Architectural Style Research Articles

Robin Hood Gardens and the Brutalist Image

This article contributes to cultural geography’s continued interest in exploring how images and photographic practices have shaped representations and engagements with architectural space. Using the Robin Hood Gardens Estate – a Brutalist social housing estate in East London as an example, it interrogates how visual strategies associated with the grid, the interruption and the ruin shape different narratives and representations of Brutalist architecture. At the same time, it extends discussions within cultural geography which surround Brutalism and the role that representations play in how the built landscape is mediated, politicised and encountered through different image making strategies, highlighting the importance of the ‘image’ to Brutalism as a style. It concludes by asserting the value of exploring how buildings are represented and how different photographic and image making practices continue to mediate our engagement with the built landscape and inform wider politics associated with specific architectural styles.

A Comparative Study on Land Use Control between selected Conservation Residential Areas (CRA) in the United States and Chiang Kham City

This study examines the regulation of residential conservation areas in Salisbury, Marshall, and Peters Townships in Pennsylvania, USA, to derive guidelines for Chiang Kham City. It focuses on analyzing land use activities and building density and form controls. The findings suggest that Chiang Kham City could benefit from detailed regulations on density and architectural styles, highlighting a gap in its current conservation approach. This research underscores the need for Chiang Kham to refine its conservation policies by incorporating lessons from the case studies, aiming to enhance its residential areas while preserving environmental and aesthetic values.

Cultural Character Analysis on Architectural Elements of the Chinese Temples’ Buildings before the 19th Century in Central Java

The research provided an in-depth exploration of the architectural nuances of pre-19th century Chinese temples in Central Java, Indonesia, emphasizing their cultural significance and relevance. A detailed examination of a range of temples identified unique architectural features that reflected a sophisticated synthesis of Chinese cultural elements and local Javanese traditions. Applying a qualitative method, the research integrated historical scrutiny with architectural analysis, meticulously examining stylistic attributes, construction methodologies, and decorative patterns typical of these temples. The key discoveries highlight an intricate amalgamation of traditional Chinese architectural principles with native materials and craftsmanship, culminating in a distinctive, hybrid architectural form. This fusion not only symbolizes the cultural convergence and assimilation between Chinese immigrants and the indigenous Javanese during the pre-colonial era but also underscores the role of these temples as pivotal preservers of Chinese cultural heritage in Java. Furthermore, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of the diversity within architectural practices and offers insightful perspectives on the historical and socio-cultural dynamics in Central Java. The novelty of the research is anchored in its focused examination of a historically and geographically specific context, its interdisciplinary and thorough approach, the revelation of a unique hybrid architectural style, and its significant insights into the cultural and sociological dimensions of Central Java’s architectural legacy.

Confronting Confederate Monuments: Place-Based Pedagogy for Anti-Racist Preaching

“Space wins” is a long-held homiletical maxim. Usually, this means that architecture and pulpit style influence how sermons are delivered and heard. What is less frequently considered is how monuments and memorials affect proclamation in space. Among other things, Confederate monuments make claims on space, communicate idealized aesthetics, and preach about hopes for a particular eschatological community. This essay examines pedagogical approaches to preaching that confronts Confederate monuments. It is based upon courses I offered in 2022 at The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, and through the Association of Chicago Theological Schools D.Min. program in Chicago, Illinois. After articulating a pedagogy drawn from the work of Leonora Tubbs Tisdale and Willie James Jennings, I examine three approaches to place-based pedagogy that serve anti-racist preaching by (1) analyzing monuments within the teaching location, (2) fostering reflective participation in pilgrimage to the National Memorial for Peace and Justice, and (3) inviting students to research monuments in their home community and confront them through preaching. These approaches can foster preaching that is better attuned to addressing localized histories, better able to identify and confront specific aspects of white supremacy that are concretized in a community, and more adept at offering a gospel proclamation that is finely tuned to the transformative needs of a particular place.

The influence of Italian architectural traditions on the formation of the appearance of the Suyumbike tower of the Kazan Kremlin

This article examines options for cultural and historical understanding by humanitarians of the architectural style of the Suyumbike tower. The authors consider the influence of the architectural traditions of the Apennine Peninsula of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance on the architectural concept of the Suyumbike Tower. The hypothesis of "Italian influence" is confirmed in the facts of the biographies of famous architects Aristotle Fioravanti and Pietro Antonio Solari, who arrived in Russia in the 17th century from the Apennine Peninsula. The contribution of Apennine masters to the development of the architecture of the Kazan Kremlin is assessed. The authors made a comparison of the historical iconography of the Suyumbike Tower of the Kazan Kremlin and modern versions of its artistic reconstructions. The conclusion is made about the productivity of cultural and historical synthesis in the architectural appearance of the Kazan tower Suyumbike, which incorporated elements of the Italian and Eastern style, rethought by Russian architects.

In-between Institutional Religion and Folk Faith during the Transition into a Modern Political System – The Case of Giam Temples in Taiwan

“Giam” 巖 is a popular type of temple in Taiwan, also called “Giam-a”, referring to religious architecture related the concept of “mountains”. This type of temple was initially recorded as a geographical landscape or scenic attraction and was subsequently extended to indicate a specific form of worship space. This study explores the Giam architecture under the intervention of state power. The intervention process could be divided into two stages. The first stage involved the Investigation of Traditional Customs during the Japanese rule. The second stage involved interventions by the Buddhist Association of the Republic of China (BAROC) after World War II. This study depicts three significant Giam temple cases in Taiwan. From the perspective of spatial layout, architectural form, and ritual, discusses the development results of the Giam temple after the modern state system intervenes in religious affairs. Some Giam temples have made their choice between the folk beliefs and Buddhist beliefs as an adjustment, and others have still coexisted with both religious by separated them with spatial layout and different architectural style. The diverse sociocultural characteristic of the mountains makes the religious in it become the nexus of local power. So, as the state system and policy change, those religious spaces also need to change in some way, adjusting to balance the state and local power.

A distributed tracing pipeline for improving locality awareness of microservices applications

AbstractThe microservices architectural style aims at improving software maintenance and scalability by decomposing applications into independently deployable components. A common criticism about this style is the risk of increasing response times due to communication, especially with very granular entities. Locality‐aware placement of microservices onto the underlying hardware can contribute to keeping response times low. However, the complex graphs of invocations originating from users' calls largely depend on the specific workload (e.g., the length of an invocation chain could depend on the input parameters). Therefore, many existing approaches are not suitable for modern infrastructures where application components can be dynamically redeployed to take into account user expectations. This paper contributes to overcoming the limitations of static or off‐line techniques by presenting a big data pipeline to dynamically collect tracing data from running applications that are used to identify a given number of microservices groups whose deployment allows keeping low the response times of the most critical operations under a defined workload. The results, obtained in different working conditions and with different infrastructure configurations, are presented and discussed to draw the main considerations about the general problem of defining boundary, granularity, and optimal placement of microservices on the underlying execution environment. In particular, they show that knowing how a specific workload impacts the constituent microservices of an application, helps achieve better performance, by effectively lowering response time (e.g., up to a reduction), through the exploitation of locality‐driven clustering strategies for deploying groups of services.

The renewable energy sources impact on vernacular architecture’s ability to be built sustainably: case study of Rumah Gadang

Rumah Gadang has the physical appearance of traditional architecture and was founded on human interaction with the environment. The natural resources of each area in Indonesia are said to have the greatest environmental effect on traditional vernacular architecture. Rumah Gadang is prominent for its ability to successfully combine elements of sustainability with a variety of other factors, including the environment, aesthetics, and social character. However, only a few studies discuss sustainability elements combination within Architecture Nusantara, Rumah Gadang. Therefore, this study will aim to reveal how these elements affect the sustainability of Rumah Gadang and how they contribute to the development of regional architectural styles. The qualitative method was used in this study with literature studies followed by descriptive analysis. The result of the study indicates two things, 1) The nature of these elements’ characteristics in Rumah Gadang fit with social, and environmental sustainability standards. 2) The descriptive analysis reveals that the impact of the variations in natural energy sources on these elements’ characteristics in Rumah Gadang is reflected in its physical appearance. The findings shown that Rumah Gadang’s architectural elements, including the Gonjong roof, wall linings, raised floor, openings, and stone foundation, respond to renewable energy sources based on sun, wind, and humidity factors. Rumah Gadang fulfills three pillars of sustainability: Social sustainability is achieved through traditional values and Minangkabau culture, while economic sustainability is achieved through regionally produced materials and construction methods. Lastly, the primary goal is to offer thermal comfort with minimal waste, making environmental sustainability the most crucial outcome component.

Facade Analysis of Traditional Buildings on 12 Eylul Street in Mudanya’s Giritli Neighborhood

Mudanya, a district situated in the province of Bursa, has held significant port city status since ancient times, retaining its importance to the present day. Within this district, Giritli Neighborhood stands as one of the earliest settlements in Mudanya. Turkish and Greek people lived together in the region for a long time. These two cultures created varieties in the region socially and physically. With Greeks residing mostly in the coastal area, Turkish people predominantly lived inland. With Greeks residing mostly in the coastal area and Turkish people predominantly living inland. Therefore, different qualities can be observed in the coastal and inland areas in terms of environmental and architectural qualities. Mudanya boasts a plethora of historical structures constructed in diverse architectural styles spanning various eras. Notably, 12 Eylül Street in Giritli Neighborhood has emerged as a prominent attraction, alluring tourists with its historical edifices and scenic streets leading to the sea. Despite the inevitable passage of time, several historical buildings along 12 Eylül Street remarkably preserve their originality, prominently exhibiting distinct architectural features on their facades. This research entails a comprehensive literature review and analysis pertaining to the aforementioned district, neighborhood, and street, followed by a meticulous facade analysis of seven structures situated on 12 Eylül Street. Notably, the facades of these historical buildings exhibit influences from Late Ottoman Architecture, as well as the Neoclassical, Rococo, and the First National Architectural Movement (Neoclassical Turkish Style) periods, each contributing unique elements to the meticulous designs of these structures. In light of this research, preserving the historical value of Giritli District and 12 Eylül Street, it is of great importance to keep it alive and pass it on to future generations.

Pengaruh Campuran Fasad Bangunan Arsitektur Eropa Dan Lokal Terhadap Tampilan Bangunan

The BJB Syariah Building is a Colonial Building with a European Architectural style, this building combine European and local elements, the façade of this building really reflects the European style. This research focuses on the mixture of local and European culture seen through buildings such as BJB Syariah Bandung which is the result of a combination of European and Indonesian architectural style. The type of research used in this study is qualitative research. Because this research uses a qualitative approach, the data results will be focused in the form of descriptive statements and do not review a hypothesis and do not correct variables. The result of his research is the composition of the façade that considers functional elements such as windows, doors, sun protection, and roof planes, as well as the emphasis on creating harmonious unity through good proportions, vertical and horizontal structures, rhythm of materials, colors, and decorative elements being the focal point.

Optimization Design of Public Space in Huizhou Traditional Villages

In the renovation of public activity spaces in traditional villages in Huizhou, preserving the existing architectural style while combining the vitality of space use provides new perspectives for promoting rural development and the needs of villagers' lives. Research on the public space in Qinghua Town, Wuyuan County, analyzes the characteristics and role of traditional public space, and summarizes its status quo, dilemma and design strategy under the contemporary problem of rural hollowing out. Further, through the design practice of Qinghua Town, we will explore how to diversify the public space of traditional villages in the context of rural revitalization.

Use of artificial neural networks in architecture: determining the architectural style of a building with a convolutional neural networks

AbstractThe discussion of "can machines think?" which started with the invention of the modern computer, brought along the question of "can machines design?" by researchers in the design field. These developments in information technologies have also affected the architecture. Artificial intelligence applications are encountered in many areas such as pricing estimation, energy conservation security systems of buildings, ventilation systems, user-oriented interactive design solutions, computer-aided programs used in the plan production phase and design process. When the literature on artificial intelligence applications in the architecture is reviewed, it can be seen that it generally includes shape grammars, graph theory, decision trees, constraint-based models, machine learning methods, RNN (Recursive Neural Networks), CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) and GAN (Generative Adversarial Network) algorithms. In this study, the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in architecture was examined, and an example was designed to determine the architectural structures of different periods by using CNN (Convolutional Neural Network). In the study, the open source TensorFlow library developed by Google and the Python programming language were used. Employing a statistical approach and utilizing convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a study has successfully classified the current flow patterns of buildings based on datasets comprising facades of Gothic, Modern, and Deconstructivist architectural styles. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of CNNs in accurately distinguishing the intricate details of diverse architectural styles. Recognizing elements from different periods using the CNN algorithm can examine not only individual buildings but also the relationship of buildings with their environments. It can also gain an important place in the field of conservation of the architectural discipline. The historical processes, aesthetic features and changes of protected buildings can be learned with the CNN algorithm and can guide restoration decisions. As a result of the study, the employed CNN-based model can correctly classify structures with 84.66% accuracy rate.

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Architecture

Architectural styles are dynamic phenomena in which different walks of life work together to find common ground. Trends, directions, innovations or the waning interest in old styles have led to the emergence of new styles over time. In this way, relationships between culture, influences, region, and time could be established after considering them chronologically and regionally. In this research, the transformations and changes of architectural movements over time and space were examined. In addition, influential historical events are given in relation to the periods in which the movements emerged in order to form an idea. In order to do this, 76 major architectural styles, 4 urban planning principles that influence architecture, 2 philosophical approaches in architectural theory, and 4 significant architectural practices in the world were brought together, listed chronologically, and the geographical locations where they emerged and developed were evaluated. For this reason, architectural movements were examined on the basis of design patterns, locations and time period. However, it was intended to draw attention to important historical events in the periods when architectural movements emerged. In addition, scenarios for possible future architectural styles were created. Keywords: Architectural styles, architectural characteristics, architectural development, trend.

A Dilated MultiRes Visual Attention U-Net for historical document image binarization

The task of binarization of historical document images has been in the forefront of image processing research, during the digital transition of libraries. The process of storing and transcribing valuable historical printed or handwritten material can salvage world cultural heritage and make it available online without physical attendance. The task of binarization can be viewed as a pre-processing step that attempts to separate the printed/handwritten characters in the image from possible noise and stains, which will assist in the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) process. Many approaches have been proposed before, including deep learning based approaches. In this article, we propose a U-Net style deep learning architecture that incorporates many other developments of deep learning, including residual connections, multi-resolution connections, visual attention blocks and dilated convolution blocks for upsampling. The novelties in the proposed DMVAnet lie in the use of these elements in combination in a novel U-Net style architecture and the application of DMVAnet in image binarization for the first time. In addition, the proposed DMVAnet is a very computationally lightweight network that performs very close or even better than the state-of-the-art approaches with a fraction of the network size and parameters. Finally, it can be used on platforms with restricted processing power and system resources, such as mobile devices and through scaling can result in inference times that allow for real-time applications.

Exterior Facades with a Neo Vernacular Architecture Approach to the Seni Bela Diri Pencak Silat Competition and Training Building in Madiun Regency

Madiun Regency is an area of martial arts preservation of Pencak silat. Thus, Madiun Regency has several pencak silat hermitages as a forum for learning pencak silat martial arts but currently does not have a representative pencak silat facility as a joint competition and training event. Therefore, designing a Pencak Silat Martial Arts Competition and Training Building with a Neo Vernacular Architecture theme approach derived from local culture is necessary. This is in connection with the aim of the Madiun Regency government to have a plan to provide a Joint Silat College Building to unite martial arts colleges and improve the economy in Madiun Regency. The design research method uses qualitative methods in case studies and descriptive, data collection techniques in the form of observation, literature studies, case studies, documentation, questionnaires, and interviews. The Neo Vernacular Architecture Theme approach applied to the shape aspect is expected to be able to combine local culture with the current architectural style. The design of the Pencak Silat Martial Arts Competition and Training Building with the Neo Vernacular architectural theme uses the macro concept of cultural stylization and the micro concept of cultural representation which is expected to represent the formation of the Joglo House and the characteristics of the Pencak silat building. the facade design represents pencak silat techniques/attitudes which apply the form of Sembong cloth attributes as an ornament and uses the colors yellow, green, and brown.

An exhibition about a well‐known architect: Challenge or opportunity? Beyond: Tadao Ando and Art

AbstractThis review focuses on one of the most anticipated programs that He Art Museum (HEM) has produced so far, Beyond: Tadao Ando and Art. This is in part because the subject of the exhibition was the architect who designed HEM but, more interestingly, the exhibition focused on the influence of contemporary art on Ando's architectural works, rather than generally introducing architectural projects. Focusing on this perspective, this review explores the challenges and opportunities for exhibitions about well‐known architects, particularly in cases of architects such as Ando, whose distinctive architectural style (allowing people clear opinions of the architect) means it is never easy for curators to develop their own narrative. In this exhibition, connecting Ando with other artists who influenced him became an opportunity to address the challenge while dealing with his architectural languages, including light through traditional media, remained a concern. It has also been found that further work is needed to reveal the relationship between each artist and Ando, which was technically well designed in the space but was not delivering each artist's influence on Ando effectively.

Construction processes and techniques in traditional Birgi houses: a typical Ottoman settlement

ABSTRACT The historic town of Birgi is a historic settlement within İzmir, Turkey, included in the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in 2012. Traditional Birgi houses, dated to the second half of the 18th and the beginning of the 20th century, are one of the best-representative and best-preserved examples of the hımış houses – the most common housing typology of the Ottoman Period. These hybrid structures include a masonry ground floor and timber frame upper floors as their primary load-bearing systems, with details shaped in line with the regional material availability and the performance of these materials, as well as technical know-how and the local experience of major historic fires and earthquakes. In this study, authentic construction techniques used in the West Anatolian Ottoman houses and information about the construction processes are presented through Birgi's traditional houses. For this aim, a visual examination and documentation of various hımış sub-typologies representative of different construction periods are conducted. The differences in construction details are evaluated in light of the predominant architectural styles and technological possibilities of their construction periods. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of authentic construction techniques and common construction errors are discussed.

ВТРАЧЕНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ АРХІТЕКТУРНИХ ПАМ’ЯТОК КИЄВА УКРАЇНСЬКОГО БАРОКО

The article is dedicated to the research of the loss of important architectural and compositional elements in Kyiv architectural monuments of the Ukrainian Baroque of the XVIIth – XVIIIth centuries. The author analyzes the architectural development of such Kyiv buildings as the Onufriivska Tower and the Church of Conception of Ann of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Resurrection Church, the st. Illia Church, the Temple of Nikolas, the Intercession Church, the Old Building of the Kyiv-Mohyla academy, cookhouse and Church of the Holy Spirit of the Brotherly Epiphany Monastery, St. Sophia Cathedral, Church of the Ascension of the Phlor’s Monastery. All these objects have common destiny because of loss of their important Baroque details during XVIII–XIX centuries. Instead, they gained the forms of other styles, which did not detract from the national signs of these monuments. Such changes were made for various reasons: changes in fashion and styles in architecture, functional and utilitarian needs. However, such transformations were often anti-Ukrainian in nature, and they even ended up replacing Ukrainian symbols with Moscow ones. Let us highlight this very incident with the butt of the story: the reconstruction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in 1882. This unique monument and shrine was adorned with characteristic elements of the Ukrainian Baroque – sloping pediments on western and eastern façades. In fact, the temple was redecorated with elements of Byzantine and Russian architecture. During the Soviet time, the practice of replacing Ukrainian architectural symbols with Russian ones continued. Let us illustrate this with the example of the Ascension Cathedral of the Phlor’s Monastery in Podil. For a long time, researches did not pay attention on such a facts, but now it is time to restore justice to our national symbols. In the author’s opinion, today it is necessary to carry out in-depth research on historical monuments with a view to developing a concept and developing large-scale restoration projects that would restore their original beauty and completeness.

The spirituality of the art of creating landscape-architectural biotechnological environment of cultural objects in the formation of the personality of the younger generation

The landscape-architectural environment represents the relationship between nature, biotechnology and architectural style, the historical-cultural cross-section of the social environment of its age. Objects of culture and art that have a special spirituality represent the historical value of the culture and traditions of living people. These include theatres, museums, historical buildings, cathedrals, and churches. Their exteriors, interiors, and landscape-architectural environment are filled with a special content than modern buildings, especially in cities. They represent the natural and cultural space of socialisation of people, especially the younger generation. The youth of the digital society receive a lot of diverse information through the Internet and other sources, where it is not always possible to check the spheres of influence on an unformed personality. Biotechnology and green technology are developing green architecture, creating an eco-friendly environment. The ecology and video ecology of the socialising environment of the city has a direct impact on the physiology, psychology, and development of a person’s own potential.

Historical orangeries and greenhouses in Poland: typology and preservation

Orangeries and greenhouses were among the most ephemeral buildings erected in Polish gardens. The evolution of technology, the lack of proper maintenance, fires and wars meant that they were subject to constant remodelling or suffered damage. Although they have been an integral part of most garden layouts, providing suitable conditions for the storage and cultivation of exotic plants, to date they have not become the subject of any major academic study. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the first cross-sectional study of historical orangeries and greenhouses in Poland. The research and analysis, carried out in the years 2021–2022, made it possible to identify 165 surviving buildings, for which starting data and a classification by type, material, form, time of construction and architectural style were prepared. Each orangery and greenhouse was subject to an assessment of its degree of preservation using a four-point scale that considered the authenticity and integrity of the historical substance, current use and age. The results of the study can serve as a starting point for identifying conservation challenges in the preservation of historical orangeries and greenhouses and formulating recommendations and standards to better protect these buildings.