a methodological study applied to medieval literature. Revue Des Nouvelles Technologies de l’information (RNTI), SHS-1, pp. 55–84), but the limited availability of complete diplomatic transcriptions might make this difficult. In this article, we use a workflow combining handwritten text recognition and stylometric analysis, applied to the case of the hagiographic works contained in MS BnF, fr. 412. We seek to evaluate Paul Meyer's hypothesis about the constitution of groups of hagiographic works, as well as to examine potential authorial groupings in a vastly anonymous corpus.

Mishearing and the voice in poetry

Speech recognition software can be used as a compositional tool in poetry and as such constitutes a form of homophonic translation, in which phonemes are substituted for each other based on near similarity. The end result bears a degree of similarity to the original based on phonemic patterning. One of the conclusions drawn in this article is that the phoneme is not an invariant fundamental particle of language, but can be thought of as bearing information in the sense that a voice can be defined as a distinctive patterning of phonemes, and thus the phoneme can be understood to bear information, in a probabilistic sense, about its neighbours. Drawing on Albert Bregman’s work on auditory scene analysis, as well as recent research into non-arbitrary aspects of the relation of signifier to signified, this article proposes stylometric analysis of misheard or mistranslated poetry to see if distinctive phonemic patterning can be measured.

Квантитативный анализ статического и динамического описания в стихотворных текстах С. Т. Кольриджа

The paper aims to reveal the correlation of static and dynamic components in S. T. Coleridge’s poetical works published a long time after they were written. The study is based on stylometric analysis; the research methodology includes statistical methods, such as Busemann coefficient and chi-squared test. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that relying on the analysis of S. T. Coleridge’s creative heritage (two well-known poems served as a research material), the researcher for the first time proposes a model of interaction of static and dynamic components in his artistic narrative. The following conclusions are justified: in the opening stanza the ratio of static and dynamic components is almost equal, in the final stanza dynamic component tends to prevail, the level of dynamism varies substantially within the line.

A Two-Man Show: Stylometric Analysis of Personal Names in Rudolf Slánský’s Staged Trial Newspaper Reports

The paper is aimed at personal names (anthroponyms) in newspaper reports on Rudolf Slánský’s staged trial, which was held against the leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia – mostly of the Jewish origin – who were “uncovered” as political enemies; the trial took place in an anti-Semitic atmosphere. The examined texts were published in the period of November 21−28,1952, in Rudé právo, the main newspaper of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Proper names, mostly personal names, are analysed from several perspectives. The quantitative analysis is focused on the keywords of the studied texts and typical collocations of the names. The qualitative analysis, developing the quantitatively researched data, is aimed at the image of enemy or traitor and its presentation via thematization of personal names. The ways of language presentation of the Jewish origin of the accused are in the scope of the contribution as well. Within the scope of collocation analysis, the newspaper texts on the trial were contrasted with the ones published by Rudé právo on the occasion of Rudolf Slánskýʼs 50th birthday (July 31, 1951).

The Style of the Old English Metrical Charms

Abstract The metre of the Old English metrical charms is highly unusual according to all postulated systems of Old English metrical scansion. Their numerous irregularities have led previous studies to dismiss the charms as corrupt or poor verse. The present study subjects the metrical charms to stylometric analysis for the first time and demonstrates that their irregularities are in fact both predictable and explicable. It argues that the charms are aesthetically sophisticated and vivid narrative poems, with stylistic features that complement their content. It demonstrates that their irregularities are a consequence of the accommodation of traditional formulae and plurilinear rhetorical structures evidently essential to these texts’ practical purposes and magical functions. The charms’ shared, unusual stylistic features suggest that they may represent a mode of Old English poetic composition distinct from the ‘classical’ verse found in texts like Beowulf, and the resulting re-evaluation of the charms’ aesthetic merit in turn suggests the importance of re-evaluating the criteria by which scholars judge Old English verse more broadly.

Numerals in authorial Turkish-language texts and the stylometric analysis

Two approaches to the statistical analysis of texts are suggested, both based on the study of numerals occurrence in coherent texts. The first approach is related to the study of the frequency distribution of various leading digits of numerals occurring in the text. These frequencies are unequal: the digit 1 is strongly dominating; usually, the incidence of subsequent digits is monotonically decreasing. The frequencies of occurrence of the digit 1, as well as, to a lesser extent, the digits 2 and 3, are usually a characteristic author’s style feature, manifested in all (sufficiently long) texts of any author. This approach is convenient for testing whether a group of texts has common authorship: the latter is dubious if the frequency distributions are sufficiently different. The second approach is the extension of the first one and requires the study of the frequency distribution of numerals themselves (not their leading digits). The approach yields non-trivial information about the author, stylistic and genre peculiarities of the texts and is suited for the advanced discourse analysis. This paper deals with the application of the second approach to the literary texts in Turkish. We have analysed almost the whole corpus of works by are illustrated by examples of computer analysis of the literary texts by O. Pamuk and Y. Kemal – two of Turkey’s most prominent novelists. The hierarchical cluster analysis based on the occurrence of numerals in the texts by Pamuk and Kemal shows the author, genre, and chronology differences of numerals usage in the literary texts of these authors.

FIRST ROUNDTABLE ON PRACTICES AND STANDARDS IN FORENSIC AUTHORSHIP ANALYSIS (OVERVIEW 2)

The article provides an overview of the reports of the 1st Roundtable on Practices and Standards in Forensic Authorship. The roundtable was held by the International Association of Forensic Linguistics and the Centre for Digital Humanities at the University of Manchester on May 15, 2019. The review presents a co-authored report by Krzysztof Kredens from the University of Aston and Piotr Rezik “Large-scale author classification — looking into the black box”, Jack Grieve, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Birmingham “Register variation and authorship analysis” and the report by Jack Grieve, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Birmingham, “Register variation and authorship analysis”. Each report is supplemented with questions to the speaker and their answers to them. The first report looks at the issue of authorship identification on the material of short messages from popular Internet forums («Musmnet» is one of them). Data processing involves the k-nearest neighbors algorithm and uses the following style markers: n-grams, POSlemmas with neutralized polysemanticity, collocations demonstrating typical lexical realizations of syntactic constructions (phrasal verbs, direct objects and subjects expressed by pronouns). In case there are no universally accepted markers, it is necessary each time to find optimal parameters and treat each case as unique. In his report on stylometry, Jack Grieve argues that the functional theory of language variation is more suitable as a foundation for it than sociolinguistics: language varies in different contexts because some linguistic forms suit these contexts better than others. To demonstrate the advantages of the functional approach, a stylometric analysis of the articles of two political columnists of “The Telegraph” is performed. The style of analytical columns of these authors differs depending on the communication strategy: the style of one author is more narrative, and that of the other is more analytical. The reporter concludes that the functional theory of authorship identification studies can become more reliable than the sociolinguistic theory of individual style and can be considered a foundation of forensic linguistics on the whole.

QuitaUp – a tool for quantitative stylometric analysis (Announcement)

QuitaUp – a tool for quantitative stylometric analysis (Announcement)

The authorship of the poem ‘Ushshaq-nama from the prospect of academic orientalist studies and modern computer technologies

The poem ‘Ushshaq-nama by Fakhr ad-Din ‘Iraqi (610–688 / 1213–1289) is the first poetical writing on the subject of mystical love in Persian literature. ‘Iraqi’s authorship of this work has never been questioned by researchers. However, the English orientalist J. Baldick 1973 cast a doubt on ‘Iraqi’s authorship of this poem. The article examines in detail the arguments of J. Baldick both from the point of view of the context of the creation of the poem, as well as the methods of the latest computational methods, in particular stylometry. Boldik's arguments concern both the historical and religious context in which ‘Iraqi lived and the peculiarities of his works, primarily the poem‘Ushshaq-name. The paper demonstrates that this computational method may be used for the study of the features of the style of Persian poetry and the confirmation of the authorship of doubtful Persian writings. Further expert decision full-field by Artjoms Šeļa based on stylometric methods for the establishment of the poem ‘Ushshaq- nama is expounded. While the results of the analysis of the historical and religious contexts of the poem may serve as confirmation of the authorship of ‘Iraqi and the refutation of the Baldick hypothesis, the results of the stylometric analysis do not give an unambiguous answer to the question of its authorship.

Eluraamatute arvutianalüüs – prooviuurimus / Computational analysis of Life Books – a probing study

Niipea, kui andmed muutuvad suurandmeteks, võib muutuda probleemiks lähilugemise abil tehtav analüüs: sellest võib saada lõputu protsess, mida uurija aju ei suuda enam hoomata. Osaliselt võib probleemi lahendada digihumanitaaria meetoditega: suurte, näiteks etnoloogia-alaste tekstihulkade kvantitatiivseks analüüsiks on võimalik kasutada mitmesuguseid töövahendeid. Näiteks programmi AntConc abil saab uurida nii sõnade sagedust kui jaotust tekstis. LIWC2015 abi on võimalik kasutada elulugude sentimendianalüüsis, programmi Stylo tekstide stilomeetrilises analüüsis. Selliste programmide kasulikkust katsetatakse siin suhteliselt väikese nn eluraamatute korpuse juures, et selgitada välja, kui väärtuslik võiks see tööriist olla peagi korpusesse lisanduva palju suurema tekstihulga puhul.
 
 As soon as “data” turn into “big data”, analysis by “close reading” can become a problem: it can become an endless process that eventually the brain of the researcher can no longer get a grip on. Methods of computational humanities can partially solve the problem: various tools can be used to make quantitative analyses of large amounts of text, for example in the field of ethnology or folklore. Various tools may be considered for such text analysis. For example, the program AntConc can be used to study word frequencies, as well as the distribution of concepts across the text. LIWC2015 can be used for sentiment analysis of life stories and show differences between genders (or generations) in telling life stories. Stylo may be used for the stylometric analysis of texts. The usefulness of such programs is tested here on a still relatively small corpus of so-called Life Books. The Life Books (“Levensboek”) is a project of Humanitas Foundation in Netherlands to publish limited edition booklets of life stories compiled from interviews with older people, recorded and edited by volunteers. This study is based on 19 digital Life Books – in fact still small enough for close reading and qualitative analysis. However, the intention here is to use the corpus as a pilot to see how valuable the tools can be for a much larger amount of texts that will be added in the near future. In this pilot I want to see to what extent the Life Books can be used for structural analysis, gender differences in narrative style and subject choice, sentiment analysis, recurring themes, distribution of motifs, and perhaps most importantly: thematic gaps. That is to say: which (important) issues are not raised by the storytellers?
 The experiment shows that it is possible to do research into narrative structures, although this could be much more refined in terms of events. Stylometric analysis with Stylo of male and female repertoires is rather tricky, because interviewers/editors can (very much) interfere as a filter here. Stylo looks for patterns in the use of function words to determine different styles, but Life Books are just not quoting narrators literally all the time, so in quite some cases linguistical features, like the use of function words, may not originate from the storytellers but from the editors.
 On the other hand, sentiment analysis in combination with gender, for example, is possible using LIWC2015: this tool can give a fair respresentation of emotions, relationships and related motifs in life stories. Furthermore, AntConc proves to be a useful tool to investigate the occurrence and distribution of themes and topics. Research into the lack of certain themes and motifs remains an interesting option as well.

Regilaulude teema-analüüs: võimalusi ja väljakutseid / Topic analysis of Estonian runosongs: Prospects and challenges

Regilaulude teema-analüüs: võimalusi ja väljakutseid / Topic analysis of Estonian runosongs: Prospects and challenges

Style at the Scale of the Canon. A Stylometric Analysis of 100 Romanian Novels Published between 1920 and 1940

The present study proposes an experimental exploration of the Romanian novel written between 1920 and 1940 through the use of stylometry, a method of distant reading employed for the statistical analysis of style. Drawing from the most recent advances in the field of computational stylistics, we select a formal standpoint from which we seek to investigate the relation between the Romanian novelistic canon and minor, tertiary novels published in the same. In our test cases, we will attempt to establish some of the more promising aspects of stylometric analysis, as well as single out the experiments that yield no relevant result. Because of the relative novelty of the method, the purpose of our investigations is to offer a kind of pilot experiment that can illustrate the benefits of using computational methods on Romanian literary corpora.

The Composition and Writing of the Quran: Old Explanations and New Evidence

أهداف البحث: يُفنّد هذا البحث الطرح القائل بأن القرآن الكريم لم يكتمل ككتاب منزل خلال حياة النبي بل أخذ شكله النهائي بعد وفاته بفترة غير قصيرة، ويبحث فيما إذا كان لهذا الطرح أن يصمد أمام تحليل لواحدةٍ من الروابط البنيوية المتجلية في النص. منهج الدراسة: يتَّبع هذا البحث المنهجين التحليلي والتاريخي؛ إذ يبحث في الرابطة بين المركز والمحيط في سور متعاقبة، نزلت في مراحل شتى من مراحل نزول الوحي (إذ يُفضي بنا الاتساق البنيوي إلى استنتاج مفاده أن نظم القرآن يعود إلى مصدر واحد على الأرجح، بينما يدفع غياب الاتساق تجاه نتيجة مؤدّاها تعدد المصادر). وتَمضي هذه الدراسة إلى مقارنة النتائج مع ما توصلت إليه الدراسات الإحصائية والموضوعية الحديثة. النتائج: يسلِّط هذا البحث الضوء على الاستمرارية، وهو ما يتفق مع التحليل الأسلوبي للنص والذي يكشف عن مسلك أسلوبي متماسك، كما يتوافق البحث مع دراسة في موضوع الجهاد في القرآن بيَنت هي الأخرى التماسك والترابط النصي والتقيُّد بالمبادئ الأساسية. أصالة البحث: هذا البحث هو البحث الأول من نوعه الذي يُلقي الضوء على الاتساق في الربط بين المركز والمحيط في القرآن، وهو ما يزيد من تعظيمنا لنظم النص. وكما يساعدنا هذا البحث على فهم الروابط بين السور المتعاقبة، فإنه قد يساعدنا أيضًا في التأويل النصي. وأخيرًا، وطالما أن النتائج تُفنّد الطرح القائل بأن القرآن الكريم تم ترتيبه في مرحلة متأخرة، فإنها تقدم فرضية مُحدَّثة حول كتابة القرآن ونقله في مرحلة مبكرة؛ أخذًا في الاعتبار وجود اختلافات طفيفة في المخطوطات القديمة، والتقارير حول اللجنة التي تولت إصدار نسخة موحدة من القرآن في عهد الخليفة عثمان بن عفان، إضافةً إلى حقيقة عدم العثور على المسودّات الأولية.

A Stylometric Analysis of the Mar Saba Letter Attributed to Clement of Alexandria

Abstract Since the publication of Clement’s letter to Theodore, discovered by Morton Smith at Mar Saba, there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding its authenticity. The main aim of the present paper is to weigh the linguistic evidence for and against Clementine authorship of the letter, also checking its alleged excessively Clementine nature in an objective manner, using a profile-based stylometric technique for authorship verification which has proven to be a valuable tool for text of relatively small size. The outcomes of the analysis tend to attribute the disputed letter to Clement but they also show its hyper-Clementine quality. Is this due to a forger, deliberately trying to imitate Clement’s style or is it instead a feature characteristic of the epistolary style of Clement? Regrettably without further samples of Clement’s letters to be used as terms of comparison it seems not possible to safely answer this question.

Discretisation of conditions in decision rules induced for continuous data.

Typically discretisation procedures are implemented as a part of initial pre-processing of data, before knowledge mining is employed. It means that conclusions and observations are based on reduced data, as usually by discretisation some information is discarded. The paper presents a different approach, with taking advantage of discretisation executed after data mining. In the described study firstly decision rules were induced from real-valued features. Secondly, data sets were discretised. Using categories found for attributes, in the third step conditions included in inferred rules were translated into discrete domain. The properties and performance of rule classifiers were tested in the domain of stylometric analysis of texts, where writing styles were defined through quantitative attributes of continuous nature. The performed experiments show that the proposed processing leads to sets of rules with significantly reduced sizes while maintaining quality of predictions, and allows to test many data discretisation methods at the acceptable computational costs.

Research Note: Investigating the Viability of Stylometric Analysis to Attribute Authorship of Supreme Court Opinions

Function word content analysis is a proven method previously used to study disputed authorship in documents such as historical letters and novels. It has been used in similar fashion to review Supreme Court Justices’ legal opinions, demonstrating general contribution by clerks and variation related to their influence. It has not been used to create a “fingerprint” for clerks that may be used not only to understand their contributions but to directly attribute authorship of any given opinion to them or their Justice. This study builds on previous work to test the potential of a new application of this method in determining the contributions of Supreme Court clerks to the authorship of opinions. Drawing on the academic writings of clerks and Justices, this method has potential for attributing authorship contributions of clerks to individual legal opinions. This could open opinions to review as early and formative work of legal scholars and jurists, many of whom serve as clerks early in their careers. It may also have application to investigating authorship contributions in other legal writings.

The Grimm Brothers: A stylometric network analysis

Abstract Stylometric methods can be used to reveal similarities between texts and, combined with network analysis, to depict the stylistic relations between those texts. The research conducted here focuses on a corpus of letters written by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. Using stylometric analysis, we model the writing styles of the brothers depending on the addressees and chronology. The brothers have individual styles: Wilhelm has a more friendly and personal tone independent on addresses, while Jacob has a more impersonal style, unless he was writing to Wilhelm. Their styles merge at the interactions of their career or personal development.

Prose, Verse and Authorship in Dream of the Red Chamber: A Stylometric Analysis

ABSTRACT In this study, we provide a quantitative analysis of prose and verse in the classical Chinese novel, Dream of the Red Chamber (DRC), and discuss the implications for the disputed authorship of the novel. Firstly, we examine the amount of verse in across the chapters of DRC, and compare the style of the verse and prose portions of DRC. Secondly, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of DRC is performed based on the prose portions of the novel. Lastly, we discuss the implications of our experimental results for authorship attribution as well as descriptive stylistic analysis of DRC. Our authorial analysis largely confirms the findings of some previous studies that the novel has two authors. Meanwhile, stylistic analyses of the prose portions of the novel yield new and interesting results, which demonstrates that stylometric tools can be used to facilitate descriptive studies of classical Chinese literature.

Stilometrijska analiza slovenske pripovjedne književnosti do prve izvorne slovenske priče

STYLOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SLOVENIAN NARRATIVE LITERATURE UP TO THE FIRST ORIGINAL SLOVENIAN NARRATIVE Quantitative approaches in studying literature already have a long tradition, reac-hing back to the period before digital humanities became an established field in the humanities. An important impetus for the establishment of quantitative methods in the humanities was provided by increasing computer power and increasingly extensive corpuses of machine-readable words. Theoretical concepts refer to the new methodological paradigms as distant reading. Even though it is supposed to replace close reading, it has repeatedly been shown that traditional research forms the necessary basis for relevant quantitative research and new relevant findings. Stylometry, or quantitative analysis of style, applies statistical methods to literary texts. The analysis entails text comparison in terms of similarities and differences in measurable text characteristics, such as the most frequent words. This is a well-pro-ven method, which, however, has certain limitations. Stylometry is a text-immanent method that does not provide absolutely valid answers or general findings about style. In addition, the definition of measurable characteristics and the comparison method used remain in the domain of the researchers and their familiarity with the material. However, it allows a simultaneous overview of a large collection of texts and hence reaches beyond the established canon incorporating trivial literature and translated literature as an important segment of national literature, especially in its early periods. Stylometric analysis identifies text patterns, which can either be confirmed by qualitative research or can indicate the necessity for a new approach to traditional research. The visualization of results of the stylometric analysis of Slovenian narrative literature from the first half of the seventeenth century to the first original Slovenian narrative in 1836 shows the development of Slovenian narra-tive literature by period, with identifiable hallmarks of certain authors, and within individual periods and genres. Certain links indicate a need for further research.

Oberleutnant Robert Musil als Redakteur der Tiroler Soldaten-Zeitung ed. by Mariaelisa Dimino, Elmar Locher, and Massimo Salgaro

Reviewed by: Oberleutnant Robert Musil als Redakteur der Tiroler Soldaten-Zeitung ed. by Mariaelisa Dimino, Elmar Locher, and Massimo Salgaro David Dollenmayer Mariaelisa Dimino, Elmar Locher, and Massimo Salgaro, eds., Oberleutnant Robert Musil als Redakteur der Tiroler Soldaten-Zeitung. Musil-Studien 46. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2019. 342 pp. This volume collects contributions to a 2015 conference at the University of Verona on Robert Musil's editorship of the Tiroler Soldaten-Zeitung (renamed Soldaten-Zeitung in August 1915). Musil became its editor in October 1916. There has long been uncertainty about which SZ articles, all published anonymously, Musil wrote himself. Between 1960 and 2014, seven scholars ascribed between three and thirty-eight pieces to him, mostly on subjective stylistic grounds. In the central contribution to this collection, "Die Tiroler Soldaten-Zeitung und ihre Autoren. Eine computergestützte Suche nach Robert Musil," Massimo Salgaro, Simone Rebora, Gerhard Lauer, and J. Berenike Herrmann undertake a stylometric analysis of the twenty-eight SZ texts most often ascribed to Musil, using a digital comparison of their diction with known texts by Musil and others (including Zweig, Blei, Kafka, and Albert Ritter, another writer on the SZ staff). In a handy table on page 100, they ascribe thirteen of the twenty-eight to Musil with 100 percent reliability and the rest with lesser rates of reliability. They emphasize that their results should be treated as only the beginning of more detailed interpretive analysis. It is curious that several other contributors to this volume—perhaps because they had not seen the results beforehand—ascribe SZ texts, either implicitly or explicitly, to Musil although they either do not appear in the table on page 100 at all or have low reliability ratings. Of the fourteen other essays in this volume, nine focus on Musil's editorial work for the SZ or on the echoes of that work to be found in his postwar oeuvre. Christoph Hoffmann discusses Musil's 1922 report "Psychotechnik und ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Bundesheere," written during his service as Fachbeirat in the Bundesministerium für Heereswesen. Hoffmann distinguishes between Musil's "Schreibposition" as an "Autor" of literary works and as the "Verfasser" (121) of a technical report largely summarizing the results of other studies. Regina Schaunig is similarly interested in the question of "Kontinuitäten und Zäsuren" (133) in Musil's work as literary author and wartime journalist, beginning with the essay "Europäertum, Krieg, Deutschtum," his response to the outbreak of the war, which he welcomed with patriotic enthusiasm. Massimo Libardi and Fernando Orlandi assert that Italian Germanists have a more clear-eyed view of Musil's wartime journalism than [End Page 112] their Austrian colleagues since for the latter, it is a taboo subject that contradicts their image of the writer as antimilitaristic and progressive. They analyze texts from the SZ as "Übungsplatz" (157) for both the satire of the "Parallelaktion" and the quasi-religious "anderer Zustand." Walter Fanta sees in the unfinished satirical drama "Der kleine Napoleon," written shortly after the war, Musil's "Wendung vom Saulus zu Paulus, vom Bellizisten zum Militärkritiker" (184), and argues against including the wartime journalism in his literary oeuvre. Ivana Z. Bogdanović focuses on the SZ Christmastime essay "Heilige Zeit" (100% reliability rating), striking a remarkably personal note in her analysis of Musil as "Ghostwriter der k. und k. Propaganda" (193). As a scholar primarily interested in the mystical aspects of the "anderer Zustand," she feels "die Empörung, irgendwo hinters Licht geführt worden zu sein" (196) by the discovery of his wartime propaganda. This shock will be familiar to readers of Günter Grass's Beim Häuten der Zwiebel; Musil, however, never tried to conceal his work on the SZ. Salvatore Pappalardo and Karl Corino contribute analyses of the SZ's treatment of irredentism, Italian in the case of the former and Czech in the case of the latter, and both connect this treatment to the way the topic appears in Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften. Pappalardo too easily attributes to Musil many of the SZ texts he quotes. I wonder if the author of Törless would have described the Trieste irredentists as "meist junge Burschen, die noch in die...