Morphological Studies Research Articles

The impact of quantum-sized nickel nanoparticles on TiO2 in photovoltaic and photocatalytic systems

The study examines the impact of the incorporation of quantum-sized nickel (Ni) nanoparticles in TiO2 (titanium dioxide) matrix at 1%, 3%, and 5% weight percentages by straightforward, easy, and potentially effective synthesis strategy of direct doping. The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characterization studies of synthesized films are systematically done and the photovoltaic, photocatalytic applications are evaluated. The integration of nickel into TiO2 influences its photovoltaic properties by enhancing the open-circuit voltage (Voc). However, higher concentrations lead to increased recombination and defects, decreasing efficiency. On conducting photocatalytic studies, TiO2 doped with 1 wt. % nickel exhibits superior photocatalytic efficiency, surpassing that of undoped TiO2. This improvement in photovoltaic and photocatalytic performance is attributed to better charge separation and reduced recombination. However, optimizing nickel levels is crucial for maximizing benefits for the applications using the performed synthesis strategy.

Top-down approach for the preparation of Au/ZnO nanostructures by glancing-angle ion irradiation: Morphological, structural and optical studies

We report the 100 keV glancing-angle Xe+ ions irradiation based top down approach for the preparation of ZnO and Au/ZnO hybrid nanostructures and its morphological, structural and optical properties. FESEM micrographs reveal Xe+ ion irradiation favours the nucleation and formation of highly aligned, dense nanostrips like structures. Crystalline structure of ZnO, Xe+ ions irradiated ZnO and Au/ZnO hybrid nanostructures were analysed by grazing incident X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements. The elemental compositions and thickness of the grown nanostructures were estimated using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis. The influence of Xe+ ion irradiation on the photoluminescence (PL) behaviour of ZnO and Au/ZnO hybrid nanostructures were studied in detail using temperature dependent PL measurements in the range of 80–298 K. Strong PL emission associated with free excitons (FX) and its longitudinal optical phonon replicas observed in ion irradiated Au/ZnO hybrid nanostructures clearly reveal the strong coupling of the localized surface plasmons in the Au nanoparticles to the FX in ZnO. Our experimental results reveal ion beam irradiation is one of the effective approaches to tailor the optical properties of ZnO and Au/ZnO hybrid nanostructures.

Fish Cell Spheroids, a Promising In Vitro Model to Mimic In Vivo Research: A Review.

In vitro cell culture systems serve as instrumental platforms for probing biological phenomena and elucidating intricate cellular mechanisms. These systems afford researchers the opportunity to scrutinize cellular responses within a regulated environment, thereby circumventing the ethical and logistical challenges associated with in vivo experimentation. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have emerged as a viable alternative to mimic in vivo environments. Within this context, spheroids are recognized as one of the most straightforward and efficacious models, presenting a promising substitute for conventional monolayer cultures. The application of 3D cultures of fish cells remains limited, focusing mainly on physiological and morphological characterization studies. However, given the capacity of spheroids to emulate in vivo conditions, researchers are exploring diverse applications of these 3D cultures. These include eco-toxicology, immunology, drug screening, endocrinology, and metabolism studies, employing a variety of cell types such as fibroblasts, hepatocytes, embryonic cells, gonadal cells, gastrointestinal cells, and pituitary cells. This review provides a succinct overview, concentrating on the most frequently employed methods for generating fish cell spheroids and their applications to date. The aim is to compile and highlight the significant contributions of these methods to the field and their potential for future research.

Hierarchical Structures of Amino Acid Derived Polyhydroxyurethanes: Promising Candidates as Drug Carriers and Cell Adhesive Scaffolds.

In this study, we examined the self-assembly of a series of biodegradable and biocompatible amino acid-based polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs), investigating the structural influence of these polymers on their self-assembly and the resulting morphological features. The presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, along with carbonyl urethane, ester, and hydroxyl groups in the PHU backbone, facilitates intermolecular hydrogen bonding, enabling the formation of self-assemblies with hierarchical nanodimensional morphologies. We determined the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and found that it largely depends on the PHU's structure. In-depth morphological studies demonstrated that the evolution of morphology proceeds in four steps: (1) the initial formation of micelles, which act as seeds at very low concentrations, (2) the elongation of these micelles into nanorod or nanopalette shapes below the CAC range, (3) the epitaxial growth of nanofibers at the CAC, and (4) the complete formation of fibrous mats above the CAC. Additionally, these hierarchical structures were utilized for the encapsulation and release of the drug doxorubicin (DOX). We observed that 75% of the encapsulated DOX was readily released in a mildly acidic environment, similar to the physiological conditions of cancer cells. Cellular uptake studies confirmed the effective uptake of the drug-loaded nanoassemblies into the cytoplasm of cells. Our studies also confirmed that these self-assembled structures can serve as effective cell adhesive scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

Layout optimization and Performance of Large Array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (LACT)

Abstract Large Array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (LACT) is an array of 32 Cherenkov telescopes with 6-meter diameter mirrors to be constructed at the LHAASO site. In this work, we present a study on the layout optimization and performance analysis of LACT. We investigate two observation modes: large zenith angle observations for ultra-high energy events and small zenith angle observations for lower energy thresholds. For large zenith angles (60°), simulations show that an 8-telescope subarray can achieve an effective area of $3 ~\rm km^2$ and excellent angular resolution. For small zenith angles, we optimize the layout of 4-telescope cells and the full 32-telescope array. The threshold of the full array is about $200~\rm GeV$, which is particularly crucial for studying transient phenomena, including gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This study provides important guidance for the final LACT layout design and performance estimates under different observational conditions, demonstrating LACT's potential for deep observations of ultra-high energy \gray sources and morphological studies of PeVatrons, as well as time-domain \gray astronomy.

Unusual body division and epithelium structure in unusual phoronid Phoronis embryolabi

Phoronida is a small phylum of benthic marine invertebrates that can occur in large numbers globally. The study of phoronid morphology and anatomy is important for understanding phoronid biology and the function of benthic communities dominated by phoronids. Because all phoronids are tube-living animals, the study of the morphology and ultrastructure of the body wall is an important step toward understanding the processes of the tube formation, growth, and renovation. This study used epoxy histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to describe the body regionalization and ultrastructure of the body wall epithelium of the unusual Phoronis embryolabi, which lives as a commensal in burrows of digging shrimps. The trunk of P. embryolabi consists of 8 zones, which are clearly distinguishable in living individuals. These zones are as follows: long head region, median sphincter with its three different parts (waist, upper and lower), muscular region, reproductive region, zone 7, and ampulla. Such body division can correlate with specificity of life style of P. embryolabi. The ultrastructure of the epithelium of all zones differ from each other in thickness, set and abundance of gland cells, structure of the extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelium, and abundance of neurites. The capacity and distribution of glandular cells correlate with tube formation and remodelling. Bacteria of two different types are described along body wall of all parts of the trunk; reciprocally advantageous phoronid-bacteria interaction is suggested. Our data suggest that P. embryolabi is able to build the tube at the anterior end rather than at the posterior end, as previously suggested for other phoronid species. At the same time, the certain mechanism of phoronid tube growth and remodelling is still unknown for phoronids as well as for many other tube-living invertebrates.

Synthesis, characterization and mechanical properties evaluation of muntingia calabura fibre reinforced epoxy composites: Fibre treatment comparison with NaOH and KOH

Numerous studies demonstrate that the alteration in the fibre surface caused by the alkali treatment enhances the mechanical capabilities. Muntingia calabura is the novel fibre was used in the present study. The present work illustrates the mechanical and characterization of NaOH and KOH treated muntingia calabura fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Muntingia calabura fibre is extracted from the bark of muntingia calabura plant. The collected fibres are treated with 10% alkali solution and then fibre–epoxy composites are fabricated with different fibre loadings, evaluated the mechanical properties of the Muntingia calabura fibre–epoxy composites. The interfacial bonding between the Muntingia calabura fibre and epoxy (LY-5052) observed with the morphological study. Using thermo gravimetric and infrared spectroscopy, the degradation behaviour and thermal stability of the Muntingia calabura fibre composites and the functional chemicals included in them are investigated respectively. The composites exhibit maximum tensile and flexural strengths of 84 MPa and 185 MPa, respectively, at 20 weight percent of the fibre content treated with NaOH. At 15 weight percent of the fibre content treated with NaOH, the composites have a maximum impact strength of 19.5 J/m2. It was found that the thermal stability of fibre composites treated with KOH and NaOH ranged from 250 to 400 degrees Celsius.

Structural, morphological and Magnetic studies of Soft magnetic Fe-Si-B Metallic Glass ribbons

Abstract A comparative study of two metallic glass ribbons produced by two different industries namely M/s Honeywell corporation, U.S.A., and M/s Vijay electricals. The potential of different experimental techniques like XRD, SEM and EDAX and VSM has been carried out for two soft metallic glass ribbons. XRD studies reveal that for sample A has two broad peaks and sample B shows the absence of any sharp peaks indicating crystalline secondary phases are <5%. Morphological studies show that sample A has homogeneous matrix whereas sample B has crystallites of varied shapes and sizes distributed in the range of 5-40 μm. EDAX for both the samples A and B was done to investigate the compositional elements. VSM measurements reveals sample B to exhibit a relatively larger anisotropy compared to sample A.

Age estimation on post-mortem CT based on pelvic bone mineral density measurement and the state of putrefaction: a multivariate method.

Age-at-death estimation is an important issue in forensic medicine and anthropology. Initially, methods relied on morphological criteria, but with the advancement of radiology, new techniques such as morphological studies on multi-slice computed tomography (CT) reconstructions have emerged. Recent studies have shown promising results by investigating the correlation between age and bone mineral density (BMD). However, there is currently a lack of data on post-mortem CTs (PMCT) involving decomposed bodies, and limited information exists regarding changes in Hounsfield Units measurement in a post-mortem context. In light of these gaps, our study aimed to examine the relationship between age at death and pubic and ilium BMD using a sample of forensic bodies. We also aimed to determine whether post-mortem processes, such as putrefaction, could interfere with this correlation. Our retrospective analysis encompassed 637 PMCTs conducted before medicolegal autopsies at Tours University Hospital. Utilizing simple and multiple linear regressions, we investigated the correlation between age and pubic and ilium BMD, as well as the relationship between BMD and the radiologic alteration index (RAI), a scale employed to quantify the degree of putrefaction. Our findings indicate promising outcomes in age-at-death estimation using pubic and/or ilium BMD for bodies exhibiting no or moderate decomposition (RAI < 80), particularly among individuals under 40years old. However, for highly decomposed corpses (RAI ≥ 80), the presence of gas infiltration significantly influences the BMD of both the ilium and pubis. Consequently, we advocate for the incorporation of the RAI score into the age estimation equation to enhance the accuracy of our results in such cases. Further investigation involving a larger cohort of decomposed bodies could facilitate refinement and validation of our method within this specific population.

Study of polymer chain morphologies at and around critical concentrations

Study of polymer chain morphologies at and around critical concentrations

Morphological and Molecular-Biological Features of Lewis Lung Carcinoma Progression in Mice with Different Resistance to Hypoxia.

In adult male mice with high (HR) and low (LR) resistance to hypoxia, on days 21 and 28 after subcutaneous injection of Lewis lung carcinoma cells, a morphological and morphometric study of the primary tumor nodes and metastases in the lungs was carried out. Peripheral blood parameters and subpopulation composition of blood cells, the expression of genes responsible for the development of inflammation (Nfkb, Il1b, Il6, Tnfa, Il10, and Tgfb) and the response to hypoxia (Hif1a) in the liver were also assessed. The tumors were detected in 84.6% HR and 91.7% LR mice. The mitotic index of tumor cells in the subcutaneous nodes of HR animals was statistically significantly higher. The metastases area on days 21 and 28 did not differ. In animals of both groups, an increase in the absolute number of leukocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes, a decrease in the hemoglobin content and the absolute number of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood were detected on day 28 of the experiment. Only in LR animals, an increase in the absolute number of CD11b+ monocytes was found on day 28 of the experiment in comparison with the control group. The expression of Hif1a, Nfkb, Tnfa, and Tgfb genes in the liver of LR animals was higher than in HR mice, which attested to more pronounced systemic inflammatory response. These data should be taken into account when developing new approaches for the treatment of neoplastic disorders.

Diffusive secondary injuries in neuronal networks following a blast impact: A morphological and electrophysiological study using a TBI-on-a-Chip model

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide health issue. Increasing prevalence of blast-induced TBI (bTBI), a predominantly combat-related injury, is an alarming trend necessitating a better understanding of the associated pathogenesis to develop treatments. Further, most bTBI injuries are mild and undiagnosed, permitting secondary biochemical injuries to propagate beyond possible intervention. Unfortunately, few treatment options are available due to a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Additional investigative tools are urgently needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind immediate and long-term bTBI-induced damage. Therefore, we introduce “bTBI-on-a-Chip,” an in vitro blast injury model, capable of simultaneous morphological, biochemical, and bioelectrical assessments before, during, and after blast injury. We show correlated increases in markers of oxidative stress (acrolein) and inflammation (TNF-α) accompanied by electrophysiological deficits post-blast injury. Additionally, we show that these pathological consequences are mitigated by acrolein scavenging. We also show that injury products released by cultures post-injury diffuse through culture media and instigate biochemical injury in uninjured neuronal networks. Furthermore, we show that acrolein, a diffusive component of post-TBI secondary injury, is sufficient to increase inflammation in uninjured cultures. These findings validate bTBI-on-a-Chip as an appropriate model for recapitulating and investigating blast injury in vitro by showing its capabilities of recreating primary and secondary bTBI, monitoring biochemical and electrophysiological responses to injury, and screening possible pharmacological interventions post-injury. We expect that this model could provide insights into the pathological biochemical mechanisms that will be critical in developing future diagnostic and treatment strategies for bTBI patients. Statement of SignificanceThe findings in the current study validate bTBI-on-a-Chip as an appropriate model for recapitulating and investigating blast injury in vitro by demonstrating its capabilities of recreating primary and secondary bTBI, monitoring biochemical and electrophysiological responses to injury, and screening possible pharmacological interventions post-injury. We expect that this model could provide insights into the pathological biochemical mechanisms that will be critical in developing future diagnostic and treatment strategies for bTBI patients.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Benzimidazole Derivatives as IL-6 Inhibitors and Their Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a major role in the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). In the present study, benzimidazole and benzene sulfonyl scaffold were identified as pharmacophore by analysis of literature reports and novel small molecule IL-6 inhibitors were designed. These were screened via docking with IL-6 (PDB: 1ALU), then and through Lipinski's rule of 5. Based on docking score, 10 best compounds (4a-4e and 7a-7e) were selected for synthesis and evaluated for IL-6 inhibitory activity invitro. Compounds 4b and 7b showed the maximum inhibition of IL-6 (87.55% and 82.75%, respectively). These compounds were further explored for anti-arthritic activity invivo using the Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant Model and by morphological and histopathological studies of the inflamed paw. Compound 4b was significantly more active than compound 7b and both were found to be slightly less active than methotrexate. These findings indicate that a benzimidazole nucleus linked to a benzene sulphonyl moiety may prove to be a useful template for the development of new chemical moieties against RA.

Thermally stable white light emission and energy transfer analysis of tungstate-tellurite glasses co-activated with Dy3+/Eu3+ for optoelectronic applications

In this study, dual ions (Dy3+/Eu3+) doped tungstate-tellurite (TWKZBi: Dy3+/Eu3+) glass matrices have been formed with the help of the melt quenching approach. The structural, thermal, morphological, and photoluminescent (PL) characteristics, as well as the energy transfer (ET) processes were thoroughly investigated. The structural features of the titled glasses have been explored via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The morphology and elemental studies of the titled glass matrices were verified with the help of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) along with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The PL results designate that the TWKZBi doped with Dy3+ ions glass samples exhibit a strong emission peak at 575 nm when excited via n-UV light, whereas Eu3+ doped TWKZBi glass sample demonstrates a conspicuous red emission band at 614 nm when stimulated with the n-UV light. In addition, TWKZBi glasses doped with both Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions demonstrate the emission peaks in the blue (B), yellow (Y) and red (R) zones of the electromagnetic spectrum. The combination of these peaks generates white and orange-red light through properly controlling the activator ion concentrations and selected excitations. Based on Dexter's and Reisfeld's approximation, dipole-dipole (d-d) interaction is responsible for the transfer of energy from donor (Dy3+) to accepter (Eu3+) ions. The decay profiles demonstrate the bi-exponential behaviour with a decline in the average lifetime (τavg) values as varying activator (Eu3+) ion concentrations in the titled TWKZBi: Dy3+/Eu3+ glasses. All the results above validate that the titled TWKZBi: Dy3+/Eu3+ glass samples could be fascinating for white LEDs and other optoelectronic applications.

Protocolo diagnóstico de las leucocitosis afebriles

Leukocytosis, defined as an increase in the white blood cell count, can occur in a multitude of clinical situations. This protocol will focus on afebrile leukocytosis. To assess leukocytosis, the type of cell with increased values, the degree of leukocytosis, and the patient's symptoms must be evaluated and the morphology of cells observed under the microscope must be taken into account.Neutrophilia refers to an increase of at least two standard deviations above the mean in the number of neutrophils in peripheral blood. The most frequent causes of neutrophilia are reactive forms (secondary to another condition) and the other group are those of primary origin when there is autonomous medullary hyperproduction.Lymphocytosis is defined as an absolute lymphocyte count greater than 4000/μl, although up to 8000/μl may be normal in newborns and children. Reactive causes are more common in children or young adults, notable among which are mononucleosis syndromes. Other important causes are those secondary to clonal disorders; therefore, a blood smear study for cell morphology and flow cytometry study are required.Monocytosis is defined as an increase in the number of monocytes in peripheral blood above 1000/μl. The most frequent causes are infections. Other important causes to consider, especially if monocytosis is sustained and secondary causes have been ruled out, are primary hematologic malignancies, especially in older adults or in patients with unexplained cytopenias.

Basicity-tuned graphitic carbon nitride supported MgO heterogeneous catalysts for efficient transesterification of groundnut oil to biodiesel

Quality and quantity of biodiesel derived from oil depend on the type of feedstock and the transesterification process. To maximize biodiesel production efficiency and ensure the desired fuel quality, it is crucial to develop and optimize feedstock-specific production processes. This study reports on the transesterification of groundnut oil using a heterogeneous catalyst. Magnesium oxide (MgO) and its composites with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) at 10, 30, and 50 wt% (MG10, MG30, MG50) were used. The composite catalyst combines basic sites from MgO and Lewis acid sites from the nitrogen atoms in the g-C3N4 triazine unit, giving rise to synergistic effects that enhances biodiesel production. MgO nanoparticles were synthesized via precipitation, followed by calcination at 500 °C, and MgO/g-C3N4 composites were prepared by grinding at different ratios. Morphological and structural studies confirmed material characteristics. BET analysis indicated an increased surface area of 71.39 m2/g, enhancing catalytic activity, while SEM revealed the agglomerated g-C3N4 and the cubic morphology of MgO. Response surface methodology was used to optimize catalyst loading, temperature, and reaction time parameters. The optimal conditions for biodiesel conversion using MG50 composite was determined to be methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, 2.5 wt% catalyst loading, 41.7 °C reaction temperature and spanning 52 min of reaction, yielding 94 % efficiency. GC–MS analysis confirmed successful transesterification, identifying key fatty acid esters such as ethyl oleate (34.72 %) and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (7.69 %). This work supports further research into feedstock-specific catalysts for industrial biodiesel applications.

Co-encapsulation of probiotic bacteria and fructooligosaccharides in basil seed gum-stabilized double emulsion gels: Probiotic viability and physicochemical properties

Double emulsions (DEs) present many potential applications for encapsulating and protecting probiotics. However, their high instability limit their real applications. To improve the prolonged stability of DEs, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus gasseri were separately co-encapsulated together in the presence of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and basil seed gum (BSG) within the internal (W1) and external (W2) aqueous phases of double emulsion gels (DEGs; W1-sol/O/W2-gel). Physical properties of DEGs, and viability of probiotics during heat processing, gastrointestinal digestion and storage were evaluated. Appropriate physical stability was observed during storage for 28 d at 4 ± 2 °C. The FOSs and microorganism type showed not effect on the droplet size (10.63 to 10.47 µm). Turbidimetry, physical stability, and morphological studies revealed the formation of aggregated droplets after 3 weeks. All DEGs presented high (>90 %) encapsulation efficiency. The viability of microencapsulated probiotics over time (14.89–14.08 %) and against simulated gastrointestinal conditions was higher than that of free cells. The encapsulation of bacteria in W1 in the presence of FOSs led to a significant improvement of viability against heat (only 1.35 % to 6.83 % reduction at 72 °C). L. gasseri showed a higher stability against environmental conditions. Finally, BSG-stabilized DEGs can be considered for increasing the viability of probiotic in functional foods.

Survey, isolation and characterisation of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Shoem.) causing spot blotch disease in wheat under the climatic conditions of the Indo–Gangetic plains of India

Wheat spot blotch has emerged as a disease of significant concern in recent years. The pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana can infect stems, leaves, roots and seeds, increasing its impact. The pathogen is particularly prevalent in the wheat growing zone of West Bengal, which provides congenial conditions for the growth and development of the pathogen. However, its knowledge under West Bengal conditions is inadequate. To address this issue, isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana were collected from different locations in West Bengal. The pathogenic species were identified via comprehensive morphological studies supplemented with internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequence analysis and pathogenicity. The disease severity of the twelve isolates collected varied among the surveyed locations, ranging from 44.03% to 81.48 %. The greatest radial growth was observed in BSC11 (50.07 mm), whereas the lowest growth was recorded in BSC9 (6.47 mm) at 96 h after inoculation. Molecular studies confirmed that the isolates were Bipolaris sorokiniana. In pathogenicity assays, BSC11 presented the highest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (380.05) and percent disease index (PDI) among the isolates at 20 dai (38.33 %). The correlation matrix revealed that disease severity was positively correlated with the number of spores (r2 = 0.70), growth rate of mycelia (r2 = 0.77), and lesion size (r2 = 0.74), whereas the length of the spores, incubation period, and latent period were negatively and significantly correlated with disease severity. Establishing the aggressiveness of a pathogen is pivotal in studying host‒ interactions. Our study established BSC11 as a highly virulent pathogen isolate that can be used further for comprehensive analysis of wheat‒Bipolaris sorokiniana interactions.

Self-Assembly of Metallo-Supramolecular Amphiphiles based on Azadipyrromethenes: Consecutive Pathways to Nanodiscs and Nanosheets.

A new class of metallo-supramolecular amphiphilic dyes 1 a, b was constructed by using two azadipyrromethene units which were respectively modified with two hydrophobic alkyl and two hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) chains. The spectroscopic and morphological studies revealed the consecutive self-assembly pathways of 1 a in EtOH/H2O mixed solvent. The monomers of 1 a firstly aggregated into the kinetic-controlled, nanodisc-shaped Agg. I upon cooling and the latter spontaneously transformed into the thermodynamically more stable Agg. II with a nanosheet morphology. While the non-fluorescent Agg. I displayed a broad absorption band (λmax=615 nm), the Agg. II displayed a more intensive and narrowed J-band (λmax=693 nm) and a fluorescence band with a maximum at 760 nm (Φfl=0.1), which could be ascribed to the J-aggregation induced emission enhancement. The kinetics of Agg. I to Agg. II transformation was further modulated by seed-initiated supramolecular polymerization with various ratios of Seedagg.II, in which the transformation rate was significantly increased by ca. 2 orders of magnitude compared to the spontaneous process. The supramolecular amphiphile 1 b bearing longer hydrophilic chains formed only one type aggregate, which exhibited spectroscopic and morphological properties that were highly comparable with that of Agg. I.

Study of Behaviour and Morphology of Corrosion Region of Copper Layer Coated on Polymer Substrates by Flame Thermal Spraying

Study of Behaviour and Morphology of Corrosion Region of Copper Layer Coated on Polymer Substrates by Flame Thermal Spraying