Prevalence Study Research Articles

The Analysis Study of Prevalence, Risk Factor and Management of Persistent Pain in Intensive Care Survivors: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), encompass physical, cognitive, and mental health deficits that arise and persist following hospitalization for critical illness. This systematic review aims to evaluate the prevalence, risk factor and management of persistent pain in intensive care survivors by analyzing available studies on literatures of the last 10 years. Methods: The study adhered to PRISMA 2020 standards, examining English literature from 2014 to 2024. It excluded editorials, reviews from the same journal, and submissions without a DOI. PubMed, SagePub, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar were utilized as literature sources. Result: Initially retrieving 360 articles from online databases (PubMed, SagePub, SpringerLink and Google Scholar) eight relevant papers were selected after three rounds of screening for full-text analysis. Conclusion: A large proportion of ICU survivors suffer from physical, mental, and cognitive impairments. Holistic approach to post-ICU care, which includes pain management and psychological support, is essential for improving the overall quality of life of ICU survivors.

The implications of healthcare professionals wearing jewelry on patient care biosafety: observational insights and experimental approaches

The use of jewelry among healthcare professionals poses a risk of cross contamination due to potential bacterial accumulation and spread. Through a mixed-method design, this study first analyzed the implications of healthcare professionals wearing jewelry on patient care biosafety as well as on the residual bacterial load of hands and rings after hand hygiene. Firstly, an observational prevalence study to verify whether nursing professionals wear personal accessories during healthcare assistance was carried out. Second, an experimental design involving intentional contamination and hygiene of the hands, with and without a ring, was conducted. The bacterial load of both hands and rings was measured by counting colony forming units. The observational study showed that nursing workers frequently wear jewelry during healthcare assistance. Nonetheless, the experimental study did not indicate differences in bacterial contamination between hands with and without a ring, despite the hand hygiene procedure applied. In conclusion, many nursing workers wear jewelry in the workplace. Although hands with and without a ring exhibited similar microbial load, rings appeared as a potential source of bacterial contamination, reinforcing the need to remove jewelry during working hours. Hand hygiene using alcohol, or soap and water significantly decreased the bacterial load on the participants’ hands, with handwashing proving to be the most efficient method for removing intentional contamination.

Prevalence of suicidal and self-harm ideation in fathers during the perinatal and early parenting period: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Suicide is a leading cause of death in males aged 25-44 years, an age which often coincides with becoming a father. This review aims to synthesise the evidence of the prevalence of suicidal and self-harm ideation in fathers during the perinatal, postnatal and early parenting period. Five databases were searched (PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to identify papers published between 1 January 2000 and 9 March 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of suicidality and self-harm ideation across the included studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. A total of 4215 articles were identified, with 14 studies included in the review. The combined pooled prevalence of suicidal and self-harm ideation was 4.2% (95% CI [2.6%, 6.2%]). Prevalence estimates were higher for self-harm ideation at 5.1% (95% CI [2.6%, 6.2%]) than for suicidality at 3% (95% CI [0.9%, 6.1%]). This review found that a considerable proportion of fathers experience suicidal and self-harm ideation during the early years of parenting. However, the paucity of rigorous prevalence studies indicates that further research in this area is needed urgently.

Indwelling urinary catheter use and adherence to clinical practice guidelines: A point prevalence study in adult hospital inpatients

Background Approximately 25% of hospitalised adults require an indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) during their hospital stay. IDCs expose patients to risks of infectious and non-infectious complications. Aims To identify IDC prevalence, assess adherence to clinical practice guidelines and patient-reported involvement in IDC care for adult hospital inpatients. Methods This point prevalence study was conducted in 22 wards in a single quaternary hospital. Data was collected by clinical and research nurses working in pairs on a single day. Study outcomes were reported descriptively as frequencies and percentages. Results Of 502 patients included, 77 (15.3%) had an IDC (median duration 99.6 h). The median age of patients with an IDC was 64 years (interquartile range 22–88 years), 54 (70%) were male and one-quarter ( n = 19; 25%) of IDCs were inserted at another hospital. More than half ( n = 44; 57%) of the 77 IDCs had no documented removal plan. Three patients were unavailable for review for observed clinical practices, and it was found 43% ( n = 32/74) lacked a securement device. Of 77 people with IDCs, there were 44 patient responses, and 27 (61.4%) patients did not know the reason for their catheter. Discussion Areas for improvement included securement device use, timely removal plans and patient education for the reason for the device. Regular point prevalence studies to assess use and adherence to clinical practical guidelines can improve safety outcomes for patients requiring IDCs.

Prevalence and determinants of orthopedic surgical site infections in rural northern Ghana: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe annual incidence of orthopedic surgeries has been steadily rising globally. The rise in orthopedic surgeries is associated with increased surgical site infection, which is linked with high mortality, extended hospital stays, and decreased quality of patient life. There is a dearth of knowledge on the magnitude and risk factors of orthopedic surgical site infections in Ghana.ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and determinants of orthopedic surgical site infections in St. Theresa’s Hospital, Nandom.MethodA retrospective cohort design among 1032 patients who underwent orthopedic surgeries between January 2014 and December 2018. Admission and patient record books constituted the data sources. The data were initially extracted into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, cleaned, and exported to SPSS version 27 and R for coding and analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of orthopedic surgical site infection was 9.3%. The determinants of orthopedic surgical site infections were: male sex (OR = 2.33, 95%CI 1.04, 5.51) p = 0.04; self-employed (OR = 3.25, 95%CI 1.2, 10.29) p = 0.030; unemployed/retired (OR = 4.61, 95%CI 1.35, 17.72) p = 0.019; duration of admission (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.01, 1.05) p = 0.002; number of days on postoperative medications (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 1, 1.46) p = 0.045; white blood cell count (OR = 1.04, 95%CI 0.98, 1.08) p = 0.050; and revised surgery (OR = 9.89, 95%CI 5.32, 18.79) p = 0.001.ConclusionThis study's prevalence of orthopedic surgical site infection was 9.3%. Surgical site infections are the most surveyed and common types of healthcare-associated infections that occur in low and middle-income countries. Several factors may contribute to these infections. Standardized guidelines are needed to consolidate the prevention of these infections globally.

Prevalencia de manifestaciones extraintestinales y otras condiciones asociadas en una cohorte de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de un centro avanzado en Bogotá, Colombia

Introduction and aimsThe prevalence and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased significantly in Latin America. Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) have elevated morbidity and are poorly characterized in the region. Our aim was to describe the characteristics of EIMs in patients with IBD at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, utilizing the EIM classification proposed by the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation (ECCO). Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted based on an institutional database of patients with IBD and the EIM definition used by the ECCO. Prevalence and prevalence ratios (PRs) of the EIMs were calculated. ResultsThe study included 168 patients, 66 of whom were diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) and 102 with ulcerative colitis (UC). A total of 30.4% patients had at least one EIM, and the most frequent were oral ulcers (13.7%), arthritis (10.1%), and uveitis/episcleritis (6.5%). There was a greater prevalence of EIMs in CD (31.8% vs 29.40% in UC) and women (32.47% vs 28.57% in men). There was a significant PR between uveitis/episcleritis and arthritis, erythema nodosum and arthritis, and erythema nodosum and other eye diseases. ConclusionsOur study shows a high prevalence of EIMs, surpassing that of previous Colombian studies, with a predominance of CD. Oral manifestations stand out as the most common. Prevalence studies on EIMs in Colombia are needed to establish multidisciplinary specialized centers, improving the quality of life of patients with IBD.

Rosacea Epidemiological Investigation and Etiology Exploration in the Plateau Area.

The epidemiology of 2 neighboring cities of differing altitude in Northwest China is unknown. The present study investigated the prevalence of rosacea in a high-altitude city and a low-altitude city. The prevalence study was conducted via clinical examination of male and female participants in the following age groups: 5-17, 18-30, 31-50, and 51-70 years. Rosacea subtype was also determined as erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETTR) or papulopustular rosacea (PPR). The rosacea prevalence (RP) in the low-altitude city was 33.8% ± 1.2% (95% CI, ETTR = 1794, PPR = 174, n = 5794). RP in the high-altitude city has a notably higher reading of 47.7% ± 1.4% (95% CI, ETTR = 2090, PPR = 219, n = 4796). In both cities, the ETTR subtype predominated, and there was marked increase in RP among females. RP in low-altitude city females was steady across all age groups, while RP in low-altitude city males showed a declining trend with age. RP in high-altitude city females indicated a slightly increasing trend with age, while RP in males again showed a declining trend with age. Based on the results of this high-altitude city and low-altitude city study, there are an estimated 2.1 million people with rosacea, from 2 cities with a total population of 5.4 million. Due to the high altitude and accompanying increased UV radiation, cold climate, and reduced oxygen density, the greater northwest region of China is expected to experience high RP rates.

Comprehensive Classification System for Localized Alveolar Bone Deficiencies in Treatment Planning for Dental Implants: A Proposed Classification and Prevalence Study.

Introduction The current classification of alveolar bone defects remains ambiguous. This study aims to classify and evaluate the prevalence of bone deformities using a comprehensive classification system for localized alveolar bone deficiencies in dental implant treatment planning. Methods This cross-sectional prospective clinical trial included 698 participants (353 females and 345 males), patients with localized alveolar bone deficiencies. The clinical parameters evaluated were keratinized tissue width (KTW) and gingival thickness (GT) at the edentulous site. The width and height of alveolar bone deficiency at the site of implant placement were measured as horizontal deficiency (HD) and vertical deficiency (VD). Results Out of 698 patients, 566 (81.10%) had Subclass A horizontal deficiencies (HD), 99 (14.20%) had Subclass B HD, and 33 (4.70%) had Subclass C HD. Regarding vertical deficiencies (VD), 426 (61%) had Class I VD, 222 (31.80%) had Class II VD, and 50 (7.20%) had Class III VD. Younger individuals (20-30 years) predominantly exhibited Subclass A HD, whereas older participants (above 50 years) showed more severe deficiencies (Subclass B and C HD, and Class II and III VD). Gender analysis indicated no significant difference in HD prevalence but a significant difference in VD, with males more commonly presenting Class I VD and females exhibiting more Class II VD. Conclusion The study reveals significant associations between age and both HD and VD, indicating that older individuals tend to have more severe deficiencies. The study's findings underscore the importance of the proposed classification system in accurately identifying alveolar bone deficiencies and guiding appropriate treatment strategies, thereby improving clinical outcomes in dental implant therapy.

Cardio Delirium Day: national study on the prevalence of delirium in Italian cardiology wards

To date delirium prevalence in the adult acute Italian hospital cardiac population is unknown. In a multicenter study, we assessed the prevalence of delirium over a single day among a population of patients admitted to acute cardiac hospital wards in Italy. This is a point prevalence study (called "Cardio Delirium Day") which involved 55 Italian cardiologic centers (23 North, 18 Central, 12 South, 2 Sardinia) that collected data on 152 patients older than 65 years hospitalized on March 15, 2023. Delirium was assessed on the same day in all patients using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit algorithm, a validated and briefly administered tool which does not require specialized training. We also collected data about clinical variables, functional and nutritional status, dementia, comorbidity, medications, and physical restraints. The mean sample age was 79.0 ± 10 years (33% female). Delirium was diagnosed in 25 patients (16.4%); 17.1% were hospitalized in the intensive cardiac care unit and 13.8% in the cardiology ward (p=NS). Hyperactive was the commonest subtype (48%), followed by mixed (36%) and hypoactive type (8%). In a multivariate logistic regression, male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-12.26; p=0.025), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.063-0.66; p=0.008), sensorial deficit (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.18-11.95; p=0.025), sleep deprivation (OR 5.81, 95% CI 1.47-22.9; p=0.012) and the presence of ≥3 precipitating factors (OR 7.63, 95% CI 2.32-25.2; p=0.001) were independent predictors of delirium. Delirium occurred in 16.4% of patients in a cardiology setting. The "Cardio Delirium Day" project might become a useful method to assess delirium over time and sensitize the interest and the culture of Italian cardiology in this important aspect of hospital care.

Estimating the Prevalence of Dementia in New Zealand Using Capture-Recapture Analysis on Routinely Collected Health Data.

Community based dementia prevalence studies are expensive and resource intensive. Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) has never had a community based dementia prevalence study representing all major ethnic groups. In recent years, dementia prevalence estimates have been derived from routinely collected health data but issues of underdiagnosis and undercoding limit their utility. Capture-recapture techniques can estimate the number of dementia cases missing from health datasets by modelling the ascertained overlaps between linked data sources. Three routinely collected national health data sets-interRAI, Public hospital discharges, and Pharmaceuticals-were linked and all prevalent cases of dementia in NZ for the year 1 January 2021-31 December 2021 were identified. Capture-recapture analysis fitted eight loglinear models to the data, with the best fitting model used to estimate the number of prevalent cases missing from all three datasets. We estimated that almost half (47.8%) of dementia cases are not present in any of the three datasets. Dementia prevalence increased from 3.7% to 7.1% (95% CI 6.9%-7.4%) in the NZ 60+ population and from 4.9% to 9.2% (95% CI 8.9%-9.6%) in the NZ 65+ population when missing cases were included. Estimates of missing cases were significantly higher (p<0.001) in Māori (49.2%), Pacific peoples (50.6%) and Asian (59.6%) compared to Europeans (46.4%). This study provides updated estimates of dementia prevalence in NZ and the proportion of undiagnosed dementia in NZ, highlighting the need for better access to dementia assessment and diagnosis.

DNA and seroprevalence study of MW and STL polyomaviruses.

The clinical importance and the pathogenesis of the MW and STL polyomaviruses (PyVs) remain unclear. Our aim was to study the seroprevalence of MWPyV and STLPyV, and to examine the prevalence of viral DNA in respiratory samples and secondary lymphoid tissues. In total, 618 serum samples (0.8-90 years) were analyzed for seroprevalence. For the DNA prevalence study, 146 patients (2.5-37.5 years) were sampled for adenoids (n = 100), tonsils (n = 100), throat swabs (n = 146), and middle ear discharge (n = 15) in study Group 1. In Group 2, we analyzed 1130 nasopharyngeal samples from patients (0.8-92 years) tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adult seropositivity was 54% for MWPyV, and 81.2% for STLPyV. Both seroprevalence rates increased with age; however, the majority of STLPyV primary infections appeared to occur in children. MWPyV was detected in 2.7%-4.9% of respiratory samples, and in a middle ear discharge. STLPyV DNA prevalence was 1.4%-3.4% in swab samples, and it was detected in an adenoid and in a middle ear discharge. The prevalence of both viruses was significantly higher in the children. Noncoding control regions of both viruses and the complete genomes of STLPyV were sequenced. MWPyV and STLPyV are widespread viruses, and respiratory transmission may be possible.

Coexistence of Bronchiectasis Related with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Posttuberculosis Lung Disease - An Everpresent Issue

Abstract The lung is a common site of involvement both in TB and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease, caused by disease itself or therapy. After completion of antiTB treatment, post TB lung disease (PTLD) residual changes persist and affect heath, survival and quality of life, mainly in patients with associated collagen diseases, as RA. Bronchiectasis are described in both RA and PTLD. The purpose of this prevalence study of bronchiectasis, performed among 92 RA hospitalized patients, from June 2017 to June 2019, consists in a pictorial assessment of the lung involvement changes, noticed on chest radiography and/or computed tomography, described in relation with TB sequelae, severity and duration of RA disease. Results. A high prevalence of imagistic abnormalities was found in 77.2% of cases (n=71/92). Bronchiectasis was a frequent imagistic chest finding (24/71; 33.8%), having a lower frequency among all study group patients (n=24/92; 26%), mostly older nonsmoker females. Conclusions. In a high TB burden, as Romania, the prevalence of bronchiectasis is related with advanced RA disease, being strongly correlated with persistent respiratory symptoms (p=0.009), and coexisting PTLD calcified nodular lung sequelae (p=0.001).

Physical and psychological factors related to injury, illness and tactical performance in law enforcement recruits: a systematic review

ObjectiveThere are inconsistent reports of factors relating to injury, illness and tactical performance in law enforcement recruits. Our objectives were to: (1) report physical and psychological risk factors and protective...

Characteristics and completeness of reporting of systematic reviews of prevalence studies in adult populations: a metaresearch study

ObjectivesThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, first published in 2009, has been widely endorsed and compliance is high in systematic reviews (SRs) of intervention studies. SRs of prevalence studies are increasing in frequency, but their characteristics and reporting quality have not been examined in large studies. Our objectives were to describe the characteristics of SRs of prevalence studies in adults, evaluate the completeness of reporting, and explore study-level characteristics associated with the completeness of reporting. Study Design and SettingWe did a metaresearch study. We searched 5 databases from January 2010 to December 2020 to identify SRs of prevalence studies in adult populations. We used the PRISMA 2009 checklist to assess completeness of reporting and recorded additional characteristics. We conducted a descriptive analysis of review characteristics and linear regression to assess the relationship between compliance with PRISMA and publication characteristics. ResultsWe included 1172 SRs of prevalence studies. The number of reviews increased from 25 in 2010 to 273 in 2020. The median PRISMA score for SRs without meta-analysis was 17.5 of a maximum of 23, and for SRs with meta-analysis, 22 of a maximum of 25. Completeness of reporting, particularly for key items in the methods section, was suboptimal. SRs that included a meta-analysis or reported using a reporting or conduct guideline were the factors most strongly associated with increased compliance with PRISMA 2009. ConclusionReporting of SRs of prevalence was adequate for many PRISMA items. Nonetheless, this study highlights aspects for which special attention is needed. Development of a specific tool to assess the risk of bias in prevalence studies and an extension to the PRISMA statement could improve the conduct and reporting of SRs of prevalence studies.

Differences in self-reported disruptions in mental health treatment during COVID-19 in a national household sample: impact of severity of functional impairment.

This report uses data from Mental Disorders Prevalence Study (MDPS), a large epidemiologic study that provided national prevalence estimates of seven mental disorders based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID), to assess the odds of treatment disruption during COVID for SMI and non-SMI groups. This cross-sectional study conducted from 2020 to 2022 included 2,810 household participants with any lifetime mental health treatment. Weighted logistic regressions estimated the odds of reporting disruptions in access to mental health care or psychotropic prescriptions due to COVID. SMI was broadly defined as having an MDP diagnosis and serious functional impairment (GAF ≤50, a validated and widely used cutoff). Non-SMI groups were a mental diagnosis without serious impairment (MDPS diagnosis, GAF >50) and any lifetime treatment and no serious impairment (no MDPS diagnosis, GAF >50). The SMI and mental disorder without serious impairment groups had approximately 6.4- and 2.4-greater odds, respectively, of reporting inability to access mental health care and 4- and 3- greater odds, respectively, of having prescriptions delayed, relative to the group with any lifetime treatment. Among those with serious mental illness, having Medicare insurance increased the odds of reporting inability to access mental health care. Individuals with SMI were much more likely to experience treatment disruptions throughout the pandemic than non-SMI groups.

Screening Accuracy for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip by Child Health Nurses.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) describes a spectrum of abnormalities that impact the normal function of the joint. These abnormalities are detectable during infancy using physical assessment, universal ultrasound, or a combination of both. In Australia, child health nurses predominantly screen for this disease using physical assessment. The aim of this study was to determine if child health nurses can accurately screen for DDH using physical assessment. This Australian study estimated the accuracy and utility of child health nurses using physical assessment to screen for DDH by comparing it to a handheld ultrasound device. This study (N = 44) concluded that using a point prevalence study design, child health nurses in Australia are unable to accurately assess for DDH in infants using physical assessment; overall, clinicians had 50.5% sensitivity (95% CI, 15.7 to 84.3), a specificity of 75.0% (95% CI, 57.8 to 87.9), and 71.3% accuracy (95% CI, 55.6 to 83.9). This study suggests that child health nurses cannot screen for DDH using physical assessment. Understanding education, experience and what assessments are used suggests that the utility of nurses performing DDH screening requires further investigation.

“I Cannot Tell Anyone:” There are Many Reasons

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate variables associated with difficulty disclosing past trauma. Across several prevalence studies, 26% of adults never disclosed childhood abuse until adulthood when they were asked in a research survey or interview question. In this Institutional Review Board approved study, group differences were examined (ability and inability to disclose a traumatic event) as well as predictors for difficulty disclosing past trauma. Method: A non-clinical population (N = 693) was examined to determine prevalence rates and group differences between participants unable to tell someone about a past traumatic event (10%) compared to those who could disclose past traumatic events (90%). Variables included pathological dissociative processing, internalized shame, coping strategies (task, emotion, avoidance), and cumulative trauma exposure. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine predicting variables for disclosure difficulties. Findings: The group that had difficulty disclosing a past traumatic event had more cumulative trauma, pathological dissociative processing, emotion-oriented coping, and shame. In the first logistic regression analyses, interpersonal traumatic events were predictors for the inability to disclose a traumatic event (classified 90% of group membership). In the second logistic regression, shame and cumulative traumatic exposure were predicting factors (classified 90% of group membership). Conclusion: Difficulty speaking about a traumatic event was associated with interpersonal adult and childhood traumatic events, more internalized shame, and cumulative trauma exposure. It is recommended that clinicians working with patients with substantial traumatic exposure address shame, pathological dissociative processing, and emotion-oriented coping strategies if they detect trauma disclosure difficulties.

Pediatric Lipid Screening Prevalence Using Nationwide Electronic Medical Records

Universal screening to identify unfavorable lipid levels is recommended for US children aged 9 to 11 years and adolescents aged 17 to 21 years (hereafter, young adults); however, screening benefits in these individuals have been questioned. Current use of lipid screening and prevalence of elevated lipid measurements among US youths is not well understood. To investigate the prevalence of ambulatory pediatric lipid screening and elevated or abnormal lipid measurements among US screened youths by patient characteristic and test type. This cross-sectional study used data from the IQVIA Ambulatory Electronic Medical Record database and included youths aged 9 to 21 years with 1 or more valid measurement of height and weight during the observation period (2018-2021). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and categorized using standard pediatric BMI percentiles (9-19 years) and adult BMI categories (≥20 years). The data were analyzed from October 6, 2022, to January 18, 2023. Lipid measurements were defined as abnormal if 1 or more of the following test results was identified: total cholesterol (≥200 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥130 mg/dL), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥31 mg/dL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥145 mg/dL), and triglycerides (≥100 mg/dL for children aged 9 years or ≥130 mg/dL for patients aged 10-21 years). After adjustment for age group, sex, race and ethnicity, and BMI category, adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs were calculated. Among 3 226 002 youths (23.9% aged 9-11 years, 34.8% aged 12-16 years, and 41.3% aged 17-21 years; 1 723 292 females [53.4%]; 60.0% White patients, 9.5% Black patients, and 2.4% Asian patients), 11.3% had 1 or more documented lipid screening tests. The frequency of lipid screening increased by age group (9-11 years, 9.0%; 12-16 years, 11.1%; 17-21 years, 12.9%) and BMI category (range, 9.2% [healthy weight] to 21.9% [severe obesity]). Among those screened, 30.2% had abnormal lipid levels. Compared with youths with a healthy weight, prevalence of an abnormal result was higher among those with overweight (aPR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.56-1.61), moderate obesity (aPR, 2.16; 95% CI, 2.14-2.19), and severe obesity (aPR, 2.53; 95% CI, 2.50-2.57). In this cross-sectional study of prevalence of lipid screening among US youths aged 9 to 21 years, approximately 1 in 10 were screened. Among them, abnormal lipid levels were identified in 1 in 3 youths overall and 1 in 2 youths with severe obesity. Health care professionals should consider implementing lipid screening among children aged 9 to 11 years, young adults aged 17 to 21 years, and all youths at high cardiovascular risk.

Prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The dual burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) impacts people living with HIV (PLHIV) coinfected with TB. Although some primary studies have been reported on the burden of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) among PLHIV in Southeast Asia (SEA), there is no systematic review or meta-analysis that attempts to summarize the available literature. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the prevalence of EPTB/HIV co-infection in SEA using meta-analysis based on a systematic review of published articles and gray literature. A comprehensive 3-stage methodology was adopted to conduct a thorough literature search, encompassing both published and gray literature. Data sources such as MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched for articles reporting data from SEA between 2010 and 2022. Findings were reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines and were sourced using a predefined search strategy from different databases. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence studies checklist was employed for critical appraisal. The meta-analysis of proportions was carried out using the "metaprop" function in R software (version 4.3.1) to generate pooled estimates. Effects were summarized using random-effects models, and sources of heterogeneity were explored through I2, utilizing subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and pertinent statistical tests, including Egger's regression analysis. A total of 474 studies were initially identified in our search. After the removal of duplicates and a meticulous screening process of titles and abstracts, along with the application of exclusion criteria, 22 studies comprising 34,740 PLHIV were included in the final meta-analysis. The summary effect or pooled proportion estimate of EPTB among PLHIV was found to be 18% [95% confidence interval (CI): 15,22; heterogeneity: τ2=0.0056; degrees of freedom=21, p<0.001; I2=99%]. Our study showed that there was a diverse range of prevalence of EPTB among PLHIV in the SEA region, which ranged from 5% (95% CI: 4.0-7.0) in South Korea to 48% (95% CI: 41.0-55.0) in Thailand. Our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate a notably higher prevalence of EPTB among PLHIV. Early diagnosis of EPTB is crucial to mitigating associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, a thorough medical history and comprehensive physical examination are imperative in assessing PLHIV, aiming to promptly identify and rule out EPTB. After a diligent evaluation, appropriate diagnostic measures and tailored management strategies should be promptly instituted.

Skin tears in older patients in intensive care units: A multicentre point prevalence study.

With the ageing of the global population, it is predicted that the population of older adult patients in hospitals and intensive care units (ICUs) will increase. Because of health conditions, care practices and ageing-related skin changes, older adult ICU patients are prone to skin integrity problems, including skin tears (STs). To determine the prevalence of STs and associated factors in older patients hospitalized in ICUs. The study is a regional, multicentre, point prevalence study conducted in five centres in the five largest cities in terms of population in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Data were collected simultaneously in each centre on the same day. The list of patients hospitalized in the ICUs on the day of data collection was drawn up, and 200 patients who were 65 years of age or older, were hospitalized in ICUs and agreed to participate in the research were included. The researchers formed an "ST chart" to record patient demographic characteristics, clinical variables and skin assessment. STs were detected in 14.5% of patients in ICUs, with 72.5% of them having stage 1 ST. A significant relationship was found between individuals' average body mass index (BMI) (p = .043), age (p = .014), length of stay in the ICU (p = .004) and having ST. There was also a statistically significant relationship between skin temperature (p = .002), skin turgor (p = .001) and ST. More STs were observed in patients with cold skin and low turgor. The prevalence of ST was higher in individuals with a history of ST. Additionally, there was a statistically significant relationship between consciousness (p = .014), incontinence (p = .006), the Braden score (p = .004), the Itaki fall risk score (p = .006) and ST. In this multicentre point prevalence study, the prevalence of ST in older patients in ICUs was 14.5%, and many factors associated with ST have been identified. Given the insufficient information and attention to STs in older adults, the study emphasizes the importance of addressing STs. The impact of STs includes increased treatment costs, length of stay and risk of complications. Therefore, understanding the global extent of STs in ICUs and developing effective interventions for prevention and management are crucial.