Isotherm Studies Research Articles

Endocrine disruptor (17 β-estradiol) removal by poly pyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer: kinetic, isotherms and thermodynamic studies

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the molecularly imprinted polymer (PPy-MIP) to remove 17β-Estradiol (E2) from aqueous solutions. The MIP was synthesized using a non-covalent procedure, incorporating the target compound, E2. To synthesis PPy-MIP, a mixture of 300 μl pyrrole and 50 ml distilled water was stirred for 30 min. After adding 3 g ferric chloride as an oxidant, the solution was mixed for 2 h and stored for 48–72 h. MIP capability is compared with a non-molecularly imprinted polymer (NIP) as a control. Various factors such as pH, contact time, dosage, temperature, and concentration were investigated to optimize the performance of the PPy-MIP. The structure of the MIP was confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), infrared spectrophotometric spectrum (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The efficiency of the PPy-MIP in removing E2 was obtained 99.97% at optimum condition; while, the NIP achieved a removal efficiency of 69.9%. Adsorption data were fitted with Langmuir isotherms (R2 0.98) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 0.99). The selectivity of the PPy-MIP toward similar compounds such as progesterone and cholesterol was also examined. To understand the adsorption process, thermodynamics, kinetics, and isotherm studies were performed. The MIP showed good reproducibility with only a slight decrease in removal efficiency after multiple absorption and reabsorption cycles. The adsorption of E2 by the MIP followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and second-order adsorption kinetics. MIP was utilized to pre-concentrate and separate E2 in real samples (urine, blood, hospital wastewater, tap water). This method shows promise for efficient and selective removal of E2 from aqueous solutions.

Adsorptive performance of rice husk-derived biochar for nodularin cyanotoxin from aqueous solution: Isotherm, kinetic, regeneration, and column studies

Adsorptive performance of rice husk-derived biochar for nodularin cyanotoxin from aqueous solution: Isotherm, kinetic, regeneration, and column studies

Hydrophilic magnetic chitosan/gelatin hydrogel with enhanced fuel dehydration characteristics: Modeling, kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study.

In this research, a nanocomposite of Fe3O4/chitosan/gelatin was prepared and used as a magnetic recyclable dewatering agent to improve the quality of fuel. Prepared materials were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, VSM, BET and FESEM techniques. Effective factors on water uptake i.e., initial water content, time, percentage of Fe3O4 and adsorbent dosage were optimized with Box-Behnken design and results showed that all parameters are significant. The performances of three magnetic composites including crosslinked chitosan, functionalized chitosan and chitosan/gelatin showed that magnetic chitosan/gelatin with 13% of Fe3O4 content has a removal percentage of 99.2-97.3% besides the efficiencies were 35.8-43.8% and 79.5-89% using crosslinked chitosan, functionalized chitosan as adsorbents. Results from the kinetic study showed that pseudo - second-order model can better describe water uptake moreover, the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model. Magnetic chitosan/gelatin composite shows a maximum water removal efficiency of 97.3% at an initial water concentration of 2500mgL-1 after 40min. The thermodynamic study showed that adsorption is a spontaneous process with higher feasibility at higher temperatures. Moreover, the adsorbent shows a good efficiency of 93.7% after 6 recycling. These results confirmed good performances of the prepared hydrogel in dehydration to improve the quality of fuel.

Sequestration of Doxycycline and Mefenamic Acid from Liquid Phase Using 1,3-Diaminopropane Modified Poly(Acrylonitrile-Acrylic Acid): Isotherm, Kinetic and Mechanism Studies

Accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environment due to daily consumption by humans and animals for diseases treatment results in alarming long-term effects. This study evaluates the adsorption potential of a polymer-based adsorbent, 1,3-diaminopropane-modified poly(acrylonitrile-acrylic acid) (DAP-poly(ACN/AA)), for the uptake of doxycycline (DOX) and mefenamic acid (MEFA) from aqueous solution. The chemical modification of poly(ACN/AA) copolymer with DAP was successful as suggested by the FTIR spectra and microanalysis results. The SEM analysis showed that the modified copolymer has larger particle size, which was 156 nm as compared to that of poly(ACN/AA) copolymer (133 nm). The influence of adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and initial concentration on the adsorption of DOX and MEFA compounds were investigated. The kinetic studies of DOX and MEFA was fitted well to pseudo-second-order model with chemisorption being the rate-controlling step. The equilibrium isotherm has its fitness in the following order: Langmuir model > Freundlich model > Temkin model. The maximum adsorption capacities for DOX and MEFA were 210.4 mg/g and 313.7 mg/g, respectively. The excellent high sorption capacity suggest that DAP-modified poly(ACN/AA) copolymer is a potential adsorbent for the treatment of DOX and MEFA bearing effluent in adsorption system.

Phenyl acetic acid modified biosilica from Cyclotella striata TBI diatom as an adsorbent for low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent environmental contaminants with health risks due to bioaccumulation. This study explores phenyl acetic acid (PAA)-modified biosilica from Cyclotella striata as an adsorbent for low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs: phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluorene. Biosilica was isolated from C. striata biomass via acid soaking and calcination, then modified with PAA to enhance hydrophobicity and affinity towards PAHs by introducing aromatic groups, facilitating π-π interactions. Characterisation using FTIR, water contact angle (WCA), and BET surface area analysis confirmed successful modification. FTIR results confirmed the successful removal of organic residues and the presence of new functional groups post-modification. Post-modification, the WCA increased, reflecting a more hydrophobic surface. BET analysis showed a surface area decrease from 152.985 m2/g for unmodified biosilica to 86.039 m2/g post-modification. Adsorption experiments indicated qe values followed the following trend: anthracene > phenanthrene > fluorene. Kinetics studies revealed pseudo-second-order kinetics, reaching equilibrium within 80–120 minutes, with adsorption occurring in distinct phases. Adsorption isotherm studies of modified biosilica sorbents showed that the Freundlich model best described anthracene and phenanthrene adsorption, suggesting multilayer adsorption, while fluorene followed the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. Adsorption thermodynamics of modified biosilica sorbents shows that adsorption of LMW PAHs is endothermic. After modification, the PAHs are less selective towards fluorene. These results demonstrate the potential of PAA-modified biosilica as an effective adsorbent for LMW PAHs.

One‐Walled Phthalimide Extended Calix[4]Pyrrole‐Based Supramolecular Adsorbent for Alleviating Nitrate From Simulated Water

AbstractIn this investigation, meso‐substituted one‐walled phthalimide appended calix[4]pyrrole (mPth–C4P) was prepared from pthalimide functionalized dipyrromethane (DPM, 4), acetone, and freshly distilled pyrrole via both conventional as well as green protocols utilizing the deep eutectic solvent (DES) of N,N'‐dimethyl urea (DMU) & l‐(+)‐tartaric acid (TA) in an appropriate ratio of 7:3. In order to lessen the nitrate (NO3−) ion endowed eutrophication peril, the mPth–C4P was effectively employed as a supramolecular adsorbent for the sequestration of NO3− ion from aquatic phase. The mPth–C4P was extensively characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, SEM–EDX, and elemental mapping to corroborate the synthesis and adsorption of NO3− ion. The surface area was found to be 11.465 m2 g−1 and the pore size of 3.2 nm, pointed out to the mesoporous nature of mPth–C4P. Batch methodology was exploited for detailing the influence of process parameters on %efficiency and adsorption capacity. The mPth–C4P demonstrated excellent adsorption competence (> 91%) within 16 min from a [NO3−] of 20 mg L−1, which translates into a good pseudo‐second order rate constant value of 0.026 g mg−1 min−1. Freundlich model was the best‐fit model pointing out multilayer adsorption. The maximum saturation capacity was 239.03 mg g‒1 at 298 K, which is far better than most of the reported adsorbents indicating the potential of mPth–C4P to confiscate NO3−. The dynamics appraisal elucidated pseudo‐second order to favor the uptake with both intraparticle and liquid film diffusion models governing the rate of reaction. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the uptake of NO3− was spontaneous, favorable, and exothermic which is in harmony with the isotherm studies. The mPth–C4P can be used consecutively up to 4 cycles along with good potential in real water > 80% uptake. All these results established mPth–C4P as an efficacious scavenger for NO3− from simulated water.

Removal of Phosphorus from Water onto Marsh Clam Shell to Predict Contour for Removal Efficiency and Mass of Adsorbent

Anthropogenic activities have resulted in considerable water quality degradation in water sources due to a common problem of the excessive nutrient content (phosphorus) in receiving water, resulting in eutrophication. Even though various wastewater treatment methods have been applied, focusing on phosphorus removal through biological, physical, and chemical treatment, there is still a need to identify the eco-friendly method using the adsorption process and verify the theoretical and experimental data via kinetic and isotherm models. Hence, this study investigates phosphorus removal efficiency from water onto raw marsh clam shells and verifies the experimental and theoretical data with kinetic and isotherm studies. The variable of this study used different masses (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g) of adsorbents with particle sizes from 1.18 mm to 2.36 mm to remove phosphorus from an aqueous solution (5 mg/L). The physicalchemical properties of adsorbents were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to support the experimental data and identify the possibility of phosphorus adsorption. The batch experiment data obtained were verified using the kinetic (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order) and isotherm (Langmuir and Freundlich) models. The experiments showed that the best contact time for all masses was 1440 min and the best adsorbent dose was 10 g with 78.0%removal. By comparing the two adsorption isotherm models, the study finds that the adsorption isotherm fits the Langmuir isotherm model with a correlation coefficient, R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9006. The novel use of adsorbent marsh clam shell as a potential adsorbent in the application of future water treatment technologies.

Kinetic and isothermal study of dye absorption using pre-treated natural fabrics using polyamine compounds

The study examined the use of cationic polymers (Polyethyleneimine and chitosan) in treating fabrics like cotton, wool, and cotton/wool (70/30) to improve their dyeability and printability. The study examined factors such as dye concentration, time, and temperature for the dyeing process. Results showed that all dyed and printed fabrics treated with polyethyleneimine and chitosan increased color strength by significant percentages. Fastness properties, such as washing, rubbing, acidic and alkaline perspiration, and lightness, improved significantly. Fabric roughness, tensile strength, and elongation decreased by about 4-10% for each fabric. Additionally, the dyed and printed fabrics showed high resistance to bacteria and fungi. The study contributed to reducing chemicals used in traditional dyeing processes by a significant percentage, as the dyeing bath contained only the treated sample and dye solution. Furthermore kintic and isothermal study was investigated to explain the behaviour of treated fabrics for dye absorption.

High Removal Capacity of Organic Pollutants by Metal-Doped TiO2: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Regeneration Studies Under Visible LED Light

High Removal Capacity of Organic Pollutants by Metal-Doped TiO2: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Regeneration Studies Under Visible LED Light

Magnetic quaternized alumina nanotube with fast and enhanced lead (II) and malachite green adsorption: multivariate optimization, kinetic and isotherm study

Magnetic quaternized alumina nanotube with fast and enhanced lead (II) and malachite green adsorption: multivariate optimization, kinetic and isotherm study

Understanding the interaction between selected microplastics and the toxic dye "Congo red" in water.

This study thoroughly investigated the adsorption of Congo Red (CR) dye onto various microplastics (MPs), including high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Initial adsorption capacities (qe) revealed that HDPE had the highest value (21.90mg/g), followed by PVC (4.2mg/g), LDPE (3.7mg/g), PP (3.1mg/g) and PET (2.8mg/g). Based on these findings, HDPE and PVC were selected for detailed analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted under controlled conditions: CR concentration of 100mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 2g/L, pH of 5, and temperature of 303K. Isotherm studies indicated that HDPE followed the Freundlich model (R2 - 0.99), while PVC was best described by the Redlich-Peterson model (R2 - 0.97). Kinetic analysis showed that HDPE adhered to the Bangham model (reliable ((R2=0.9267, 0.950, 0.988, and 0.988) R2 values obtained for all the concentrations), highlighting pore-filling mechanisms. The conclusion, supported by FTIR analysis, indicates no significant changes in HDPE's functional groups after the adsorption. In contrast, PVC followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model (reliable R2 values (0.999, 0.765, 0.956, 0.972) obtained for all the concentrations), suggesting chemisorption, confirmed by FTIR changes in the C-Cl bonds. The optimal pH for adsorption was 5 for HDPE and 4 for PVC. Both processes were exothermic with intraparticle and film diffusion identified as rate-limiting steps. Maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) were 110.1mg/g for HDPE and 8.1mg/g for PVC. Desorption experiments were conducted only for HDPE due to PVC's lower adsorption. The highest desorption for HDPE occurred at pH 4 (5.7mg/L) with an adsorbent dosage of 2g/L. This study underscores the dual environmental threat posed by MPs, which not only adsorb organic pollutants like CR but also release them under certain conditions. While this research advances our understanding of MPs as pollutant carriers, future work should focus on their desorption behavior in complex, real-world environments. Further studies on other organic pollutants and microplastic types in real wastewater systems are also recommended.

Effect of Optical Properties on Ag/MWCNTs Nanostructured Materials Prepared by Laser Physical Method for the Removal of Methylene Orange dye: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies

Effect of Optical Properties on Ag/MWCNTs Nanostructured Materials Prepared by Laser Physical Method for the Removal of Methylene Orange dye: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies

Cellulose -Polyvinylalcohol supported magnetic nanocomposites from lentil husk for sequestration of cationic dyes from the aqueous solution: Kinetics, isotherm and reusability studies.

The study emphasize on the synthesis of eco-friendly cellulose based magnetic nanocomposite derived from Lens cullnaris husk and Poly Vinyl Alcohol (Fe3O4@LENT/PVA) for the adsorption of Crystal Violet, Methylene Blue and Malachite Green Dye. The structural and functional morphology was determined by SEM-EDAX analysis and FTIR. The crystalline of Fe3O4@LENT/PVA was analyzed by XRD and pore size was determined by BET. The surface area of nanocellulose Fe3O4@LENT/PVA was found to be 22.308m2/g and the pore volume of 0.074cm3/g. The Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposites show successful adsorption of CV, MB and MG in 120min equilibrium time at pH7 for CV and 8 for MB and MG respectively. The Fe3O4@LENT/PVA nanocomposites was best fitted Langmuir isotherm and follows pseudo 2nd order kinetics with intra particle as rate controlling mechanism. The nanocellulose Fe3O4@LENT/PVA composite shows good monolayer adsorption capacity in the order of CV(357mg/g)>MB(112.35mg/g)>MG(111.11mg/g). Thermodynamic study reveals the process is endothermic and spontaneous in nature with ΔG0 value less than 20KJmol-1 at respective temperatures indicating Physiosorption. The nano-cellulose Fe3O4@LENT/PVA composite can be effectively desorb dyes by 0.1M NaOH. The nanocellulose Fe3O4@LENT/PVA composite proves to be an effective adsorbent showing regeneration ability upto five times for all the dyes.

Adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from aqueous matrices onto chitosan-modified magnetic biochar: Response surface methodology-based modeling, performance, and mechanism.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal has gained significant attention due to its environmental stability and potential toxicity. This study aims to synthesize a chitosan-modified magnetic biochar (CS_MBC) for efficient PFOA removal from aqueous solutions. Various CS loading ratios (0.25:1, 0.5:1, and 1:1) were explored to determine the optimal adsorbent, with preliminary experiments exhibiting superior performance of CS1_MBC. To explore the impact of various experimental conditions (pH, adsorbent dose, time, and initial PFOA concentrations) on PFOA removal and optimize these parameters, central composite design of response surface methodology was applied. Statistical analysis of variance was conducted to assess the model's adequacy, which demonstrated a strong correlation between experimental results and the model. The predicted optimal conditions for achieving maximum PFOA removal (∼94%) were pH 4, 120mg/L dose, 60min time, and 20mg/L PFOA concentration. The kinetics and isotherm studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order (R2=0.9996) and Redlich-Peterson (R2=0.999) models better described PFOA adsorption, with Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of ∼517mg/g. Thermodynamic study confirmed the spontaneous, endothermic, and physisorptive nature of PFOA adsorption, with electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding governing the process. Further, the fixed-bed column experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CS1_MBC for practical applications, which demonstrated the maximum experimental adsorption capacity of 39.63mg/g. The breakthrough data showed an excellent fit with both the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models, with a high correlation coefficient (R2=0.99). Therefore, this research underscores the potential of CS_MBC as an efficient adsorbent for mitigating PFOA contamination in aqueous environments.

Phosphoric acid based geopolymer foam-activated carbon composite for methylene blue adsorption: isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics, and machine learning studies.

In this study, a binary composite adsorbent based on activated carbon and phosphoric acid geopolymer foam (ACP) was prepared by combining phosphoric acid geopolymer (PAGP) with activated carbon (AC) and applied for the removal of methylene blue (MB). Activated carbon was thoroughly mixed with a mixture of fly ash and metakaolin in varying ratios, followed by phosphoric acid activation and thermal curing. The ACP adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), surface area analyser (SAP), and thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). Batch analysis was performed to examine the effects of various adsorption parameters including pH (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10), adsorbent dosage (0.06-0.2 g), MB concentration (50-250 mg L-1), contact duration (up to 240 minutes), and temperature (25-55 °C). The ACP with 70% PAGP and 30% AC was found to be the most suitable adsorbent as it maintained its structure and exhibited better MB adsorption. The ACP had a surface area of 47.36 m2 g-1 and a pore size of 5.6 nm and was found to be amorphous in nature. The adsorption equilibrium reached in 240 minutes at pH 7, indicating an efficient adsorption process. The adsorption increased with the initial dye concentration and decreased with the increase in temperature. The ideal parameters for adsorption of MB using ACP include 0.2 g of adsorbent, 25 °C, pH 10, and 240 minutes. The adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm, pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics model, and three-step intraparticle diffusion (IPD) model. The adsorption capacity calculated using the Langmuir isotherm was 204.8 mg g-1 with an R 2 = 0.989. Thermodynamics parameters showed that the adsorption process was exothermic, energetically favourable, and associated with a decrease in entropy. According to the FTIR findings, pH effect, Langmuir isotherm, PSO kinetics, IPD model, and thermodynamics factors, chemisorption is identified as the predominant process. Different machine learning models, i.e., gaussian process regression (GPR), support vector regression (SVR and SVR-rbf), random forest regression (RFR), decision tree regression (DTR) and artificial neural network (ANN), were trained and tested using adsorption capacity and % removal data. The ANN model (random search) demonstrated better performance compared to other models, achieving an R 2 value of 0.873 for adsorption capacity and 0.799 for % removal on test data.

Combined UV/H2O2 and biochar processes for enhanced removal of contaminants of emerging concern in dry wells.

Dry wells are neighborhood-scale stormwater infiltration systems increasingly used in drought-prone areas for stormwater capture and groundwater recharge. These systems bypass the low permeability surface soil to maximize infiltration rates. However, hydrophilic contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in urban runoff pose potential groundwater contamination risks. Field monitoring in this study confirmed the presence of CECs and the inability of current dry wells to remove these compounds. To address this, we explored stormwater treatment systems that: (1) can be easily operated in dry wells; (2) effectively remove hydrophilic CECs under realistic infiltration rates; and (3) offer multi-year field lifespan. Batch isotherm and kinetic studies were conducted on a large-grain biochar (d50 = 2.24 mm) to assess removal efficiency for seven hydrophilic CECs (logKow ≤ 4). Two column experiments evaluated biochar filters (5 wt%) with and without UV/H2O2 pre-treatment under continuous high-throughput conditions. Results showed that biochar filters effectively removed five of seven CECs, with reduced efficiency for anionic compounds. The UV/H2O2 process with approximately 1500 mJ/cm2 UV dose degraded all CECs by >50 %, except dicamba, with direct photolysis as the dominant mechanism due to strong hydroxyl radical scavenging by dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Combining UV and biochar reduced CEC breakthrough concentration by 4 - 92 %. Based on the results, a contaminant transport model was calibrated and used to estimate the system lifespan in dry wells in Los Angeles. Findings showed that the insecticide, imidacloprid, is the limiting contaminant for the system's lifespan. Without UV/H₂O₂ pre-treatment, the system could last about four years with 10 wt% biochar in the filter. With pre-treatment, the lifespan will be determined by other operational factors rather than CEC removal. This study developed effective stormwater treatment systems for dry wells, supporting future local stormwater capture projects while safeguarding groundwater quality.

Efficient Removal of Congo Red Dye Using Activated Carbon Derived from Mixed Fish Scales Waste: Isotherm, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies

Efficient Removal of Congo Red Dye Using Activated Carbon Derived from Mixed Fish Scales Waste: Isotherm, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies

Kinetic, Isothermal and Thermodynamic Study on the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium with Biocomposites (Cellulose–PLA)

Currently, water is being polluted via various anthropogenic activities, resulting in wastewater contaminated with multiple pollutants, including heavy metals. Hexavalent chromium is a toxic heavy metal that poses significant health risks upon exposure. Biocomposites are materials that are partially composed of organic substances that enhance different properties of a composite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic behaviour of a cellulose-based biocomposite with polylactic acid (PLA) for the removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic water. The results indicated that the Freundlich and Elovich models provided the best fit for the isothermal and kinetic data, with R2 values of 0.671 and 0.973, respectively, suggesting that the adsorption process was chemical in nature and occurred on a heterogeneous, multilayer surface. Additionally, the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was exothermic, irreversible, and non-spontaneous. This study presents an innovative approach to the removal of metal ions using a cellulose–PLA biocomposite for wastewater treatment, offering kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic data applicable to the adsorption of other heavy metals.

Efficiency of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. and Typha latifolia L. in remediating methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) from Ilam gas refinery wastewater: Isotherm and kinetic studies.

This study presents a novel, eco-friendly method for removing methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) from wastewater, addressing its environmental impact and elevated chemical oxygen demand (COD) from gas refineries. We employed two wetland plants, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia, utilizing a hydroponics approach to assess MDEA removal efficiency. Wastewater samples from the Ilam gas refinery in Iran were tested at varying initial concentrations (50 to 1600ppm) over three consecutive 7-day periods, with a 1-day rest interval. Key factors influencing MDEA absorption-contact time, initial effluent concentration, and pH-were systematically analyzed. Results indicated a significant decrease in pH, COD, and MDEA concentration during the first four days. Kinetic modeling employed pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models, alongside adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dobinin-Radeshkovich, and Louis), to evaluate MDEA absorption capacity. The Langmuir isotherm best described the absorption characteristics of both plants. Maximum adsorption capacities were recorded for P. australis at 1.181, 2.018, and 3.77mg/L across the experimental periods, while T. latifolia showed values of 0.779, 1.099, and 2.99mg/L. Kinetic analysis favored the pseudo-second-order model for both species. Our findings suggest that P. australis is the more effective candidate for phytoremediation of MDEA in wastewater treatment applications.

Biosorption performance toward Co(II) and Cd(II) by irradiated Fusarium solani biomass.

Fusarium solani biomass plays a significant role in water pollution remediation due to its ability to sequester heavy metals, particularly cobalt (Co(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)), which pose severe environmental and health risks. This study aimed to identify fungi from sewage-contaminated sites and evaluate their efficiency in absorbing and reducing Co(II) and Cd(II) ions. The biosorption potential of irradiated Fusarium solani biomass for removing Co(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Six fungal isolates were screened, and the most promising isolate, identified as F. solani, was selected for further research. The biomass was exposed to different gamma irradiation doses (0, 1, 3, and 5kGy), and its biosorption efficiency was assessed. The highest biosorption efficiencies were observed with the biomass exposed to 5kGy (FS-5), achieving 37% for Co(II) and 90% for Cd(II) removal within 25min. The surface area of the biosorbent increased from 13.12m2g-1 for unexposed biomass (FS-0) to 34.87m2g-1 for FS-5, enhancing the biosorption capacity. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo second order model with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.993), indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir model provided a better fit to the experimental data, with maximum adsorption capacities of 4.44mgg-1 for Co(II) and 21.00mgg-1. This study provides valuable insights into the effective removal of Cd and Co from polluted sites, underscoring the potential of developing eco-friendly and cost-effective bioremediation approaches.