Design Study Research Articles

Unraveling Image and Justice Concerns: A Social Identity Account on Appraisals and Emotional Drivers of High-Status Transgressor Group Members' Solidarity With Low-Status Groups.

High-status group members typically respond defensively when their ingroup members transgress against low-status groups. However, when they identify highly with transgressor groups, they sometimes also engage in solidarity with victimized low-status groups due to ingroup-focused motives. Yet, the response of low-identified transgressor group members, who can prioritize victims' plight over ingroup interests, remains underexplored. To address this gap, we conducted three preregistered studies (Ntotal = 886) concerning education-based transgressions in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, employing cross-sectional (Study 1) and experimental designs (Studies 2-3). Supporting previous research, we found that high-identifiers engage in nonradical solidarity driven by ingroup image concerns and image-related emotions. Low-identifiers, however, engage in both nonradical and radical solidarity through perceived injustice and justice-related emotions. Our findings provide insights into the roots of high-status group collective action on behalf of low-status groups against intergroup transgressions. Theoretical and societal implications were discussed.

Design, ultrasonic synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies of pyridine-2,6-dithiazole/dioxazole analogues

An efficient ultrasonic synthesis of structurally diverse Pyridine-2,6-dithiazole/ dioxazole analogues were designed and achieved by ultrasonic irradiation techniqueas well as by conventional method. The advantages of this eco-friendly ultrasonic irradiation method over conventional method are excellent yields, no metal catalyst, less toxic solvents, simple workup, no chromatographic column purifications. The precursor S-6 and S-16 and their Schiff base derivatives S-10 to S-15 and S-17 to S-22 were characterized by spectral means, found consistent for expected structure. To check their biological potential molecular docking and invitro antimicrobial studies were also performed.

Selected design studies on office skyscrapers inWarsaw as examples of implementation of modern achievement of the global developmen of elevator technology

The work is devoted to the definition of solutions for skyscraper office buildings in Warsaw against the background of the latest global technology of vertical communication systems. For this purpose, the paper presents the examples of research by design of four high-rise buildings in Warsaw, which indicate the adopted methodology of developing optimal solutions in the field of elevator service as well as the results of research and finally selected systems. The aim of the research was to achieve the initial criteria for the system’s operation. The research was carried out by iterating and varianting various configurations of the system and checking it as the basis for building core solutions. Solutions that met the defined criteria were optimal in terms of building efficiency and rental flexibility. Empirical research and its results are presented against the background of world achievements. The results indicate that both the research methodology and the systems used follow the contemporary development of the latest globally present solutions.

Visual analysis of fitness landscapes in architectural design optimization

In architectural design optimization, fitness landscapes are used to visualize design space parameters in relation to one or more objective functions for which they are being optimized. In our design study with domain experts, we developed a visual analytics framework for exploring and analyzing fitness landscapes spanning data, projection, and visualization layers. Within the data layer, we employ two surrogate models and three sampling strategies to efficiently generate a wide array of landscapes. On the projection layer, we use star coordinates and UMAP as two alternative methods for obtaining a 2D embedding of the design space. Our interactive user interface can visualize fitness landscapes as a continuous density map or a discrete glyph-based map. We investigate the influence of surrogate models and sampling strategies on the resulting fitness landscapes in a parameter study. Additionally, we present findings from a user study (N = 12), revealing how experts’ preferences regarding projection methods and visual representations may be influenced by their level of expertise, characteristics of the techniques, and the specific task at hand. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usability and usefulness of our framework by a case study from the architecture domain, involving one domain expert.

Planned but ever published? A retrospective analysis of clinical prediction model studies registered on clinicaltrials.gov since 2000

ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics and publication outcomes of clinical prediction model studies registered on clinicaltrials.gov since 2000. Study Design and SettingObservational studies registered on clinicaltrials.gov between January 1, 2000, and March 2, 2022, describing the development of a new clinical prediction model or the validation of an existing model for predicting individual-level prognostic or diagnostic risk were analyzed. Eligible clinicaltrials.gov records were classified by modeling study type (development, validation) and the model outcome being predicted (prognostic, diagnostic). Recorded characteristics included study status, sample size information, Medical Subject Headings, and plans to share individual participant data. Publication outcomes were analyzed by linking National Clinical Trial numbers for eligible records with PubMed abstracts. ResultsNine hundred twenty-eight records were analyzed from a possible 89,896 observational study records. Publications searches found 170 matching peer-reviewed publications for 137 clinicaltrials.gov records. The estimated proportion of records with 1 or more matching publications after accounting for time since study start was 2.8% at 2 years (95% CI: 1.7%, 3.9%), 12.3% at 5 years (9.8% to 14.9%) and 27% at 10 years (23% to 33%). Stratifying records by study start year indicated that publication proportions improved over time. Records tended to prioritize the development of new prediction models over the validation of existing models (76%; 704/928 vs. 24%; 182/928). At the time of download, 27% of records were marked as complete, 35% were still recruiting, and 14.7% had unknown status. Only 7.4% of records stated plans to share individual participant data. ConclusionPublished clinical prediction model studies are only a fraction of overall research efforts, with many studies planned but not completed or published. Improving the uptake of study preregistration and follow-up will increase the visibility of planned research. Introducing additional registry features and guidance may improve the identification of clinical prediction model studies posted to clinical registries.

Optimized design and simulation study of liquid-cooled heat sink model for IGBT module based on TPMS structure

Abstract In this paper, we propose a liquid-cooled heat sink model utilizing a TPMS (triple periodic minimal surface) structure for IGBT modules. Using parametric modeling software nTopology, we establish three TPMS structures: Schwarz P, Gyroid, and Diamond. Thermal simulation analysis is conducted on the radiator model using ANSYS Fluent. The optimal structural parameters are determined to ensure effective heat dissipation while preventing excessive pump power consumption due to inappropriate inlet flow rates. Simulation results demonstrate that the liquid-cooled radiator with TPMS structure outperforms conventional radiators in heat transfer efficiency, albeit with higher inlet and outlet pressure drops. Among the TPMS-structured radiators, the Schwarz P configuration exhibits the lowest pressure drop, approximately 20% less than the remaining two, offering superior thermal management advantages.

Design Goals for End-User Development of Robot-Assisted Physical Training Activities: A Participatory Design Study

Programming robots presents significant challenges, including high costs, extensive time commitments and steep learning curves, particularly for individuals lacking technical background in engineering. These barriers have been partially mitigated by the emergence of end-user development methodologies. Yet existing approaches often fall short in equipping users with the necessary software engineering competencies to develop comprehensive robot behaviors or to effectively maintain and re-purpose their creations. In this paper, we introduce a novel end-user development approach designed to empower physical therapists to independently specify robot-assisted physical training exercises, eliminating the need for robotics experts' intervention. Our approach is based on a set of design goals obtained through a participatory design study with experts in the field. It utilizes a textual domain-specific language (DSL) that enables users to define expected robot behaviors through Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) scenarios. This paper discusses key themes, design objectives, and the evolution of requirements that emerged from an evaluative workshop.

Frailty and post-transplant adverse outcomes among kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Frailty is a good predictor of adverse outcomes among older patients, especially those who have undergone surgery. The prevalence of frailty among kidney transplant candidates is higher than the general population. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of frailty on post-transplant adverse outcomes among kidney recipients. A systematic review was performed for relevant studies until May 20, 2022, using four databases (Embase, Medline, Cochrane, and PsycINFO) for prospective design studies (PROSPERP: CRD42022331022). Random-effect meta-analysis modeling was undertaken in RevMan 5.3 to estimate the predicting value of frailty on adverse outcomes after kidney transplant. This systematic review included 14 studies, eight of which were suitable for meta-analysis. Frailty increased the risk of mortality (pooled hazard ratio [HR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-2.64), surgical complications (risk ratio [RR] 2.14, 95% CI 1.01-4.54), death-censored graft failure (DCGF) (pooled HR 3.31, 95% CI 1.27-8.62), length of stay (LOS) (pooled RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.05-2.39), length of stay ≥2 weeks (pooled odds ratio [OR] 1.72, 95% CI 1.26-2.35). and other common adverse outcomes among kidney transplant recipients. Frailty is associated with adverse outcomes after kidney transplant. This systematic review suggests the importance of assessing frailty among kidney transplant candidates prior to transplantation. Further research focusing on pretransplant assessment combined with frailty is warranted to improve kidney transplant management.

LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH TASK-BASED SYNCHRONOUS COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

A limited number of studies have been conducted on the influence of task features on language production in computer-mediated communication (CMC) environments despite the role of tasks on the language production of L2 students who are mostly non-native speakers (NNSs). Among the prominent hypotheses on the relationship between tasks and language production are the Cognition Hypothesis and the Trade-Off Hypothesis. The current study examined the effect of task structure on student language production in terms of syntactic complexity and fluency in CMC environments. A one-shot design study involved 46 NNS undergraduates in Malaysia and Japan. The respondents were divided into two groups: (1) respondents who performed the task with task structure (+TS) and (2) respondents who performed the task without task structure (-TS). The data were then analysed using a t-test. The present study supported the hypothesis positing that the utilisation of +TS contributes to an increase in syntactic complexity among NNSs, as well as the hypothesis proposing that the use of +TS results in improved fluency. The results also suggest examining additional variables related to task difficulty when designing tasks for CMC environments to assess their effects on fluency and syntactic complexity.

A design study on a flat membrane-reactor stack for on-site hydrogen production

Hydrogen stations face limited accessibility in remote areas despite the increasing demand for fuel cell electric vehicles. On-site hydrogen production using the liquid-fuel infrastructure can improve the accessibility of the stations. This concept integrates a pressurized steam reformer (SR) and a catalytic membrane reactor (MR) to produce high-purity hydrogen. This study builds a stack of scaled-up MRs and extends the stack size to accommodate 45 reactors to design a compact system that produces hydrogen sufficiently and effectively. We compare the performance of two configurations, U-type and Z-type, where the inlet and outlet face the same and different directions, respectively. We also widen the two primary retentate tubes of the stack. With its fixed conditions, this study reveals that performance converges past a particular retentate-tube diameter and declines past a certain number of reactors, with the Z-type outperforming the U-type. These findings are explained by the pressure distribution within the stack, along with the inlet flow rate and the permeation rate of each reactor. Our final Z-type stack demonstrates 99.0 % of the permeation of the individual reactors. The insights from this research provide a valuable methodology for designing large-scale MRs in future studies.

Early Marriage Culture and the Occurrence of Stunting in Toddlers in the Coastal Area of Sumenep Regency in 2024

Wedding early still become phenomenon general social​ occurs in various regions in Indonesia , including districts Sumenep . Practice This Can impact big on health Mother And children , especially in matter nutrition And growth child . Stunting, or condition Where tall body child more low from standard age they consequence lack nutrition chronic , is Wrong One problem health main thing that can be done arise from wedding early. Study This aim For analyze connection between culture wedding early And stunting incidents in toddlers in the area coast Regency Sumenep on 2024. Methodology : Study This use design studies cross-sectional with approach quantitative . Sample study consists from mothers who married below​ 18 years old And own toddler aged 0-5 years in the area coast Regency Sumenep . Data collection via questionnaire And measurement anthropometry toddler . Data analysis was carried out with use test chi-square For determine connection between variable wedding early And stunting incident . Results study show that there is significant relationship​ between wedding early And stunting incidents in toddler . Mother who married below​ 18 years old own risk more tall For own child with stunting conditions compared with mothers who married at a young age more ripe . Factors like level education mother , economic status family , and access to service health Also join in influence stunting incident . Culture wedding early in the area coast Regency Sumenep contribute to its height stunting incidents in toddler . Required comprehensive intervention​ involve education society , improvement access service health , and strengthening policy For postpone age wedding To use reduce prevalence of stunting. Effort collaborative between government , institutions self-subsistent society , and community local very important For overcome problem This in a way effective.

Using modified schema-based instruction to teach problem-solving to students with autism and language impairments: a single case design study

This study evaluates the effect of modified schema-based instruction to teach additive group problem-solving abilities to four students (aged between 11 and 16 years) with autism spectrum disorder and language impairments. The intervention was specifically designed to address language difficulties and to promote the participants’ independence by implementing a progressive withdrawal of supports. Results from a multiple-probe design across participants showed evidence of a functional relation between the intervention and the improvement of the participants’ problem-solving abilities. All four participants improved their performance with respect to baseline. Three of them acquired problem-solving skills in both addition and subtraction problems, with the acquisition of subtraction skills being less evident for one of them. These three participants generalized their abilities in their regular classroom setting, and also to solving two-step addition problems. Two participants were assessed post-intervention, confirming skill maintenance at three and four weeks, respectively.

Comparative analysis of chlorhexidine and listerine mouthwashes on buccal cell health: A clinical and cytological investigation

Mouthwashes are used routinely as adjunct to scaling and root planing. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is known as gold standard while Listerine is a widely used essential oil mouthwash. This study was done to evaluate and compare the genotoxic effect of Listerine with Chlorhexidine mouthwash on buccal cells.It was a parallel design study with 20 participants in each group (Group 1: Chlorhexidine mouthwash and Group 2: Listerine mouthwash). Gingival index was recorded and buccal cells scraping were taken at baseline and 3 weeks after use of respective mouthwashes. The buccal cells were assessed for cytotoxicity using micronuclei test (under microscope at 100 x magnification) using Papanicolaou Stain.There was a statistically significant reduction seen in gingival index from baseline to 3 weeks in both the groups (p< 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in micronuclei count and number of Micronucleated cells in both the groups from baseline to 3 weeks (p< 0.001). The intergroup analysis showed highly significant increase in micronuclei and Micronucleated cells numbers in Chlorhexidine mouthwash group as compared to Listerine group (p< 0.001).After a 3 weeks exposure, Listerine mouthwash showed less cytotoxicity on buccal cells as compared to Chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Gamification Approach to Provide Support About the Deferral Experience in Blood Donation: Design and Feasibility Study.

Multiple studies have examined the impact of deferral on the motivation of prospective blood donors, proposing various policies and strategies to support individuals who undergo this experience. However, existing information and communications technology systems focused on blood donation have not yet integrated these ideas or provided options to assist with the deferral experience. This study aims to propose an initial gamified design aimed at mitigating the impact of the deferral experience by addressing the drivers of awareness and knowledge, interaction and validation, and motivation. Additionally, the study explores the feasibility of implementing such a system for potential users. We conducted a literature review focusing on the dynamics of motivation and intention related to blood donation, as well as the deferral situation and its impact on citizens. Through this review, we identified weak donor identity, lack of knowledge, and reduced motivation as key factors requiring support from appropriate interventions. These factors were then defined as our key drivers. Taking these into account, we proposed a gamification approach that incorporates concepts from the MDA framework. The aim is to stimulate the aforementioned drivers and expand the concept of contribution and identity in blood donation. For a preliminary evaluation, we designed a prototype to collect feedback on usability, usefulness, and interest regarding a potential implementation of our proposed gamification approach. Among the participants, a total of 11 citizens interacted with the app and provided feedback through our survey. They indicated that interacting with the app was relatively easy, with an average score of 4.13 out of 5 when considering the 11 tasks of interaction. The SUS results yielded a final average score of 70.91 from the participants' answers. Positive responses were received when participants were asked about liking the concept of the app (3.82), being likely to download it (3.55), and being likely to recommend it to others (3.64). Participants expressed positivity about the implementation of the design but also highlighted current shortcomings and suggested possible improvements in both functionality and usability. Although deferral is a common issue in blood donation, there is a missed opportunity in existing ICT services regarding how to effectively handle such experiences. Our proposed design and implementation seem to have captured the interest of prospective users due to its perceived positive usefulness and potential. However, further confirmation is needed. Improving the design of activities that currently rely heavily on extrinsic motivation elements and integrating more social components to create an enhanced activity loop for intrinsic motivation could further increase the value of the proposed project. Future research could involve conducting a more specialized and longitudinal design evaluation with a larger sample size.

Children's perspective of hope in living with leukemia: A qualitative study using drawing

PurposeThis study aimed to explore children's perspective of hope in living with leukemia through the utilization of drawing-based interview technique. Design and methodsThis qualitative study was conducted at the Children's Medical Center in Tehran with the participation of children aged 6 to 12 diagnosed with leukemia. The children were asked to prepare a drawing about hope then interviews were conducted face-to-face with each child after completing the drawing. Data analysis was conducted using the qualitative content analysis. ResultsIn the collection of a total of 20 drawings from school-age children with leukemia, each drawings has different metaphors symbolizing hope. Five themes emerged including positive thinking, embracing the sanctuary of maternal affection and collective caring, the ethereal glow of joy, the melody of resilient soul, and navigating the way back to home. ConclusionHope from the child's perspective can be achieved in simple, possible and accessible ways, making it easier for the family, community and healthcare system to inspire hope in their lives with Leukemia. Practice implicationHealth providers in pediatric oncology can integrate hope-based care interventions related to the factors influencing children's perspectives.

Tunable Optical Anisotropy in Rare-Earth Borates with Flexible [BO3] Clusters.

Borates have garnered a lot of attention in the realm of solid-state chemistry due to their remarkable characteristics, in which the synthesis of borates with isolated [BO3] by adding rare-earth elements is one of the main areas of structural design study. Five new mixed-metal Y-based rare-earth borates, Ba2ZnY2(BO3)4, KNa2Y(BO3)2, Li2CsY4(BO3)5, LiRb2Y(BO3)2, and RbCaY(BO3)2, have been discovered using the high-temperature solution approach. Isolated [BO3] clusters arranged in various configurations comprise their entire anionic framework, allowing for optical anisotropy tuning between 0.024 and 0.081 under 1064 nm. In this study, we characterize the relative placements of their [BO3] groups and examine how their structure affects their characteristics. The origin of their considerable optical anisotropy has been proven theoretically. This study unequivocally demonstrates that even a slight alteration to borates' anionic structure can result in a significant improvement in performance.

Structural Design Study of Air-Dropped Unmanned Maritime Mobile Search and Rescue Platforms

In order to improve the efficiency and safety of search and rescue (SAR) at sea, this paper proposes a kind of emergency rapid rescue unmanned craft (air-dropped unmanned maritime motorized search and rescue platform) that can be delivered by a large transport aircraft. This paper studies the structural design scheme of the platform, and the main scale of the platform, the choice of power system and the impact resistance performance are considered in the design process to ensure its rapid response and effective rescue capability under complex sea conditions. Simulation results show that the platform can withstand the impact of air injection into the water and the shipboard equipment can operate normally under the impact load, thus verifying the feasibility and safety of the design. This study serves to improve the maritime search and rescue system and enhance the oceanic emergency response capability.

Optimization design and experimental study for flexible fan-shaped interdigital guided wave transducer

To address the challenges of difficult attachment to a rigid substrate and large-area damage scanning on planar and curved panel structures, a novel flexible fan-shaped interdigital guided wave transducer (FFIGWT) is proposed. It consists of a fan-shaped interdigital electrode and a Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) flexible smart material substrate. The positive interdigital electrode is divided into inner and outer parts, enabling the FFIGWT to simultaneously excite and receive guided waves. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the influence of PVDF substrate thickness on wave excitation and reception, as well as the effect of the ratio between the inner and outer radius of the FFIGWT on excitation intensity. The results demonstrate that the reception and excitation of guided waves by the FFIGWT improve with increasing PVDF substrate thickness. The ratio between the inner and outer radius of the transducer's interdigital electrode is positively correlated with excitation intensity. Additionally, the transducer's beam divergence angle approaches the designed angle span of the FFIGWT with an increasing ratio between the inner and outer radius. Experimental validation confirms that the FFIGWT exhibits significantly enhanced wave excitation and reception capabilities in the corresponding FFIGWT region, making it suitable for composite material detection applications.

Effect of screening mammography on the risk of breast cancer deaths and of all-cause deaths: a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies

ObjectivesObservational cohort studies are used to evaluate the effectiveness of screening mammography in women offered screening. Because screening mammography has no effect on causes of death other than breast cancer (BC), cohort studies should show reductions in the risk of BC death substantially greater than possible reductions in the risk of all-cause death. We assessed the risk of BC deaths and of all-cause (or of nonBC) deaths associated with screening mammography attendance reported in cohort studies. Study Design and SettingCohort studies published from 2002 to 2022 on women invited to screening mammography were searched in PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and in review articles. Random effect meta-analyses were performed using relative risks (RRs) of death between women who attended screening compared to women who did not attend screening. ResultsEighteen cohort studies were identified, nine that reported RRs of BC deaths only, five that reported RRs of all-cause deaths only, and four that reported RRs for both BC deaths and all-cause deaths. The latter four cohort studies reported 12–76 times more all-cause deaths than BC deaths. The random-effect summary of RR for BC mortality in screening attendees vs nonattendees was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.50–0.60) in 13 cohort studies. The summary of RR for all-cause mortality was 0.54 (0.50–0.58) in 10 cohort studies. In the four cohort studies that evaluated both outcomes, the summary of RRs were 0.63 (0.43–0.83) for BC mortality and of 0.54 (0.44–0.64) for all-cause mortality. ConclusionThe similar relative reductions in breast- and all-cause (or nonBC) mortality indicates that screening mammography attendance is an indicator of characteristics associated with a lower risk of dying from any cause, including from BC, which observational studies have falsely interpreted as a screening effect.

The suboptimal clinical applicability of prognostic prediction models for severe postpartum hemorrhage: a meta-epidemiological study

ObjectivesTo systematically investigate clinical applicability of the current prognostic prediction models for severe postpartum hemorrhage (SPPH). Study Design and SettingA meta-epidemiological study of prognostic prediction models was conducted for SPPH. A pre-designed structured questionnaire was adopted to extract the study characteristics, predictors and the outcome, modeling methods, predictive performance, the classification ability for high-risk individuals, and clinical use scenarios. The risk of bias among studies was assessed by the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST). ResultsTwenty-two studies containing 27 prediction models were included. The number of predictors in the final models varied from 3 to 53. However, one-third of the models (11) did not clearly specify the timing of predictor measurement. Calibration was found to be lacking in 10 (37.0%) models. Among the 20 models with an incidence rate of predicted outcomes below 15.0%, none of the models estimated the area under the precision-recall curve, and all reported positive predictive values were below 40.0%. Only two (7.4%) models specified the target clinical setting, while seven (25.9%) models clarified the intended timing of model use. Lastly, all 22 studies were deemed to be at high risk of bias. ConclusionCurrent SPPH prediction models have limited clinical applicability due to methodological flaws, including unclear predictor measurement, inadequate calibration assessment, and insufficient evaluation of classification ability. Additionally, there is a lack of clarity regarding the timing for model use, target users, and clinical settings. These limitations raise concerns about the reliability and usefulness of these models in real-world clinical practice.