Stylistic Resource Research Articles

Racial segregation and language variation in Louisiana Creole: Social meaning in language loss

Abstract This paper investigates how and whether speakers of endangered languages employ variation as a stylistic resource to make social meaning and index their identities. The study is set in historically Creole-speaking communities in rural Louisiana, which have now shifted almost completely to English. The Americanization of Louisiana induced language shift, but also a shift to the Anglo-American racial binary which supplanted local constructs of ethnicity and race. The study crafts a historical-sociolinguistic account of this process of Americanization, examining how linguistic differentiation was enacted through the enregisterment of iconic ‘Creole’/‘French’ variants as indexical links to the ‘Black’/‘White’ racial binary. Today, to a very limited extent, some speakers of Louisiana Creole still consider some variants socially meaningful and employ them to stylistic ends. This depends especially on racial identity and the variant in question. Subject pronouns retain some indexical value, occasionally employed stylistically by speakers racialized as White. However, front vowel rounding has fossilized: highly meaningful in the early-20th century, its social meaning has been lost resulting in synchronic personal-pattern variation. The paper ends by trying to reconcile classic studies of Language Death with contemporary variationist critique, answering recent calls for more nuanced approaches to sociolinguistic variation in threatened languages.

‘Native woodnotes wild’: Shakespeare, his contemporaries, and the syntax of negation

This paper builds on findings on variation in Elizabethan grammar, analysing the syntax of negation in a large number of Shakespearean stage dramas and those of his contemporaries. It shows that Shakespeare differed substantially from them grammatically and stylistically. His contemporaries most often adhered to the emerging standard pattern of avoiding Subject-Verb syntax and multiple negation, whereas Shakespeare made much greater use of it, especially in coordinate contexts. In other contexts, use of multiple negation by other authors was usually for characterological purposes, whereas in Shakespeare it is employed as a stylistic resource regardless of the character’s social standing. These findings are interpreted against the background of sociolinguistic research on diachronic English syntax, showing that higher-status individuals led the change away from multiple negation. The differing outcomes are related to Shakespeare’s provincial background and non-participation in a university milieu, distinguishing him from the ‘golden triangle’ background of his contemporary dramatists.

Language, neoliberalism, and human rights: Erotics of signs on a dating app

This paper aims to address the naturalization of a neoliberal individualism online, the performance of profound inequality as a sexualized stylistic resource, and the equalization of capital and sexual relations. This is done by highlighting the kinship between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Neoliberalism. We then argue that Grindr is designed to keep us coming back to it, subjecting us to misconduct by the app developers. We then proceed to report on the data generated by the erotics of signs (BONFANTE, 2016), methodology that highlights sexual-capital performances which bring two related phenomena to our attention: the spread of neoliberal practices on Grindr and the dissemination of the perspective of sex as a commercial good. Finally, we consider the ethical and epistemological gains of our paper.

Комунікативні інваріанти едьютейнменту: лінгвостилістика жанру лайфхак

The article argues a thesis about the state, potential, nature of functions and resources of the mass media space, that dynamizes the style and genre paradigm of communication in this area. The crossing of cultural fields, marked by individual linguostylistic, semantic dominants, which, combining in a new context, actualizes the appearance of new phenomena, genres or their communicative invariants. It is such extralinguistic realities that motivate the syncretic nature of edutainment in the permanent dynamics of social verbal interaction. The author's attention is focused on the analysis of edutainment, that increases the genre representation of its tasks, which are based on a system of strategies and tactics of entertainment with the ultimate educational goal. So, the genres of lifehack, intellectual, educational, language, culinary, travel, etc. shows, specialized didactic media projects for the study of various educational disciplines, etc. are updated today. The linguistic and stylistics features confirm their syncretic functional nature, commensurate with the resource potential of mass media and scientific styles. The communicative dynamics of edutainment is argued in the context of the modern educational process' nature, which takes place in conditions of a rapid increase in the amount of new information. Technical progress motivates the attraction of the mass audience to new forms of obtaining such information. And therefore digitalization and personalization of it is becoming more important. Obviously, it actualizes the emergence of "entertaining" learning technology, synchronized with the functional nature of edutainment. This, in turn, actualizes the cognitive paradigm of the mass media, developing their communicative potential in the discursive context of the syncretism of the functional and stylistic resource. Contextual material allows to illustrate the optimization of the entertainment media segment, which increasingly functions as an effective component of the information paradigm. And as a result – as a didactic resource for learning the world in a media format. In the context of its dynamics, this tendency is represented in the actualization of the lifehack. Linguostylistics of this genre is characterized by a contrasting combination of educational and entertainment functions of the language, which is synchronized with the communicative requests of the modern mass audience.

La fraseología como recurso estilístico y expresión identitaria: el ejemplo de L’empire du mensonge, de Aminata Sow Fall

In this paper, literature is considered as a corpus for the study of phraseology. Specifically, the novel analysed is L’empire du Mensonge by Aminata Sow Fall, one of the most outstanding figures in Senegalese literature. Applying the theoretical-methodological foundations initially proposed, the reading of this novel has allowed to create an inventory list of twenty-five phraseological units (locutions, proverbs, and routine formulae), not of French, but of the author’s first language, namely Wolof. With this work, and due to the peculiarity of the novel under analysis, in which an outstanding presence of words and statements of the Wolof language can be found, I contemplate a double purpose in its use of phraseology: as a stylistic resource used in order to be understood by the Senegalese reader, and as the expression of identity

Phraseological modifications in Sepúlveda’sThe Story of a Seagull and the Cat Who Taught Her to Fly

AbstractPhraseological modification (PM) is a recurrent stylistic resource in specific types of texts, mainly journalistic texts, advertisements and literature. Since literary works are complete texts, the analysis of PM in these texts can go beyond the mere identification of the changes that the units have undergone, facilitating, in turn, the exploration of their stylistic effects. This paper explores the use of PM in a fable written by Luis Sepúlveda,The Story of a Seagull and the Cat Who Taught Her to Fly. The aim is to determine the extra value that modifications bring to the text by finding out not only the number and types of units modified but also the effects achieved. The results show that the author’s choice of phraseological units (PUs) and modification procedures is not arbitrary. In this text, PM directly relates to distinctive features of fables, namely the humanisation of animals and humour, providing new semantic and symbolic dimensions absent in other fables which lack this pervasive use of modifications. Creative PU variation takes animal humanisation a step further by anthropomorphising animals and distancing them from humans at the same time. This, in turn, sustains the moral lessons of the story.

ЖАНРОВІ ІННОВАЦІЇ В СУЧАСНИХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ МАСМЕДІА

The article expertly comments on the trend of genre innovations in modern Ukrainian mass media. The author's argumentation is based on the functional evolution of the literary language, which is reflected in the change of the style's communicative nature, in particular, media. Logically also in his genre system. The situation of genre forms' modeling according to the criteria of syncretism, updated in time and space of modern Ukrainian-language communication, is commented on, which is connected with the need of recipients to perceive information from the media not linearly, but constructively – multifaceted and variable. It results in the active emergence of genre variants, actualized in the media space, which modify its functional and stylistic resource and potential. Genre innovations are interpreted in the context of a professional analysis of language show genre new for national media, which appears as a communicative invariant of intellect show and is synchronized with the style of the edutainment format. Language factology attests the conceptualization of the cultural and linguistic context of social communication in Ukrainian language, which is based on current rules, established tradition, and transitional forms that undergo communicative adaptation. Thus, the novelty of the genre is formulated, which consists in the intellectual understanding of the communicative nature of Ukrainian language in media space. The mass audience gets an objective opportunity to participate in the comprehension and understanding of the processes that indicate the dynamics of the literary language, its norms and exceptions. The thesis is proved that new for the media language show genre is a syncretic phenomenon in terms of functional and stylistic resource and genre nature, which is based on a communicatively motivated combination of information and entertainment functions. Information in this case relies on the cognitive context of verbalization, as it concerns the actualization of cognitive processes of the development of mass language consciousness, which is provided by the creolized resource of media entertainment.

Phraseologism and cultural memory: system of correlations in the media

The article presents stylistic interdependency of media phraseology and cultural memory. Frazeologisms act as units of the language system, which are activated in the minds of the Communists as integral constructions. They are able to symbolically complain about the memory, and in mass communication – acquire the status of media universal, certain religious signs of the epoch, markers of social-political and cultural reality. On the one hand, phraseology is interpreted in media communication as a carrier of cultural identity of the people, which is perceived through the prism of background knowledge of recipients. On the other hand, phraseology is interpreted in the media space as a communicative reaction to new social challenges. Mass media, accordingly, becomes a donor of transformed phraseology, case-related phenomena, phraseological intertexture and stylistic alusia, which are identified as a phenomenon of cultural memory. Phraseology, therefore, functions in media contexts with attention to so-called connection. information backgrand of recipients: time, space and conditions of occurrence and circulation of phraseology are taken into account. We analyze literature, folklore, political and other phraseology – the means that appeal to social, political, cultural and artistic present. The mentioned types of phraseology in the media context are capable to emotionally and figuratively influence mass consciousness, to be used as a powerful stylistic resource, to be formed as actual means of expression. Among other things, we consider the phraseological innovations, which in the mass media carry out also the identification function. New realities of life, therefore, are able to produce a new media phraseology, which is claimed in memory of generations and stimulates the development of linguistic and cultural genetic resources of the nation.

Phraseological structures in Hermann Kinder’s autobiographical novel „Der Weg allen Fleisches“ (2014)

Hermann Kinder’s novel contains a conspicuous number of phraseological elements, which is unusual for the writing style of this author. The article describes the accumulation of phraseological and idiomatic material and its usage as a literary stylistic resource. The analysis focuses on the relation of the linguistic appearance and the aesthetic function of the phraseologisms. Therefore, the article intends to contribute to an interdisciplinary method of interpretation, linking linguistic and literary studies. It also includes psychoanalytic concepts to describe the author’s specific linguistic expression of his autobiographical experience of illness. The aesthetic function of the phraseologisms and idiomatic phrases changes in relation to the novel’s progress. In the beginning, collocations increase the cohesion of the text in order to create an image of health. When the disease becomes more and more evident, the emotional affection of the protagonist is being controlled by formulistic linguistic elements. In addition, the author unmasks the pragmatic automatism of the medical language and the failure of its empathetic function by ironically evoking the ambiguity of idiomatic phrases. As a contrast, the narrator refers back to a comforting symbolic language by using linguistic patterns of fairy tales as an imitation of phraseological components. As a result, the analysis indicates that the inclusion of phraseological material in this literary pathobiography seems to provide a linguistic space of shelter for the suffering protagonist. The context-related, varying usage of phraseologisms in this text also seems to linguistically reflect a collective, culturally overarching psychosomatic experience of illness.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF GRAPHICAL STYLISTICS IN THE SACRED TEXTS OF KHANTY “PESNI PЕLYMSKOGO TORUMA”

This article is devoted to revealing of stylistic resource of graphics in printed sacred texts. It also gives opportunities in finding out ways of coding and decoding emotive information. Sacred texts are perfect because they include ancient traditions of oral saving and delivering of information. They contain appeals to the nation traditional Gods. Such texts are always emotional. They have been being a wellhead of highest moral, religious, philosophic and language culture. Text is accompanied by sacred ritual and so it is a language in use. The lines of the Khanty text “Pesni Pеlymskogo Toruma” are the data for analyzing. They are one of the random texts which have graphical form of presentation. This fact could be explained by newly scripted position of Khanty language, by small amount of language data and by strict taboo of ritual participations: not everybody is allowed to be member or attestor of sacred proses for example children, woman, outsider. So, specialness of this research work is firstly investigating of graphical stylistics potential capacity, which is undeservingly ignored in finno-ugric linguistic study, secondly it gives an opportunity to connect graphics with other levels of the sacred texts stylistics. It demonstrates particularity and uniqueness of Khanty people’s sacred texts. For the aim achieving it is necessary to identify the inventory of graphic stylistics. All the results are proved by the Khanty language folklore texts, which are collected and compiled by the specialist in folklore, ethnographer and native language speaker T. A. Moldanova

FUNCTIONAL-STYLISTIC PECULIARITIES OF FORMATION AND INTERPRETATION OF NON-STANDARD EXPRESSIVE-EFFECTIVE FORMS OF SPEECH INTERACTION (ON THE MATERIAL OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING MILITARY DISCOURSE)

The article deals with the analysis and description of expressive-figurative means of original or occasional expression in functional-semantic and structural aspects.The pragmatic relevance of the formation of expressive forms of professional communication lies in the linguistic-creative expression of military team members' communicative need to overcome the stylistic neutrality of professional discourse terms. In so doing, they create a linguistic-cultural space for the self-realization of the personality in a specific professional environment. The fixed uniformity of linguistic rules establishes the sustainable order of their formal and content expression. The possibility of associative variation of the standard and creative components in the semantics of words results in the emergence of forms differing from the system of word formation, spelling and orthoepic norms. Structurally, owing to homonymy, polysemy, and homonymity, the constituent elements of the puns can be words as well as phrases. The phonetic-graphical coincidence or divergence of the kernel components of homophrasal puns and the nature of their formal expression creates various semantic forms. Moreover, the stylistic resource for the creative use of the language play includes intentional parody assimilation of paronymic lexemes, contextual identification of explicit and implicit homophones and their punning perception, simultaneous objectification of direct and associativefigurative meanings in specially built contextsdue to the semantic ambiguity of lexemes, the deliberate mispronunciation of foreign toponyms, the insertion of occasional expressive elements into the word structure, the phonographic and content reduction and combination of initial motivational forms and, as a consequence, the formation of pun-based contaminated units.

МОВНА ОСОБИСТІСТЬ У СФЕРІ МАСМЕДІА: НАУКОВА ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ТА ХАРАКТЕРНІ ОЗНАКИ

The article focuses on the necessity and appropriateness of scientific analysis of linguistic personality in mass communication as a separate subject of study, given the rapid development of mass media that produce a change in linguistic resource. In addition, the main approaches of researchers to the interpretation of the concept of "linguistic personality in media" were analyzed. An attempt was made to highlight the basic levels of communicative competence, characteristic features of the linguistic personality in media, taking into account the dominant tendencies of the development of mass communication sphere and the reorientation of the linguistic paradigm towards its intentional, communicative and functional component. In the scientific interpretation of the concept of "linguistic personality in media," the accentuation on multidimensional and polystructural dynamics of this concept, is indicative, which is characterized by the correlation of different analyzed parameters. The article focuses on representative criteria for highlighting a linguistic personality in media, attention is paid to cases where the linguistic personality is represented by both text publications and audio, video materials, and the syncretism of extra- and intralinguistic factors is important in the process of formation and functioning of the linguistic personality in media. One of the dominant categories for substantiating a linguistic personality in media is media discourse. Cases when media becomes a prism and a platform, where the linguistic personality becomes known and significant to the mass audience and when the linguistic personality is actually representative of the mass communication sphere were considered The idiocystology of the linguistic personality in media, the unique appeal and stylistic resource in speech, the normalization of linguistic characteristics make the texts and speeches of the linguistic personality in media significant because they have an impact on the society and are aimed at mass audience. On the example ofmedia texts of Yulia Mostova, a prominent linguistic personality in mass media, the editor-in-chief of the «Mirror of the Week» edition, linguistic and stylistic features, dominant linguistic markers (in particular, lexico-phraseological and syntactic features), their functional load were analyzed, which appropriate Yulia Mostova as a linguistic personality and make her texts creative and interesting for the recipients.

Legado de Maquiavel no teatro de Luigi Pirandello

O presente artigo pretende analisar as obras Mandragola (1518), de Nicolau Maquiavel, e L’uomo, la bestia e la virtù (1919), de Luigi Pirandello, buscando evidenciar que, embora em séculos diferentes, os textos dos dramaturgos facultam um diálogo no que tange à utilização do recurso de máscaras sociais para encobrir seu real interesse, como, por exemplo, na figura do astuto, que usa uma poção na tentativa de ajudar a personagem principal a resolver seus problemas, e no emprego do riso como recurso estilístico. Assim como na obra de Maquiavel, é possível encontrar no texto de Pirandello uma sátira sobre a Itália de sua época, indicando uma série de hábitos de sua sociedade e, tal como Lucrezia na obra de Maquiavel, a Sra. Perella da obra de Pirandello disfarça sua traição e, mediante o riso (ou mais especificamente o riso humorístico), o autor siciliano direciona o público a perceber que, independente da época, manter as aparências é mais relevante para a manutenção do status social do que a essência e a virtude.

Autoria feminina e parceria textual: o monólogo interior em Marguerite Yourcenar, Lygia Fagundes Telles e Katherine Mansfield

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo de três contos de autoria feminina, tendo como base de análise a utilização do monólogo interior como recurso estilístico e procedimento de construção textual. As narrativas investigadas são: “A Primeira Noite” (2011) da escritora belga-francesa, naturalizada americana, Marguerite Yourcenar; “A Chave” (1970) da brasileira Lygia Fagundes Telles; e “Psicologia” (1992) da neozelandesa Katherine Mansfield. Desse modo, objetiva-se investigar as parcerias textuais que as obras dessas três escritoras empreendem tanto na forma quanto na temática, através da abordagem de questões de gênero e de poder nas relações amorosas.

Літературна мова та літературна норма в інтерпретації Івана Франка

The article deals with the concept of I. Franko on the development and functioning of the Ukrainian language and its dialects. On the basis of works of the author’s works "Literary language and dialects" and "Speak of the wolf – say for the wolf", modern views on the problem of national and literary language have been formed. The historical-stylistic approach allows to comprehensively analyze Franko’s views on key linguistic concepts – literary language and literary norm as well as a tangent to it – dialectal speech, linguistic flair, the culture of speech, etc. The role of I. Franko in the language disputes at the end of the 19th century is being outlined, in particular his work assesses and determines the role of the figure in the views of contemporary linguistic problems, the place of dialects in the language system, the dynamics of language processes at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries, new trends in the development of lexical and phraseological fund of the Ukrainian language, the enrichment of the stylistic resource of the Ukrainian language, the role of socio-political processes on the state and quality of the Ukrainian language, etc. The author makes a digression to the life and work of I. Franko, specifically to scientific contacts with V. Jagić, J. Collares, M. Grushevsky which allowed to trace the interdependence in the problems of the formation and functioning of the literary language in Serbia and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Macedonia. Consideration of the "single Ukrainian language" for Franko is a key issue addressed in the works of both scientific and journalistic nature. It is important that both Franko and his contemporaries-Slavists, saw in the unity of the language a mental-national character of Ukrainians, which is confirmed by the epistolary heritage of the scientist and can be promising for further analysis of current problems of the Ukrainian language past and present.

НОВІ СЕМАНТИЧНІ ВІДТІНКИ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЇ: "ЧОРНАРАДА" П. КУЛІША

The article deals with stylistic transformations of a phraseologism of literary origin THE BLACK COUNCIL, which in mass consciousness is connected with: a) the eponymous chronicle novel by P. Kulish; b) a historical event, nominated as Nizhyn General Council of 1663; c) usurpation of power during the Cossacks Age and further economic decline. In modern times, the phraseologism can be considered in other relevant contexts, primarily political ones. To clarify the deactivation of the notion of THE BLACK COUNCIL, the texts of media communication as one of the dominant spheres of the modern society have been used. The study presents data from electronic search engines in which the analyzed phraseologism acts as a time marker. The greatest media reflection on the phraseologism is observed during periods of social shifts: mass actions and revolutions (2004 and 2014), parliamentary crises (2006, 2014 and 2019), presidential campaigns, changing presidents and / or the political course of the country. In fact, the analyzed phraseologism is regarded as a certain ideologeme of the modern Ukrainian political discourse. To verify the author's ideas, the method of media monitoring was used, which allowed to correctly show the role of the phraseologism and its stylistic transformations in genre syncretism as well as the statistical method, which supported the conclusions made. The author also analyzes broad derivative potential of the investigated phraseologism, which leads to a change in semantics and evolution of Ukrainian literary language as a whole. The author's attention is drawn to new semantic shades of the analyzed phraseologism, which are related to: a) updating of the language resource in media communication, b) expansion of the world information field, c) adjustment of value guidelines of Ukrainians, d) changing of political situation in the country. In fact, the phraseologism THE BLACK COUNCIL is an effective stylistic resource for describing the political situation, and its semantic transformation enhances media influence on the recipient, given his background knowledge.

Un día en la vida de una familia campesina de la Alta Edad Media: Un diario mental colectivo

In the historiography of the Carolingian Empire, the study of the daily life of the social majorities that were vulnerable because of the social gap and, in consequence, did not live through the cultural, artistic and intellectual renaissance of the time, has been left aside. It is proposed in this paper to investigate how a day could be constituted in the life of a peasant family of the ninth century, providing a historical framework around the political, historical, economic, religious and environmental conditions of the time. The stylistic resource of a mental diary is used, through fictional characters that narrate the daily life style of the rural population, taking into account their more immediate habitat conditions, their occupations, distinctions by gender and age, customs, beliefs, difficulties, perception of society, and so on.

A construção discursiva do obituário brasileiro no jornal Folha de S. Paulo

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da análise de 2.284 obituários publicados na Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2007 a 2012, com o objetivo de reconhecer as características de estilo, tema e composição do gênero, considerando o enquadramento deste enunciado nas categorias jornalísticas defendidas por Costa (2010) e Marques de Mello (2010), sob as perspectivas discursivas de Bakhtin (2011) e de Maingueneau (2013). Para tanto, demonstra os resultados obtidos em dois procedimentos metodológicos que visam a elencar, quantitativa e qualitativamente, a estabilização dos elementos da composição, da temática e do estilo deste gênero discursivo e a sua relação com o jornalismo literário. Na investigação, aponta-se que o obituário brasileiro apresenta elementos que permitem comprovar a hipótese de que este enunciado enquadra-se como um gênero jornalístico informativo e utilitário, utilizando-se do diversional como recurso estilístico para amenizar o peso da morte, buscando uma forma de celebração da vida.

La función sintáctica y poética de los acentos de la masora: ejemplos en el libro de <em>Amós</em>

Los acentos masoréticos constituyen una excelente ayuda para determinar el límite entre oraciones y la estructura poética del verso en la poesía hebrea bíblica. En los versículos que aceptan varias interpretaciones los acentos señalan aquélla que se ha considerado más correcta, rechazando el resto. En pasajes con una sintaxis compleja, señalan escrupulosamente las relaciones de sintaxis supraoracional en un versículo. En muchas ocasiones una determinada estructura sintáctica o un recurso estilístico o poético de cualquier tipo exigen una acentuación que pase por alto la estructura poética del verso. Tomando como base el libro de Amós, en este artículo se analizan los acentos que más se utilizan con esos fines y los versículos más interesantes desde el punto de vista acentual.

Fronteiras sul e sudeste: Uma análise morfométrica de pontas bifaciais de Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil)

Estilo e função em artefatos arqueológicos ou etnográficos têm sido estudados por uma miríade de pesquisadores através das mais diversas abordagens teóricas. Nesse contexto, o estudo de pontas de projétil tem sido particularmente útil para gerar um maior conhecimento acerca desses artefatos como marcadores de identidade, refletindo potenciais fronteiras entre grupos. Este trabalho visa explorar as diferenças na morfologia de pontas bifaciais holocênicas oriundas de Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul à luz dos conceitos de estilo e função da Arqueologia Evolutiva. Foram analisadas 248 pontas através de morfometria geométrica em duas dimensões. Embora nossa análise envolva dados de morfometria geométrica da ponta completa, a forma dos pedúnculos foi considerada como sendo de particular importância. De acordo com as expectativas teóricas e os modelos heurísticos de estilo e função propostos por Dunnell (1978a), a especificidade na forma dos pedúnculos das pontas pode ser considerada um recurso estilístico cujo aspecto e replicação diferencial entre grupos se deu, muito provavelmente, por processos estocásticos. Assim, nossa expectativa teórica é que a forma dos pedúnculos reflita escolhas dos grupos e, em última instância, seja um reflexo de possíveis fronteiras culturais pré-históricas. Nossos resultados apontam para a presença de diferenças importantes no tamanho e forma geral das pontas de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Paraná em relação às pontas do Rio Grande do Sul. Tais diferenças podem ser observadas também na morfologia dos pedúnculos, mostrando a utilidade da aplicação da dicotomia heurística entre estilo e função (sensu Dunnell 1978a) para melhor entender a presença de potenciais fronteiras culturais pretéritas.