Stunting In Toddlers Research Articles

Developing a Nutritional Assessment Tool for Toddlers Using Anthropometry and IoT Technology

Data from the Indonesian Toddler Nutrition Status Survey (SSGBI) in 2021, the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is still quite high, at 24.4%, which is equivalent to 5.33 million toddlers. This figure is still above the standard tolerated by WHO, which is below 20%. Therefore, efforts are needed to accelerate stunting reduction so that the prevalence of stunting in toddlers decreases to 19.4% by 2024. This research aims to develop a tool for measuring toddlers' height and weight to assess their nutritional status promptly, aiming to preemptively address any nutritional abnormalities and prevent exacerbation. Anthropometry serves as the primary method for assessing toddlers' nutritional status in this study. The tool's design incorporates the ESP32 as the main control unit, the HC-SR04 sensor for height measurements, and the HX711 module and loadcell sensor as weight sensors. Data from the sensor are transmitted from the ESP32 master to the ESP32 slave for processing, culminating in a nutritional status assessment. Notably, the tool boasts a minimal error rate of 0.18% for weight measurement with 99.82% accuracy and a 2.66% error rate for height measurement with 97.34% accuracy. Furthermore, the tool's integration with IoT technology offers additional advantages. It facilitates real-time data transmission and analysis, enabling healthcare professionals to promptly identify any nutritional issues in toddlers. This, in turn, allows for timely intervention and appropriate management strategies to prevent the development or exacerbation of stunting. Overall, the benefits of this research for the Anthropometry Stunting Monitor based on IoT are manifold. It enhances accuracy and efficiency in measuring toddlers' height and weight, enables early detection of stunting, and facilitates timely intervention to address nutritional abnormalities. This holds significant promise for improving pediatric healthcare outcomes and reducing the prevalence of stunting among children.

PENERAPAN ALGORITMA DECISION TREE, SVM, NAIVE BAYES DALAM DETEKSI STUNTING PADA BALITA

Stunting is a toddler's body condition that is short according to body length according to age (PB/U), ≤ 2 Standard Deviations (SD), with a z-score between -3 standard deviations (SD). Where checking the stunting status of toddlers takes quite a long time because it is done manually and is also prone to errors. Therefore, it is hoped that a system can classify toddler examination data quickly and accurately to predict children's stunting status. Building a system that uses an algorithm to classify the stunting status of toddlers using a decision tree, naïve Bayes, and SVM. With what level of accuracy is the best of the 3 algorithms? Results from testing with 30% testing data and 70% training data using an algorithm decision tree, naïve Bayes, and SVM. Accuracy level test results decision tree by 99%, naïve Bayes of 48%, and SVM of 95%. So, the algorithm with the highest level of accuracy is the decision tree amounts to 99%. Wallet hire decision tree is better for detecting stunting in toddlers.

Training on Early Detection of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnancy

Chronic Energy Deficiency in pregnancy is a condition where pregnant women suffer from a lack of food that lasts for a long time. Pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency have poor eating behavior, which is influenced by knowledge, perception, beliefs and health education. Health education provided by health workers can increase knowledge and change eating behavior and can be done better if assisted by an expert system. The aim of this activity is to train health workers (doctors, midwives, nutritionists) to carry out early detection of chronic energy deficiency in pregnancy using an expert system, increasing knowledge, attitudes and eating behavior of pregnant women. The method that will be carried out is training using the web-based expert system modelangraini.com for health workers, health education for pregnant women, and increasing knowledge and changing eating behavior of pregnant women. This activity was carried out for 1 day and took place in Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung on Saturday 30 September 2023 with 45 family doctors, midwives and nutritionists in Bandar Lampung City participating. The results of the evaluation of the implementation of the service showed that there was an increase in participants' understanding by 91.1% to good understanding, 8.9% of participants had a fairly good understanding, and no participants had a poor understanding of the causes, risk factors, impacts, prevention methods, and early detection of chronic energy deficiency in pregnancy with techniques that are fast, easy and can help health workers in providing education and interventions on the eating behavior of pregnant women. This training activity can improve the skills of health workers in an effort to increase knowledge, attitudes and eating behavior of pregnant women so that they can prevent, overcome and help reduce the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women and prevent stunting in toddlers. Keywords: early detection, chronic energy deficiency, training, health workers

HUBUNGAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSLUSIF DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA DI BLUD UPTD PUSKESMAS LANGENSARI 1 KOTA BANJAR

ABSTRACT Background: Children who are stunted are more vulnerable to infectious infections and may experience chronic malnutrition, which can impede their physical and mental development. One of the risk factors for childhood stunting is inadequate nutrition for toddlers, particularly breast-feeding, which is the best source of nutrients for babies. According to preliminary study data from January to April 2023 at BLUD UPTD Puskesmas Langensari 1, the prevalence rate of stunting is 146 children under five. Additionally, the data on exclusive breastfeeding coverage for the same period shows that 127 children under five receive exclusive breast milk, while 50 toddlers do not receive exclusive breast milk. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the association between toddler stunting incidence and exclusive breastfeeding at the BLUD UPTD Langensari 1 Health Center in Banjar City. Method: A cross-sectional study design is employed together with correlational or association research. Data from 1,995 toddlers in BLUD UPTD Puskesmas Langensari 1 Banjar City between January and April of 2023 comprise the population for this study, with a sample size of 95. Random sample was the sample method employed. Result: The analysis's p-value of 0.001 indicates a strong correlation between the incidence of stunting in toddlers at the BLUD UPTD Langensari 1 Health Center in Banjar City and exclusive breastfeeding.

The Relationship Of Exclusive Breastfeeding With Stunting Incidents In Toddler In Dt Village

Stunting or short stature is a serious nutritional problem that is currently of concern to the Indonesian government because it has a negative impact on reducing the quality of human resources in the future. Indonesia is the country with the fifth largest incidence of stunting out of 88 countries in the world and the third highest after Timor Leste and Democratic Laos in the South-East Asia Regional (SEAR) region, with stunting sufferers of 7.8 million or 35. 65%. Exclusive breastfeeding is one of the factors that can influence the prevalence of stunting because the nutrition contained in breast milk is an important factor that determines a child's growth and development. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Dolok Tolong Village, Sumbul District, Dairi Regency. The research design used was an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. The sample was 38 toddlers. The results obtained were that the majority of the samples were aged 11-20 months (21.1%), 26 toddlers who were not given exclusive breastfeeding (68.4%), and 9 toddlers (23.7%) were included in the stunting category. Based on the test results statistics using the chi square correlation test, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p=0.002). It is hoped that the results of this research can contribute to related parties, especially Community Health Centers, regarding exclusive breastfeeding to overcome stunting

Water Sanitation and Stunting Incident in Banggae District, Majene Regency, West Sulawesi

SSGI 2022 showed that stunting’s prevalence rate in West Sulawesi is 35%, which is the second highest in Indonesia. Majene had the highest stunting prevalence rate in West Sulawesi in 2022, namely 40,6%. This study aimed to determine environmental factors (sanitation and exposure to cigarette smoke) that could affect children's development and could have an effect on increasing the incidence of stunting in toddlers. This research was carried out in Banggae District using case control study from April until June in 2023. The population in this study were 24 to 59-month-old toddlers. This research used a simple random study to obtain sample as many as 66 subjects. The instruments used in this study were a questionnaire sheet containing information about the characteristics of mothers and children, water intake descriptions, and environmental sanitation in the past two years. All obtained data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate chi-square tests to determine the relationship between all variables. The statistical test results for the relationship between drinking water sources and stunting were a p-value=0,012 (<0,05) and p-value=0,018 (<0,05) for the relationship between water processing and stunting. The chi-square test results for the relationship between the quality of physical water and stunting in children were a p-value=0,001 (<0,05) and an OR value of 0,320. The conclusion of this study is that several environmental factors, such as sanitation and exposure to secondhand smoke, can affect child development and significantly affect the number of stunting in children in Banggae, Majene, West Sulawesi.

Application of negative binomial regression in analyzing factors that influence stunting in toddlers

Application of negative binomial regression in analyzing factors that influence stunting in toddlers

A Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis of Household Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Stunting and Non-Stunting Toddlers

Background: Stunting, wasting, and underweight are growth disorders in children under 5 years of age due to malnutrition in Indonesia. The level of macronutrient intake is a risk factor that directly influences stunting and wasting. Food insecurity is associated with poverty, malnutrition, and hunger. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze food and nutritional insecurity in households with stunting and non-stunting toddlers, using a multivariate model. Method: This study used a comparative cross-sectional design. Using the Lemeshow formula, 142 samples were obtained from a population of 822 children under five. Food insecurity was measured using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), diversity using IDDS, and macronutrient intake using 2x24-hour food recall. Stunting, wasting, and underweight were measured based on anthropometry. Bivariate analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Food insecurity, energy intake, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, underweight, and maternal nutritional knowledge had a significant relationship with the incidence of stunting in toddlers. These results also showed that the underweight variable was the most dominant cause of stunting because it had the highest OR value of 18.572. The OR value showed that underweight toddlers were 18.572 times more likely to have a stunting nutritional status. Conclusions: Toddlers categorized as underweight face an 18.572 times higher likelihood of experiencing stunting in their nutritional status.

Prediction of Stunting in Toddlers Combining the Naive Bayes Method and the C4.5 Algorithm

Research conducted to predict the incidence of stunting in toddlers, using data mining methods such as Naive Bayes and the C4.5 algorithm has been applied to analyze health data. The main aim of this research is to develop a predictive model that can identify toddlers who are at high risk of stunting, based on variables that have been collected from medical records and health surveys. The use of the Naive Bayes and C4.5 methods in this research aims to compare the effectiveness of the two methods in dealing with complex and unbalanced classification problems. This research involves a series of crucial stages starting from data selection, data pre-processing, data mining model design, data mining model testing, to method evaluation. In this study, the sample used consisted of 200 toddlers, of which 159 were diagnosed as having stunting and 41 others were not. The classification results show significant effectiveness in both methods used. The accuracy results of both methods are very encouraging, with both methods showing success rates of more than 90%. This shows that both Naive Bayes and C4.5 are very effective in identifying patterns related to the risk of stunting among toddlers. These highly accurate results not only demonstrate the power of data mining techniques in the field of public health but also provide insights that health practitioners can use to intervene earlier in at-risk populations.

Education on the Importance of Breast Milk and Complementary Foods for Breast Milk (MPASI) as an Effort to Prevent Stunting

Stunting is a form of growth failure (growth faltering) due to the accumulation of nutritional deficiencies that last for a long time starting from pregnancy until the age of 24 months. Optimal nutritional intake for newborns by providing exclusive breast milk as the main food until the age of 6 months and then continuing until the age of 2 years accompanied by appropriate and high-quality complementary foods will prevent stunting in toddlers. One important effort to prevent stunting is by empowering the community, especially parents, to pay attention to the intake of breast milk and complementary foods for their babies. By providing knowledge to the public about the importance of correct breastfeeding and MPASI, it is hoped that the public can change their behavior to prioritize exclusive breastfeeding and correct MPASI. This community service method uses an educational approach through outreach with a total of 139 participants who live in five villages in Jatigede District, Sumedang Regency, West Java. Socialization involving experts gave results that there was an increase in participants' knowledge as measured using pre-test and post-test instruments. The percentage of participants who experienced an increase in knowledge from 139 participants, the results obtained were 118 participants (85%) experienced an increase in knowledge about breast milk and complementary foods, and 19 people (14%) had the same knowledge before and after socialization while 2 people (1%) gained The score decreased during the post-test due to several factors, including some participants who did not have time to complete the post-test questionnaire due to having to do other work

The Relationship between Knowledge of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior and the Nutritional Status of Stunted Toddlers in West Kupang Regency in 2023

Background: Stunting in toddlers is still a serious health problem in Indonesia. Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is one of the factors that influence the nutritional status of toddlers. Research Objective: To understand the relationship between knowledge of clean and healthy living behavior and the nutritional status of stunted toddlers in West Kupang Regency. Research Method: Using an analytical research design with a chi-square design, this study was conducted by collecting secondary data from the Community Care Network Foundation. The sampling was done using a cluster random sampling technique with a total of 100 respondents. The research was analyzed bivariately using the risk estimate test. Results: The majority of toddler subjects are male. The toddler subjects range in age from 0 to 4 years. The parents of the subjects have educational statuses of elementary school (16%), junior high school (19%), high school/vocational school (49%), and university (16%). The mothers of the subjects have occupations as housewives (85%), civil servants (4%), farmers (4%), and private employees (7%). Respondents with poor knowledge-behavior of clean and healthy living, based on exclusive breastfeeding, account for 19%, poor routine weighing at integrated health posts (Posyandu) 4%, poor childbirth assistance 44%, poor handwashing habits 37%, poor use of clean water 52%, and poor toilet usage 2%. Malnutrition status in toddlers is as follows: 62% underweight (Weight-for-Age), 23% stunted (Weight-for-Height), and 28% underweight (Body Mass Index-for-Age). Bivariate analysis results between knowledge-behavior of clean and healthy living show a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the use of clean water with the nutritional status of toddlers. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the use of clean water with the nutritional status of toddlers.

Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 12-24 Bulan di Desa Karya Mulya, Provinsi Riau

The factors that cause stunting in toddlers include incomplete immunization of toddlers, failure to provide exclusive breastfeeding or early weaning, and inappropriate provision of Complementary feeding (MP-ASI). The research aims to analyze the factors causing the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12–24 months in Karya Mulya Village in 2023. The type of research is quantitative with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in April 2023 with a sample size of 52 mothers of toddlers aged 12–24 months using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires, Maternal Child Health books, and body length measurements. The data analysis used was univariate and bivariate analysis with the Fisher Exact Test. The results of the univariate analysis showed that 9 toddlers (17.3%) experienced stunting, 21 toddlers (40.4%) did not give exclusive breast milk at the age of 0–6 months, 27 toddlers (51.9%) gave complementary feeding incorrectly. The Fisher Exact Test results found that there was no relationship between complete immunization and the incidence of stunting (p-value=1.000), there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p-value=0.002), there was a relationship between giving complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting (p-value=0.025). The conclusion is that there is no significant relationship between the completeness of immunization in toddlers, but there is a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and Complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12–24 months in Karya Mulya Village in 2023. It is hoped that mothers of toddlers will continue to monitor the growth of toddlers every month, providing routine immunizations, exclusive breastfeeding, and MP-ASI by guidelines to prevent stunting.

Prediction of Stunting in Toddlers Using Bagging and Random Forest Algorithms

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in toddlers. This is caused by lack of nutrition over a long period of time, exposure to repeated infections, and lack of stimulation. This malnutrition condition is influenced by the mother's health during pregnancy, the health status of adolescents, as well as the economy and culture and the environment, such as sanitation and access to health services. To find out predictions of stunting, currently we still use a common method, namely Secondary Data Analysis, namely by conducting surveys and research to collect data regarding stunting. This data includes risk factors related to stunting, such as maternal nutritional status, child nutritional intake, access to health services, sanitation, and other socioeconomic factors. This secondary data analysis can provide an overview of the prevalence of stunting and the contributing factors. To overcome this, the right solution is needed, one solution that can be used is data mining techniques, where data mining can be used to carry out analysis and predictions for the future, and provide useful information for business or health needs. Based on this analysis, this research will use the Bagging method and Random Forest Algorithm to obtain the accuracy level of stunting predictions in toddlers. Bagging or Bootstrap Aggregation is an ensemble method that can improve classification by randomly combining classifications on the training dataset which can reduce variation and avoid overfitting. Random Forest is a powerful algorithm in machine learning that combines decisions from many independent decision trees to improve prediction performance and model stability. By combining the Bagging method and the Random Forest algorithm, it is hoped that it will be able to provide better stunting prediction results in toddlers. This research uses a dataset with a total of 10,001 data records, 7 attributes and 1 attribute class. Based on the test results using the Bagging method and the Random Forest algorithm in this research, the results obtained were class precision yes 91.72%, class recall yes 98.84%, class precision no 93.55%, class recall no 65.28%, and accuracy of 91.98%.

Factors associated with stunting incidence in toddlers in Cibungbulang sub-district, Bogor

Background: Stunting is a developmental disorder characterized by L/A or H/A index z-score ≤2 SD and contribute to various negative impacts until adulthood. The prevalence of stunting among toddlers in Bogor Regency reached 24.9 percent according to SSGI. This study aimed to determine relationships between family income, being breastfed and drinking other milks, eating habits, handwashing and oral hygiene habits with stunting incidence among toddlers in Cibungbulang sub-district. Methods: The study used cross-sectional design with 307 samples selected through systematic randomization. Almost all data, except stunting, were collected through interview with respondents, while stunting was identified through height measurement. Results: Most toddlers had family income under the minimum wage (81.4%), did not drink breast milk anymore (52,4%), consumed other milks (60.6%), ate independently (69.4%), washed their hands after using toilets (91.2%), and cleaned their mouths at least once a day (85%). A total of 35% toddlers were stunted. There were significant relationships between family income (p=0.001), drinking breast milk (p=0.000) and other milks (p=0.001), eating habits (p=0.001), handwashing (p=0.035) and oral hygiene habits (p=0.039) with stunting incidence in toddlers (p<0.05). Conclusions: Family income, consumption of breast milk and other milks, eating habits, and handwashing and oral hygiene habits were associated with stunting in toddlers.

The effect of maternal age on stunting incidence (Analysis of 2018 Riskesdas Secondary Data)

<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Stunting is a nutritional problem in children which is characterized by the child's height not meeting the age standards set by WHO. Indonesia is the country with the highest prevalence of stunting. Stunting has the impact of delays in various sectors, especially health, in the short term, namely increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Stunting is caused by household factors, one of which is maternal factors. One of the reasons children are stunted is the mother's age, which is still in the adolescent range. Teenage moms who become pregnant often lack the knowledge necessary to ensure their unborn kid has a healthy diet, which can lead to stunting in the infant.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong><em> This study aims to determine the effect of maternal age on the incidence of stunting in children aged 0-59 months based on 2018 Riskesdas data.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This research is a quantitative study with an analytical cross-sectional design using secondary data analysis based on survey results from Riskesdas in 2018. Data collection was carried out in March 2018 by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) with locations in all provinces in Indonesia consisting of 34 provinces. The sample used was adjusted to the inclusion criteria, namely 69,155 mothers and toddlers aged 0-59 months. Research analysis was carried out using SPSS in stages based on a description of the research results and frequency distribution by presenting tables on the variables studied and using bivariate analysis simple binary logistic regression with Crude OR results with a confidence level of 95%.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> The results obtained in this study were that there was a significant influence between maternal age and the incidence of stunting with a p value = 0.003. As many as 17.7% of stunting incidents in toddlers were experienced by teenage mothers.</em></p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em> There is an influence of maternal age on the incidence of stunting in toddlers. It is hoped that health institutions can increase awareness regarding early marriage which can cause stunting.</em>

Mother's knowledge and attitudes towards preventing stunting in their toddlers (1-5 years) in West Java Indonesia

Background: Stunting is a term used to describe a condition when a child's physical growth does not reach the height that should be appropriate for his age. This indicates that the child is experiencing growth delays which can have a negative impact on their physical and cognitive development. Stunting or shortness of breath occurs when babies (0-11 months) and toddlers (12-59 months) experience growth failure as a result of chronic malnutrition, especially during the first 1,000 days of life. The impact is that the child has a shorter height than the standard that should be appropriate for his age. Purpose: To determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of mothers towards stunting in toddlers (1-5 years) in the Ciherang Community Health Center working area, Cianjur Regency in 2023. Method: Quantitative research with a research design cross sectional. This research was conducted from April to May 2023. Respondents were 53 mothers who had stunted children under five. Data collection was carried out by observing, analyzing data using tests spend-square. Results: Analysis results spend-square earned value p-value = 0.003 < 0.05. Conclusion: There is a relationship between mother's knowledge and attitude towards stunting. Suggestion: It is hoped that it can increase knowledge and insight for mothers to know the importance of prevention stunting from the age of toddlers in order to reduce the number of incidents stunting in Indonesia, especially in the Cianjur Region.

The Influence of Parenting Patterns, Diarrhea Diseases and Infections on the Incidence of Stunting Toddlers in Poor Families in Medan City

<p><em>Stunting is a long-term reflection of inadequate food quality and quantity and frequent childhood infections, especially in low economic conditions or poor families. This study aims to analyze the effect of parenting patterns on breastfeeding and complementary feeding, food preparation, environmental hygiene and sanitation practices, caring for children when sick, infectious diseases of diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infection on the incidence of stunting in toddlers in poor families in Medan City. This research method used a case-control approach. This study was conducted in the Medan City area from November 2022 to December 2023. The study sample population was 364. The study sample was 105 children from poor families by comparing the number of samples in the case group and control samples, namely 35 samples in the case group and 70 in the control group. The sampling technique was carried out using the cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire in the form of an interview. The incidence of stunting in children was obtained from the measurement of children's height using a toddler height meter. Data collection used primary data through questionnaires and secondary data through Child Identity Card book data. Data analysis with descriptive univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi-square test and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. data processing using SPSS software version 16.0. The results showed that there was a significant influence between breastfeeding and complementary feeding (p-value 0.006) and environmental sanitation hygiene practices (p-value = 0.017) on the incidence of stunting in toddlers from poor families. The dominant factor influencing the incidence of stunting in Medan City is the factor of breastfeeding and complementary feeding that is not good has a risk of 3.473 times experiencing stunting compared to children with good breastfeeding and complementary feeding. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords: Parenting, Poor Family, Stunting, Toddler</em></strong>

Analysis of Personal Hygiene Status and Basic Sanitation with the Incidence of Stunting in Toddler (case study of Pantai Labu Sub-District)

<p><em>The second sustainable development goal, which aims to achieve food security and eradicate hunger and all kinds of malnutrition by 2030, includes stunting as one of its priorities</em><em>. WASH and personal hygiene are indirect risk factors for stunting, if environmental sanitation and personal hygiene are poor, it can increase the risk of stunting in toddlers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of personal hygiene status and basic sanitation on the incidence of stunting in Pantai Labu sub-district. The research was conducted from August to October 2023 in five villages that have been determined to be the locus of stunting in the district, namely Paluh Sibaji, Regemuk, Denai Kuala, Bagan Serdang, and Sei Tuan Villages. This research method uses a case control design population in this study were mothers of toddlers who were stunted in Pantai Labu District, totaling 55 toddlers. Sample taken by total sampling with a total of 55 stunted toddlers and 55 toddlers who were not stunted and a total sample of 110 toddlers.</em> <em>This research uses primary and secondary data, with data collection using questionnaires and observation sheets. Data analysis using logistic regression test </em><em>presenting with odds ratio (OR)</em><em> </em><em>and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)</em><em> by using SPSS version 25. </em><em>The results showed that personal hygiene of toddlers (OR = 4.259; 95% CI 1.749-10.372; p = 0.001), personal hygiene of mothers (OR = 4.571; 95% CI 1.752-11.928; p=0.002), and ownership of latrines (OR=2.260; 95% CI 1.051-4.859; p=0.037) influenced the incidence of stunting in Pantai Labu sub-district. Access to drinking water, waste water disposal facilities, and waste disposal facilities had no effect on the incidence of stunting (p>0.05). Mothers are advised to improve personal hygiene for both mothers and toddlers and always fulfill the criteria for latrines to meet the requirements.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords: Stunting, Personal hygiene, Sanitation</em></strong></p>

The dominant factors associated with stunting among two years children in five provinces in Indonesia

Stunting is a significant malnourishment problem in Indonesia. The 2021 Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI) reported that there are five provinces with a high prevalence of stunting (>30%). Age under two years (old age) is the golden period during which children overgrow, and malnutrition during this period can still be corrected. This study analyzed the dominant factors associated with stunting in two-year-old children from five provinces: Aceh, NTB, NTT, West Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi. This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the SSGI 2021. The subjects were 4,554. Children (0-23 months) under five. The 2021 SSGI study was conducted in 34 provinces and 514 regencies/cities from January to December 2021. Data were collected through interviews using the SSGI 2021 questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Statistical applications were used for data processing. Data analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression tests with the criteria of p<0,05 and a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The risk factors associated with stunting in children from the five provinces were underweight (OR=9,367), age 6-11 months (OR=1,386), age 12-23 months (OR=1,386), diagnosis of measles (2,5681 CI), male sex (OR=1,400), family size ≥ 8 people (OR=1,612), poor sanitation (OR=1,273 CI 95% 1,041-1,556), and the father's occupation as a farmer/occupation/fisherman/driver (OR=1,278). In conclusion, being underweight is the dominant factor associated with stunting in toddlers.

The Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Stunting Incidents in Toddlers in the Working Area of the UPT Health Center Susut I Bangli

Stunting affects the growth and development of the brain. The problem of stunting occurs starting from the womb and will only be seen when the child is two years old. Stunting can be prevented by several things such as exclusive breastfeeding, providing nutritious food according to the needs of the child's body, implementing and getting used to clean living behaviors, and doing physical activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and stunting in toddlers. 24-59 Months in the Working Area of UPT Puskesmas Susut I Bangli. The research conducted was a retrospective analytic research with a cross-sectional study design that emphasized the measurement/observation of independent and dependent variable data only once, at one time. The selection of the sample in this study is using a total sampling technique. The sample of this study were 31 toddlers aged 24-59 months. The results of the analysis using the Fisher's Exact test showed that out of 31 mothers, it was shown that 23 respondents (95.8%) were not given exclusive breastfeeding and 23 respondents (95.8%) were of normal height and 1 respondent (6.2%) were given breast milk. Exclusively with short height 0 respondents (0.0%) and with normal height 7 respondents (100%). The results of the study were declared significant if p 0.05 and the statistical test results obtained p = 0.00