Cooperative Style Research Articles

Integrative Governance

Public encounters, the micro-level relational process of face-to-face contact between public professionals and community members, are argued to have a meaningful effect on the outcomes of governance activities. In turn, the specific characteristics of these encounters are constrained by institutionalized macro-level structures, yet the variety of contexts and associated relational styles have not been carefully explored. Therefore, in this article, public encounters are considered in light of a particular governance typology to (a) clearly differentiate macro-level contexts, (b) clearly differentiate the associated styles of relating in each type of public encounter, (c) describe the ways in which these interactions hinder or foster productive processes and outcomes, and (d) identify a preferred approach for potentially more fruitful results. In this way, the article provides a theoretical platform for future analysis of empirical cases. This theoretical analysis reveals the pathological dynamics in public encounters produced by typical approaches to governance and offers an alternative approach that may produce more effective public encounters. Specifically, using the method of integration described by Progressive Era scholar Mary Follett, we argue fruitful public encounters entail a relational disposition, a cooperative style of relating, a collaborative mode of association, and a method for achieving integration that enables constructive conflict through disintegration of a priori positions; collaborative discovery of facts and values; revaluation of desires and methods through dialogue; creative and integrative determinations; collective responsibility; and experientially founded commitment.

Effectiveness of an Attachment-Based Intervention Program in Promoting Emotion Regulation and Attachment in Adolescent Mothers and their Infants: A Pilot Study.

This pilot study examined the effectiveness of an attachment-based intervention program, PRERAYMI, based on video technique, psychological counseling and developmental guidance in improving the style of interaction and emotion regulation of adolescent mothers and their infants after 3 and 6 months of intervention. Analyses revealed that adolescent mothers who participated in the intervention (vs. control group adolescent mothers) increased their Sensitivity and reduced their Controlling style after both 3 and 6 months of treatment. Infants who participated in the intervention (vs. control group infants) increased their Cooperative style and reduced their Passive style from 3 to 9 months. Moreover, the intervention group dyads (vs. control group dyads) increased the amount of time spent in affective positive coordination states (matches), decreased the amount of time spent in affective mismatches, and had a greater ability to repair mismatches from 3 to 9 months. Furthermore, the intervention group dyads (vs. control group dyads) increased the amount of time spent in reciprocal involvement in play with objects from 3 to 9 months. The quality of maternal attachment did not affect the intervention effect.

Game Analysis of Cooperation between Start-Up and Venture Investor

This article divides the cooperation style between start-ups and venture investors into non-property cooperation and property cooperation. On the basis, it sets up a dynamic game model of complete information to figure out the corresponding Nash equilibrium. And the game analysis results indicate that during the cooperative game process of start-up and venture investor, the higher extra input the venture investor needs to provide, the more likely the both sides are to choose non-property cooperation; the higher profits the success of the venture project may bring, the more likely the entrepreneurial firm is to choose property cooperation.

A Short History of German-Malay(si)an Cultural Encounters in the Light of German Foreign Cultural Policy

While cultural contacts between Germany and Malaya in the 19th century happened mainly on the basis of personal or business relations, the dimension of cultural encounters between Germany and Malaysia took a different character in the 20th century. The Foreign Policy of the Weimar Republic, The Third Reich and the German Federal Republic institutionalised culture in various ways, which lead to the foundation of official cultural centres around the world. Today’s Goethe Institute as the main cultural representative of the German Foreign Office has in the wake of such changes become a widely known partner for Malaysia in cultural and educational cooperation. It is the main objective of this paper to highlight these inter- and cross-cultural relations - as exemplified in the work of the Goethe Institute - and to describe how they had gradually become an integral part of German Foreign Policies. Pointing towards the future, the author of the paper poses the question if a Malaysian ‘P. Ramlee Institute’ could not likewise represent the unique Malaysian Intra- and cross-cultural style of cooperation on an international political stage.

Gender Effects and Cooperation Styles in the Facebook Community: A Quasi-Experimental Assessment

This paper examines gender effects reported in a quasi-experimental implementation of a social dilemma using Facebook profile owners as subjects. By sending personal invitations via Facebook interest groups, we were able to recruit a fairly large number of participants (N=216) who participated in a “one-shot” variation of the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism (VCM). In addition to participating in the social dilemma, participants provided information about their online profile and their attitude towards Facebook. We observed gender effects on the cooperation style of participants who use Facebook frequently in order to communicate not only with friends and family but also with work colleagues and business acquaintances.

Leadership Challenges in a Hyper-Changing World

Leadership Challenges in a Hyper-Changing World

Exploring Conflict Management Using Qualitative Approach

This paper focuses on qualitative methods in researching the area of conflict management, specifically in Self-Managed Project Team (SMPT). The research aims to explore the evolvement of conflict management strategies in SMPT as this type of team is given the responsibility to solve problems and make decision by themselves. The inductive approach will overcome the limitation of quantitative method in management research as one of its objectives is to explain the different elements of the explored social system and their interconnection. Hence, it aims at the contextual understanding of social behavior rather than extensive measurement. This paper also includes the research activities in details such as the data collection methods which involved semi-structured interviews and weekly telephone interviews. The findings of the research proposed that conflict management strategies in SMPT changes over time from confrontation and cooperative style towards avoidance due to the issues of reputation and the deadline.

Dangerous but contagious altruism: recruitment of group members and reform of cooperation style through altruism in two modified versions of Hammond and Axelrod's simulation of ethnocentric cooperation

This paper explores the possibility of recruiting other agents to one's own kind and changing their cooperation style to one's own through altruistic generosity in a simulation. This is done by modifying Ross Hammond and Robert Axelrod's well-known simulation, which shows that ethnocentric behavior is the most successful strategy in a spatialized game of cooperation where color is the only attribute that agents can act on. Their simulation is altered in two steps. First, the simulation is changed so that each agent can “recruit” neighboring agents to its own color with a low probability R through out-group altruism toward non-cooperative out-group members. If recruitment is successful, there is also a probability M that the converted agent “morally reforms,” that is, changes cooperation style to the cooperative agent's style. The result is that the strategy of altruism can successfully compete with ethnocentric strategies if it leads to recruitment around 1–2% of the time, and a change of cooperation style to altruism around 0.4–0.5% of the time. Second, the simulation is altered so that only agents of one color, green, can recruit the other colors through altruism. The most obvious result of this simulation is that agents of this group become increasingly dominant with an increasing probability of recruitment. More interesting is that the overall proportion of altruists decreases and ethnocentrism becomes more dominant as a cooperation strategy compared to the first modified simulation, although not as dominant as in the original simulation by Hammond and Axelrod. That is, green can dominate the board through recruitment of other colors even though only some of the green agents are “proselytizing” altruists. The simulations have bearing on (1) how altruistic behavior spreads through cultural transmission in a population and (2) the historical problem of why apparently self-destructive behaviors of generosity and non-self-defense toward out-group individuals seems to have contributed to the expansion of religious movements in certain historical periods.

Gender effects and cooperation styles in the Facebook community: A quasi-experimental assessment

This paper examines gender effects reported in a quasi-experimental implementation of a social dilemma using Facebook profile owners as subjects. By sending personal invitations via Facebook interest groups, we were able to recruit a fairly large number of participants (N=216) who participated in a “one-shot” variation of the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism (VCM). In addition to participating in the social dilemma, participants provided information about their online profile and their attitude towards Facebook. We observed gender effects on the cooperation style of participants who use Facebook frequently in order to communicate not only with friends and family but also with work colleagues and business acquaintances.

Collaborative Learning –An Effective Method for Teaching Native Arabic Speakers

Native Arabic speaking students of the Gulf Middle East region are descendants of tribes and nomadic families which may be a possible reason why they are social constructivists when it comes to learning. Most prefer a learning environment in which they are actively engaged learners within a group. Native Arabic speaking students are social so best benefit from collaborative learning methods in particular from cooperative learning. Collaborative learning is an educational approach that involves groups of learners working together to solve a problem, complete a task, or create a product. (Lejeune, 1999). Cooperative Learning is a teaching arrangement that refers to small, heterogeneous groups of students working together to achieve a common goal (Kagan,1994). According to Vygotsky’sSocial Development Theory; social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate why collaborative learning is an effective teaching method in language education with non-native English speakers (with focus on native Arabic speakers). Collaborative and cooperative learning styles are effective in the ESL classroom with native Arabic speakers because it helps students to share ideas, stimulates critical thinking, helps students to take control and invest in their learning with structural guidance from their teachers, teachers take the role of learners, students can become teachers, and every student gets to be an equal participant in the given task. Collaborative learning is also an effective teaching style that promotes social skills amongst students that can be used both in the classroom and outside in natural situations. It helps introverted students feel more confident about socializing with their peers. When I divide my students into groups or pairs using collaborative or cooperative learning styles; work is done with deeper concentration along with higher critical thinking skills. Keywords: Native Arab students, language learning, collaborative learning, cooperative learning

A Human‐Oriented Simulation Approach for Labor Assignment Flexibility in Changeover Processes of Manufacturing Cells

AbstractSkilled operators are the most decisive key factors in manufacturing cells. An optimal assignment of operators is crucial for flexibility and productivity. Although there are many publications dealing with labor assignment problems, different forms of human cooperation on the shop floor and decentralized decision making, which are the main factors for system flexibility, are seldom concerned in existing models. In this article, a human‐oriented methodology to analyze, simulate, and evaluate labor assignment flexibility in changeover processes in manufacturing cells is introduced, which is characterized by an agent‐based approach. First, the problem architecture is presented along with the concepts of labor flexibility. Then, different types of human behavior in the changeover process are modeled. Furthermore, a human–machine interaction model is developed to integrate the human agent models into a generalized discrete event dynamic system (DEDS) process model. In this way, work process dynamics and cooperative behavior can be explicitly modeled and simulated. Third, the model is verified on the basis of a motorcycle engine manufacturing cell, and simulation experiments with different labor assignment schemes are designed and conducted. The simulation results show that assignment strategies incorporating different skill levels and cooperation styles have a significant impact on system performance. The agent‐based approach in conjunction with the human–machine interaction model can be used to analyze and solve a large class of assignment problems in flexible manufacturing systems, especially when human cooperation and collaboration are key factors shaping overall system performance.

Entrepreneurial Cooperative Development Strategies

Most countries approach in recent decades to the issue of entrepreneurship and its development is important and statues of corporative have caused the establishment of corporative development policies waves in the world. While in recent years the rapid changes and development in science and technology, most countries of the world, especially the least developed countries has faced new challenges that passing through them has made the need for applying the approaches and creative methods. Among this, the role of corporative entrepreneur and presence of entrepreneurial individuals can be determining and perhaps because of this reason economists of the entrepreneurial have interpreted as economic growth engine. Most of the cooperatives in economic countries having centrally planned confront with government interference at all levels and on the other hand, experience of other countries in transition from central planning towards market economies has shown that cooperative have been facing crisis. Therefore, many cooperatives have not only continue to exist, but seems for more success in comparison with its rivals and could continue to offer goods and services for their members. Case studies have shown that cooperative entrepreneur and new method of entrepreneurship and management has the major role in such cooperatives. Cooperative entrepreneur development needs to identify appropriate structure, entrepreneurship culture, doing the necessary support of the entrepreneur, financial support and organized tax, reduction of obligation and administrative procedures and to provide behavioral and structural strategy. In this paper, cooperative development strategies for entrepreneurial will be researched and classified and ways to attract entrepreneur to cooperative sectors and specific management style in these cooperatives and also characteristics of effective management in successful managers of these cooperatives are identified.

International health research monitoring: exploring a scientific and a cooperative approach using participatory action research

ObjectivesTo evaluate and determine the value of monitoring models developed by the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit and the East African Consortium for Clinical Research, consider how this can be...

Two-Generational Perspective of Postdivorce Relationships in 16 Icelandic Families

This article presents the results from a research study on children and divorce exploring the experiences, views, and values of parents and grandparents. Participants were randomly selected. Long interviews were conducted with 45 family members in 16 families. Parents were characterized into 3 categories according to custody, style of parental cooperation, and emphasis on the child as reflected in different arrangements, family coherence, and awareness of the child's needs. Grandparents expressed worries regarding new family transformations and children's well-being. The discussion is related to familial development in the Nordic countries and the consequences of an emerging fragmentation and plurality of cohabitation alternatives for children.

‘A lot of the things we do … people wouldn’t recognise as health promotion’: addressing health inequalities in settings of neighbourhood disadvantage

Health promotion is informed by epidemiology, requires engagement with socially situated subjects and can involve diverging emphases. For some practitioners, health promotion is a specialised set of activities and technical knowledge for disseminating health information. For others, it advances broad-based and interlinked goals of socio-economic and health equality through processes of community engagement and participation. These diverging approaches are explored in qualitative data gathered from health promotion workers and residents involved in an area-based initiative that included aims to reduce health inequalities. The findings describe two distinctive approaches to health promotion that are characterised as ‘procedural’ and ‘cooperative’. Procedural styles, in the manner of ‘top down’ approaches, tend to differentiate between lay communities and professionals, involve predefined channels for community input, rely on ‘off the shelf’ health promotion packages and minimise the significance of local contexts. In contrast, cooperative styles are grounded in empathetic understanding of the impact of socio-economic and other disadvantages on everyday life, enact inclusive community engagement practices and develop ‘bottom up’, locally relevant health promotion initiatives. Noting the limitations of relying only on ‘top down’ or ‘bottom up’ approaches we argue that health promotion in community settings occupies a paradoxical space that is continuously negotiated by both health promotion workers and community residents. Further, health promotion workers need to be able to move between cooperative and procedural approaches in order to navigate the frequently conflicting demands of community, agency and professional expectations in order to achieve the best outcomes for communities.

An analytical study of the financial intelligence units' enforcement mechanisms

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to analyse financial intelligence units' (FIUs') approaches in enforcing compliance and how these units can ensure the application of the most effective enforcement mechanism to secure the best outcome of such regulatory action.Design/methodology/approachSources of information consisted of scholarly books, papers and published articles through the web.FindingsFIUs should not concentrate on adopting a purely cooperative style (in terms of soft sanctions) or take the opposite approach and be a tough regulator (applying harsh sanctions on non‐compliant reporting entities). Rather, a more qualitative approach should be adopted, individually tailoring the approach on the basis of an examination of the FIUs' findings on entity non‐compliance, and how it can best operate its mechanism so as to ensure those entities comply effectively with their AML/CTF obligations.Originality/valueThis article serves as a fruitful analysis to educate FIUs' personnel, AML/CTF professionals, and reporting entities in terms of achieving the highest level of compliance with AML/CTF laws and regulation. Some studies have discussed FIU enforcement mechanisms generally but, to the best of the author's knowledge, the analytical study of different FIUs' enforcement mechanisms and how to achieve the most effective results to secure compliance is yet to be externally or independently researched and evaluated.

From Joint Experimentation to Laissez-faire: Transdisciplinary Innovation Research for the Institutional Strengthening of a Water Users Association in Khorezm, Uzbekistan

Purpose: This article assesses a participatory action and innovation research experience, in which project researchers, farmers and staff members of a local water users association (WUA) came together to: (a) jointly test and adapt a social mobilization and institutional strengthening approach according to the local context, and by doing so, to (b) develop a locally embedded approach to the institutional strengthening of WUAs in Uzbekistan. Design/methodology/approach: The process of interaction and innovation development was one of joint experimentation, which over time and to avoid a disproportionate dependency on external social mobilizers increasingly adopted aspects of a laissez-faire approach, eventually relying fully on members of the local community. Findings: The findings show that the cooperation style is highly influenced by institutional and structural causes and effects in the specific context of rural Uzbekistan. Participatory approaches to the institutional strengthening of WUAs in Uzbekistan should consequently allow for a high degree of flexibility to adjust key activities and their timeframe. Practical implications: The research findings are relevant to the lowland irrigated areas of post-Soviet Central Asia where the strengthening of WUAs is still lacking, resulting in limited participation of water users and insufficient operation and maintenance of the slowly eroding infrastructure. Originality/value: The transdisciplinary innovation and action research experience pays special attention to the change in the style of cooperation, its institutional and structural causes and effects with regard to the ‘localizing’ of the innovation, namely a social mobilization and institutional development (SMID) approach for strengthening water users associations (WUAs) in Uzbekistan.

Cooperative conflict-solving during adolescence: Relationships with cognitive-behavioural and predictor variables

The purpose of the study was to analyse the existence of sex differences in three styles of interpersonal conflict resolution, to explore the relationships between cooperative and aggressive conflict resolution with diverse cognitive-behavioural variables, and to identify predictor variables of cooperative interpersonal conflict resolution. The sample included 313 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years. Descriptive and correlational methodology was used, and 6 assessment instruments were administered. The ANOVAs showed significantly higher scores for the females in cooperative conflict resolution, and for the males in aggressive conflict resolution. Pearson coefficients confirmed that adolescents of both sexes who used a cooperative conflict-solving style also had a high self-concept, many positive cognitions and empathy towards victims of violence, a high consideration of prosocial values and behaviours, high empathy, many positive and few aggressive social behaviours. Regression analysis identified 3 predictor variables of the use of a “cooperative resolution” style: many behaviours of social sensitivity, a good self-concept and a high level of empathetic concern.

Sprache und Geschlecht im universitären Diskurs

AbstractBased on a qualitative, discourse-analytic and a quantitative, sociolinguistic analysis, this article investigates four sets of linguistic features and their occurrence in recordings of 36 lectures and interactional classes collected at a university in Germany. It examines how structural markers, questions, question tags, and turn-initial response tokens contribute to variations of style in response to academic division, speech mode, communicative role in academic discourse and gender. Of these four factors, the latter appears to be the least influential in the use of the structures investigated, due to, as is argued, global discourse restrictions in academic speech. Qualitative analysis shows that global restrictions can be overridden locally as certain discourse contexts are amenable to the appearance of features that contribute to more interactional and cooperative speech styles, frequently linked to females. The article concludes that a foundational understanding of relevant discourse genres and their constraints and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods can make an important contribution to a better understanding of the dynamics of language and gender.

Hunter-gatherer cooperation

A study of social networks in the hunter-gatherer Hadza people in Tanzania illuminates the evolutionary origins of humans' unique style of cooperation in groups. See Letter p.497 The Hadza bushmen of northern Tanzania are almost totally cut off from the modern developed world, providing anthropologists with a useful model of an early hunter-gatherer society. A study of Hadza social networks, quantifying their ties to each other and their propensity to cooperate, shows that the main characteristics of modernized networks, such as transitivity and homophily, are observed in the Hadza. In addition, social ties are more likely between individuals with similar levels of public goods game donations, and Hadza camps exhibit high between-group and low within-group variation in cooperation. Taken together, these results provide the strongest evidence so far that these key features of human networks reflect shared ancestry and may have developed at an early point in human history.