Respondents In Study Research Articles

Examining the Success Rates in Licensure Examination for Teachers: A Quantitative Focus on Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) Graduates

This study examines the success rates of Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) graduates from Sultan Kudarat State University (SKSU) – Kalamansig Campus in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). This study utilized the descriptive-comparative research design that compares two variables to describe the differences. The study's respondents were the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) graduates of Sultan Kudarat State University – Kalamansig Campus who took the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) for elementary level from 2018 – 2023. The respondents were selected using the purposive sampling method, with 185 respondents. The data were analyzed using the t-test for paired samples, and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the t-test. The study compares the overall passing percentage with national averages and analyzes the General Education and Professional Education scores. The findings indicate fluctuating performance, with BEED graduates performing better in General Education than in Professional Education. Despite a higher mean passing percentage than the national average, the study highlights the need for continuous improvement in curriculum and teaching strategies to enhance LET outcomes. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exam preparation and administration is also discussed. Recommendations are provided for educational stakeholders to adopt innovative teaching methods and improve faculty development to increase licensure examination success rates

Waste management through a waste bank based on entrepreneurial readiness in Ngalang Village

This research describes entrepreneurial readiness in the waste bank community at Ngalang Village, Gunungkidul Regency. This study is qualitative phenomenological research. This study's respondents were six administrators and members of the waste bank community in Ngalang Village, Gedangsari, Gunungkidul. Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique with the characteristics of the respondents: administrators and members of the Ngalang Village waste bank, do not have a permanent job, have an active status, and have been involved for at least one year. The data analysis employed in this research is content analysis. The results of the study show that the entrepreneurial readiness of the waste bank community in Ngalang Village has the skills needed in business, is courageous in dealing with and anticipating business failures, has a social network community that supports business activities, can see business opportunities, and prepare business development plans. In addition, in the waste bank community, they can prepare physically, mentally, and spiritually, have strong personalities, are willing to develop their skills, prepare for business activity, and prepare themselves for marketing the products. This entrepreneurial readiness will eventually become the principal capital in starting a business in the waste bank community.

Determinants of Safe Behavior among Clinical Pathology Assistants at Dr. Soebandi Regional Hospital Jember, Indonesia

Introduction: Every workplace has potential hazards that can threaten work safety, including clinical pathology laboratories. Work accidents in clinical pathology at Dr. Soebandi Regional Hospital Jember have decreased every year. This study aims to examine the determinants of safety behavior among clinical pathology assistants at Dr. Soebandi Regional Hospital, Jember. Methods: This research was a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study's respondents were 32 clinical pathology assistants. We collected data using a questionnaire. We analyzed this research using frequency, crosstab, and logistic regression tests. Results: The majority of clinical pathology assistants were under 40 years old, had completed occupational health and safety training, possessed competencies suitable for their work, maintained a positive attitude, and demonstrated high motivation at work. Almost all respondents stated that supervision was good, they had good knowledge, and their most recent level of education was Diploma-III. Most clinical pathology assistants behave safely. Clinical pathology assistants who are under 40 years old, have completed occupational health and safety training, exhibit competence, a positive attitude, and high motivation, report good supervision, possess good knowledge, and hold the latest Diploma-III education level are more likely to behave safely. Conclusion: Several clinical pathology assistants have demonstrated safe behavior while working in the clinical pathology laboratory. Several factors, including superior supervision and reasonable supervision efforts in the clinical pathology laboratory, contribute to the safe behavior of clinical pathology assistants.

Government Support and Investors Participation in Rwanda Stock Exchange

This study was primarily motivated to investigate the investors participation as it has been observed to be low. The empirical examination was achieved through the variables of capacity building and enabling environment by government as independent variable and investors participation as dependent variable on the Rwanda Stock Exchange. The study included an explanatory and survey design. A total of 188 responses were received from a pool of 219respondents from RSE investors. This study's respondents were identified via purposive sampling, and responses were elicited using a 5-point Likert survey questionnaire. Data were collected through a number of ways, including a structured questionnaire for investors, semi-directed interviews with brokers, and a documentary review. According to the findings, investors' participation in the Rwanda Stock Exchange is primarily determined by their numeracy skills. On the whole, the combinations of these two determinants’ accounts for investor involvement on the stock exchange. The study discovered that both capacity building and enabling environment positively and significantly influenced investor participation in the Rwanda stock exchange. This study helps to make policy by demonstrating that financial education and literacy training (capacity building) should be provided to investors and prospective investors on the Stock Exchange. The government should continue to fine tune its legislation to encourage both local and international investors. The current article contributes to Rwanda stock exchange policy advisory as it has shown the benefit of capacity building and provision of enabling environment by government. The study can be a good library for researcher too.

Locus of Control as Determinants of Online - Dating Behaviour Among Graduates in Kwara – State

This study investigated locus of control as a determinant of online dating among university students in Kwara State. A descriptive survey design with a correlational approach was adopted. The study's respondents were 380 university students from four universities in Kwara State. Instruments for data collection were the Online Dating Behaviour Scale adapted from the Tinsel (2019) Survey and the locus of control scale adapted from Rotter (1966). Three null hypotheses were generated and tested at .05 alpha levels. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. Result showed a significant relationship between online dating and internal locus of control of university students in Kwara State (r. calculated = 0.41, df = 378 and p < 0.05); a significant relationship between online dating and powerful others locus of control of university students in Kwara State (r. calculated = -0.62, df = 378 and p < 0.05); a significant relationship between online dating and chance locus of control of university students in Kwara State (r. calculated = -0.26, df = 378 and p < 0.05). Recommendations based on the findings of the study were proffered.

Integration of DigiLeaP (Digital Learning Packet) Offline Application as a Learning Resource and Its Effect to Students’ Engagement

Many applications are being discovered that can help or ruin students' education. Many students engage in different types of applications that enable them to improve their school performance. The main goal of this study is to determine the effectiveness and impact of DigiLeaP Offline Application to the academic engagement of students in Noveleta Senior High School. Eighty-one (81) learners from Noveleta Senior High School in Grade 11 served as the study's respondents and were chosen using total population sampling. This study utilized the one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. This study revealed that the integration of DigiLeap application has a significant impact on students’ learning engagement. Their engagement level prior to the implementation is in the good category but after the implementation, it raised to a higher level of engagement – affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions. The positive gained differences which indicated improved results were supported by the results of the Paired T-Test that yielded a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the students. Nonetheless, using DigiLeap can help children develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and information processing skills.

Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) Teachers’ Technology Proficiency and Instructional Module Writing Ability in the New Normal

This study aimed to determine the association between the technology proficiency and instructional module writing ability of TLE teachers as well as determining which of the indicators of the TLE teachers’ technology proficiency significantly influence their instructional module writing ability during the new normal learning modality at Molopolo National High School, Davao del Sur. This study used the non-experimental quantitative research design utilizing the descriptive-correlational method. The questionnaire was validated, and a convenience sampling procedure was done. The 100 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) teachers from the Grades 7, 8, and 9 are the study's respondents. Findings of this study resulted that the TLE teachers manifest a strong technology proficiency in the new normal as well as the TLE teachers manifest a strong instructional module writing ability in the new normal. Correlational findings showed that there is a strong significant positive correlation between the technology proficiency and instructional module writing ability of TLE teachers in the new normal learning environment. Furthermore, the regression analysis resulted that all of the indicators of TLE teacher’ technology proficiency significantly influenced their instructional module writing ability during the new normal learning modality.

Impact of alternative development on reducing the security threat posed by cannabis cultivation: A case of Tain District, Ghana

Purpose: Cannabis cultivation has supported the local economy and culture of Nsawkaw, Badu, and other communities in the Tain District of the Bono Region for many years. The cultivation's security threat was also important, according to this study's respondents. However, any Alternative Development (AD) program to replace this old enterprise must entail community engagement, youth participation, entrepreneurial development, and finances to preserve the culture and tradition of the people. Methodology: Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to analyze data and use the inductive research approach. Cannabis cultivation farmers in Badu and Nsawkaw in Tain District, Opinion Leaders, Narcotics Control Commission employees, and Bono Region NGOs were the study's target demographic. Findings: It was also found that most AD regulations to prevent cannabis cultivation were heavily affected by party politics, leading many people to forsake them. AD must examine how Ghana might allow cannabis cultivation under stringent laws for its many benefits, including medicinal use and quick money. Value: AD should consider marketing, conserving, transporting, and pricing licit crops. The Tree Crops Authority (MOFA) should be proactive in its mandate. Their proactiveness can pique cannabis farmers' interest in tree crops, particularly cashews.

Extent of Learning Resources Development In Relation to Teachers’Level of Mental Health and Stress

Teachers' stress levels and mental health are crucial aspects that help them holistically manage and lead their classrooms. This quantitative study determined the impact of mental health and stress levels among Criminology faculty in relation to their learning resource development. It was conducted at the selected schools in the province od Zamboanga del Sur that offers a Criminology program. There were 108 criminology faculty who served as the study's respondents and were chosen through purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study were the Mental Health Survey, Stress level Questionnaire, and Learning Resource Development. The findings showed that the level of mental health among the Criminology faculty was high. The level of stress among the Criminology faculty was average. Therefore, the level of learning resources development among the Criminology faculty was very high. Mental health is no significant relationship to learning resource development. However, wellbeing and positive mental health are highly significant in learning resource development. The level of stress is no significant relationship to learning resource development. Positive mental health is a significant predictor of learning resource development. Thus, anxiety and stress do not predict learning resource development. It is recommended that further studies be c onducted using strong qualitative tools to investigate the level of stress and mental health related to learning resource development.

Analysis of The Influence of Enterprise Resources Planning Adoption and Information Technology Applications on Quality of Accounting Report

This study aims to ascertain how user skills, information technology utilization, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) adoption affect accounting report quality. Causal study methodology is employed in this work. The method for gathering data was a questionnaire. The study's respondents are employees who have used accounting information systems. Convenience sampling, or non-probability sampling, was used to choose the sample for this study. Multiple linear regressions are employed in this study. According to the research findings, the use of enterprise resource planning, information technology, and user knowledge together had a favorable and significant effect on the quality of accounting information. The quality of accounting information can be enhanced by ERP adoption when backed by top management commitment and support, ease of system integration, system capacity to meet needs, vendor training, and solutions that satisfy needs. The quality of accounting information is positively impacted by IT, which is supported by a solid infrastructure, including functionally matched computers, computer networks, internet access, effective accounting procedures, software-assisted data processing, information system output, and infrastructure upkeep. Furthermore, the quality of accounting information can be enhanced by solid user knowledge, reinforced by education, training, and user experience. When managing accounting information systems, businesses must consider these criteria to guarantee that the data generated is reliable, accurate, timely, comprehensive, and verifiable. Thus, companies can make better decisions based on accurate and relevant information.

The Brand Loyalty Determinants of Indonesian Local Beauty Product Customers: Is it mediated by Customer Satisfaction and moderated by Brand Trust?

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of customer satisfaction mediators and brand trust moderators on brand loyalty among customers of a local beauty product in Indonesia. Researchers wanted to know how to boost customer loyalty to a local beauty product user in Indonesia. This study employed primary data collected via an online survey utilizing a Google form, with respondents chosen using purposive sampling. This study's respondents were women, with a total of 116 respondents aged 18-35 years who utilized a local beauty product in Indonesia. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used in this work as a research approach. According to the study's findings, utilitarian value and brand image directly and positively affect consumer satisfaction. Furthermore, brand image and customer satisfaction have a strong direct and positive impact on brand loyalty, and customer satisfaction can buffer the relationship between brand image and brand loyalty. While utilitarian value has no effect on brand loyalty, customer satisfaction cannot mitigate the association between utilitarian value and brand loyalty. Finally, the moderating influence of brand trust cannot affect the link between consumer pleasure and brand loyalty.

Integrated Training Plan for Youth Soccer Players: Focus on SABC

Structured and effective physical training is the primary key to unlocking their full potential on the field. SABC can help young football players improve their reaction speed to on-field situations, enhance ball control with greater accuracy and effectiveness, and make more precise and timely passing decisions. Furthermore, it helps improve the ability to create goal-scoring opportunities and enhance high-speed running and dribbling skills, enabling them to attack the opponent's defense more effectively. This research aimed to design an integrated training program focused on Speed, Agility, Balance, and Coordination. The study's respondents consisted of 30 young football players aged 15.5 ± 0.5 years. The experimental training program was conducted twice a week for 12 weeks, with initial and final measurements taken. This training included various exercises focused on Speed, Agility, Balance, and Coordination. The data analysis results indicated that the SABC training had a significantly positive impact on player skill improvement. The discussion concludes that a holistic approach to football training, considering Speed, Agility, Balance, and Coordination, is an effective approach to enhancing the quality of young football players. This training program helps develop more comprehensive and high-quality players in various aspects of the game. The findings of this research have important practical implications for coaches, football organizations, and young players looking to improve their SABC skills. In future research, there may be room to further understand the role of each aspect of SABC in improving the performance of young football players. Keywords: Performance improvement; Speed; Agility; Balance; Coordination.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Struktur Organisasi dan Perluasan Pengetahuan Pemasaran Digital pada Yayasan PIPAYA Bogor

Organization is a crucial component of the management system, with human resource management receiving particular emphasis. Implementing a good management system can help an organization enhance its performance. One component of the management system required to support performance is the preparation of marketing materials and organizational structures. The Pipaya Foundation is a non-profit organization headed by housewives that is committed to managing aid to orphanages. The goal of the support that was provided in building up the Pipaya Foundation's management system is to help the non-profit organization perform better. In order to conduct this study, quantitative descriptive approaches were used. This study's respondents were Pipaya Foundation administrators and members. This study used a questionnaire that contains various questions about the implementation of organizational management and structure, as well as the usage of digital technologies to sell its services. According to the results of data analysis from responders, the mentorship process can help boost understanding about Pipaya's organizational structure and digital marketing. Respondents' average level of knowledge went from high to very high after receiving governance and digital marketing training. Effective and well-structured management of non-profit organizations, like Pipaya, can boost the productivity of human resources and organizations, thereby supporting the Indonesian people's economy. Keywords: Performance; Non-profit organizations; Orphan Assistance Manager; Marketing; Human resources

Reevaluation of Non-Assertive Attitude of Government Officials as a Criminologic Factor in State Land Encroachment and Environmental Destruction in Kupang

Objective: The rising societal need for land has led individuals to explore various means to acquire it. In recent years, incidents of encroachment on state land have been observed in several regions of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). This phenomenon undermines public interests and sets a detrimental precedent for the community. The central issue addressed in this research is whether the non-assertive stance and actions of local government officials contribute as criminogenic factors in state land encroachment and environmental (forest) degradation in Manutapen Village, Alak District, Kupang City. The study aims to shed light on the complex interplay between governance, societal demands, and environmental preservation in the context of land-related offenses. Method: This research serves as a reevaluation of a study conducted approximately 20 years ago in Manutapen Village, Alak District, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. The study's respondents totaled 78 individuals selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data collection employed observation and in-depth interviews, with the findings presented in single and cross-tabulated tables. The aim is to revisit and analyze the current state of the issues related to land encroachment and environmental degradation, providing updated insights into the persisting challenges faced by the community. Result and Discussion: The research findings reveal a correlation between the indecisiveness of village/community government officials and criminal acts of state land encroachment and environmental damage (forest) in Manutapen Village, Alak District, Kupang City. Respondents with higher incomes tend to exhibit a weaker or insufficient level of land tenure, while conversely, respondents with lower incomes demonstrate a tendency towards stronger land tenure. The relationship between these two variables is characterized as negative. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the intricate dynamics between government officials' attitudes and actions, shedding insight into the complex issues surrounding land encroachment and environmental damage within the community.

MSMEs as Catalysts for Growth: Analyzing their Contribution to Food Tour Development and Local Economic Sustainability

This study used a descriptive correlational approach to determine MSMEs' competitiveness and contributions to food tour development in Iloilo City. The study's respondents were entrepreneurs who managed and/or owned micro, small, and medium-sized businesses in Iloilo City, engaged in the food industry, and were either part of or considered part of the tourist circuit. A modified survey instrument addressed the study's concerns and was the primary data source. A validity score of 4.64 and a reliability Cronbach alpha of 0.980 indicates that the instrument is valid and very reliable. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used for statistical treatment. Key findings indicate that food-related MSMEs in Iloilo City are moderately competitive in their capacity to compete, connect, and change. A modest contribution to the growth of food tours through job creation and product offering but a low contribution to total monthly sales. A positive direct relationship was found between business competitiveness and contribution to food tour development. Entrepreneurial age and educational level have been shown to influence how much enterprises contribute to food tour development. The findings of this study may be applied to the growth and management of MSMEs in Iloilo City, making them more competitive agents of food tour development. Any organization that wants to be competitive should strategically form good partnerships to get amazing outcomes. Using positioning and uniqueness to catch visitors' attention, food-related MSMEs may leverage tourists who value food in their travel reasons. Appreciating local food resources and paying close attention to how they are presented and promoted to the public would likely attract tourists and increase tourism earnings.

Post-Mortem Analysis of the 2016 Elections Based on the Political Marketing Strategies Used by Local Political Parties in Dumaguete City

This research study is a post-mortem analysis of the 2016 local elections in Dumaguete City, focusing on the political marketing strategies used by the Liberal Party (LP) and Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) candidates. The objective was to analyze the political marketing strategies the political parties and candidates employed in the 2016 elections. It also aimed to address the research gap by systematically examining and analyzing the political marketing practices within the local context. The researcher employed a combination of descriptive-quantitative and qualitative designs. The quantitative design was facilitated by measuring the level of effectiveness of the political marketing strategies used by the party and the candidates to win votes, which was measured on a scale of 5.00, where 1.00 is not effective, and 5.00 is the most effective. The qualitative design was facilitated by the archival of documents and structured interviews. The study's respondents were the mayor, vice mayor, and ten city councilors, totaling 12 (n=12). However, only 9 (n=9) participated in answering the survey questionnaire and guide interview. Using Menon’s framework, the study found that LP dominated the election, employing strategies like clear platforms, candidate image building, party disclosure, information drives, material rewards, smart slogans, and social media use. They also managed attitudinal and behavioral barriers effectively. LP’s dominant strategies included media campaigns, house-to-house campaigns, public forums, small group meetings, and leaflet distribution. NPC, on the other hand, focused on good governance, transparency, and monetary indulgence. Both parties utilized product function, distribution function, cost function, machine politics and rewards, news management function, and communication function. The top three effective strategies were the news management function (4.61), product function (4.59), and communication function (4.58). The study concluded that LP was more thorough and organized in its marketing strategy application, giving them critical advantages in the election.

First-year accounting students' experiences adjusting chalenges to university life

The object of research: to explores the adjustment experiences to university life of first year accounting students.
 Investigated problems: Adaptation challenges, to the university environment which creates significant stress, affect retention, academic performance, and social demands of first year students – all academic and social integrations are major challenges for first year students.
 The main scientific results: The findings for the study revealed that first-year accounting students report encouraging and undesirable academic and social adjustment experiences respectively. Encouraging academic adjustment experiences related to the availability of support from departmental personnel from the faculty. Undesirable academic experiences included lack of time management, and workload and independence issues.
 The area of practical use of the research results: Encouraging social adjustment included, among others, the introduction of mentors to first years, as well as a wellness center; on the other hand, undesirable social adjustment highlighted independence and disintegration. The study further suggests that universities, through their student support services and faculties, should have in place support strategies, as well as a programme, which promote the interaction of first year students within their institutions throughout their first year of study.
 Innovative technological product: According to the findings, the study recommends coordinated methods to ensure that the first year's accountings receive full support in order to help them successfully adapt to and fit into the new environment. The introduction of electronic platforms that allow first-year stakeholders to organize students and interact with their lecturers and other support structures like mentors and supplemental instructors (SI) a few weeks before the official class sessions is promoted. Additionally, it might be recommended for the wellness center to host workshops for freshmen on time management, managing the workload at the institution, and how independence can occasionally work against a student's academic wellbeing.
 Scope of the innovative technological product: Students in their first year of accounting at one of South Africa's technical universities served as the study's respondents.

To Investigate the Role of Knowledge of Inclusive Finance in Intention of Inclusive Finance: The Moderating Effect of Embeddedness and Innovation.

In today's contemporary landscape, it becomes imperative to integrate inclusive investment structures and pioneering financial methodologies to meet the diverse financial needs of stakeholders. Practitioners involved in devising strategies for nationwide inclusive finance expansion could find utility in this research. The study used a cross-sectional research methodology and simple random sampling techniques to analyze the responses of the current study's respondents, who are owners/investors of micro-enterprises in Punjab, Pakistan. According to the findings of the study, having knowledge of inclusive finance has a considerable favorable effect on owners' intentions about inclusive finance through the perceived benefits and dangers of ordering finance. The role of innovation is one that helps to moderate. Innovation exerts a negative influence on the relationship between PROF and owners' IIF, whereas it has a positive impact on the relationship between PBOF and owners' IIF.

Nurturing the Entrepreneurial Path: Unraveling the Interplay Between Entrepreneurial Mindset and Intention Through the Lens of Entrepreneurial Culture

Purpose: Developing entrepreneurial intention (EI) among students is become an important phenomenon. This study explores the role of entrepreneurial education (EE) and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) towards EI directly and indirectly through entrepreneurial culture (EC). Design/Methodology/ Approach: The researcher applied quantitative methods to assess the proposed aim of the study. The study's respondents are students of different public and private sector universities in Egypt. Finally, the investigation concludes the results based on 272 samples. Findings: In the outcome, EE and ESE have a notable impact on the development of an EI. Additionally, the study highlights the effects of EC and entrepreneurial mindset (EMS) on EI. In mediation, the EC acts as a mediator between EE and EI. However, the EC negatively mediates the connection between ESE and EI. Research, practical and social implications: The practical implications of this research point towards developing targeted educational programs to nurture an EMS and enhancing organizational cultures to support and encourage EI. Both approaches aim to create an environment that stimulates entrepreneurial thinking and action, whether at the individual or corporate level. Originality/ value: This study aims to fill the gaps in the empirical assessment of EI among university students in Egypt.

Self-Efficacy, Core Behavioral Competence and Performance of Teachers: A Scaffold for Proficient and Highly Proficient Teachers

This research aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy, core behavioral competence and level of performance among Public Elementary and Secondary School teachers in two (2) Districts in Mauban, Division of Quezon. The following hypotheses were tested in this study (a) there is no significant relationship between teacher's level of self-efficacy, core behavioral competence and performance among public elementary and secondary school teachers in Mauban District; and (b) teacher's self-efficacy and core behavioral competencies do not significantly predict their level of performance.
 
 A descriptive quantitative research design was used in this study, incorporating descriptive survey, correlation, comparative and causal-comparative methods to answer the specific research problems. The study's respondents were the 247 public elementary and secondary proficient and highly proficient teachers from 39 schools of the two districts in Mauban, Quezon – the Mauban North District and Mauban South District. A stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting the teachers-respondents. A 45-item Likert scale survey questionnaire, the main research instrument, was used.
 
 This study found no significant difference in the teachers' self-efficacy and core behavioral competence when grouped according to their number of teaching/ ancillary load, highest educational attainment, number of years in service and teaching position. The level of self-
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 efficacy in practicing the PPST domains and teachers' performance level has a strongly positive correlation. Likewise, the level of core behavioral competence in practicing the PPST domains and the level of performance have a strong positive correlation.
 
 Regarding the strength of the relationship, there is a strong positive correlation between teachers' self-efficacy and core behavioral competence on the overall teachers' performance. The predicting capacity of self-efficacy and core behavioral competence to the overall performance of teachers is statistically significant. Self-efficacy and core behavioral competencies are predictors of teachers' performance. The higher the teachers' self-efficacy level, the better their performance; the higher the core behavioral competence, the higher their performance.