Morphological Studies Research Articles

Unraveling the Bryocladia scopulorum complex from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean with the description of three new species of Bryocladia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta).

The filamentous red algal genus Bryocladia was recently deeply revised based on molecular and morphological data. However, data from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean are scarce. Here, we provide a phylogenetic study of Bryocladia representatives from the Brazilian coast with new additions to the genus. Our samples were collected from the north to southeastern Brazilian coast in marine and estuarine areas. We carried out a morphological and molecular study based on COI-5P and rbcL gene sequences. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of seven species on the Brazilian coast, four of which were previously known: B. cuspidata, B. subtilissima, B. thyrsigera, and B. villum. Three new species are described here, B. itaipensis sp. nov., B. oceanica sp. nov., and B. mucuripensis sp. nov., all morphologically included in the B. scopulorum complex. Bryocladia subtilissima was observed only in Brazilian estuarine areas. However, it was split into two subclades, which require further investigation. The three new species expand the known diversity of the B. scopulorum complex from 12 to 15 species. Bryocladia itaipensis is closely related to B. canariensis and B. caespitosa, whereas B. oceanica and B. mucuripensis formed distinct lineages with unsolved relationships. All new species are restricted to their type localities in Brazilian waters, reinforcing the need for further study of tiny species, especially from the tribes Polysiphonieae and Streblocladieae.

Morphological study of the anterior dentition in Raoellidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla), new insight on their dietary habits

AbstractRaoellidae are small artiodactyls from the Indian subcontinent closely related to stem cetaceans. They bring crucial information to understand the early phase of the land‐to‐water transition in Cetacea. If they are considered to be partly aquatic, the question of their dietary habits remains partly understood due to their “transitional” morphology. Raoellidae are largely documented by their cheek teeth and getting a better knowledge of their anterior dentition constitutes an additional proxy to discuss their feeding habits. In this work, we document the anterior dentition of Indohyus indirae from an unprecedented sample of in situ and isolated teeth from the locality of East Aiji‐2 in the Kalakot area (Rajouri district, India). We propose identification criteria for upper and lower incisors and canines in raoellids. Based on CT scan data, virtual reconstruction of in situ dentition, and identification of the isolated incisors and canines, we reconstruct a composite anterior dentition of Indohyus supported by the correspondence of wear facets between upper and lower teeth. This constitutes the first attempt at reconstruction of the anterior dentition of a raoellid. We show that the upper incisors are caniniform and very similar morphologically, whereas the lower incisors are pointed but remain incisiform and quite different from one another. We also describe noticeable intraspecific variation, at the level of upper canines, suggesting a potential sexual dimorphism in this species. Upper and lower incisors are recurved, with the upper incisor row arranged on a widely opened arch. Taken altogether the anterior dentition forms a grasping device, allowing the animal to capture and secure food, a characteristic shared with stem cetaceans. This would mark the first step towards the carnivorous diet in these peculiar artiodactyls.

Structural and property investigation of ceramic composite coating fabricated on titanium alloys by high power diode laser alloying

The laser alloying technique is proposed and demonstrated to synthesize titanium silver nitride-based (Ti-Ag-N, TiN/TiAg) composite coating on Ag electroplated Cp-Ti and Ti6Al4V substrates under nitrogen shielding. The laser alloying was carried out using a continuous wave mode fiber coupled diode laser at 980 nm laser wavelength. Nitrogen shielding was useful to avoid interference from atmospheric oxygen and induce the formation of titanium nitride (TiN) phases. The formation of the TiN/TiAg composite was confirmed through surface morphology studies. The microstructural features and microhardness values (around 1000 HV0.2) confirmed the formation of composite Ti-Ag-N phases in the titanium alloy surface. In Ti6Al4V substrate laser alloyed with Ag and N, the formation of dendrites and columnar growth of the composite phases were observed. Ag was homogeneously distributed in the Ti/Ni matrix, and as the Ag coating thickness increased, the average microhardness of the laser alloyed coating decreased slightly.

Preparation of Small Extracellular Vesicles Using Sequential Ultrafiltration with Regenerated Cellulose Membranes of Different Molecular Weight Cutoffs: A Study of Morphology and Size by Electron Microscopy.

There is still room for improvement in the isolation and purification techniques for extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly in the separation of exosomes (small EVs) from other membrane vesicles such as microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Furthermore, it is crucial to establish preparation methods that preserve the intrinsic properties of EVs in this context. In this study, we focus on the isolation and preparation of small EVs, exosomes, from the culture supernatant of a human cell line. We discuss the sequential use of regenerated cellulose membranes with different molecular weight cutoffs, based on direct evaluation by transmission electron microscopy, and examine the challenges of characterizing biological membrane vesicles, small EVs, identified during this process.

Simulation and Experimental Study of the Single-Pulse Femtosecond Laser Ablation Morphology of GaN Films

Gallium nitride (GaN) exhibits distinctive physical and chemical properties that render it indispensable in a multitude of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Given that GaN is a typical hard and brittle material that is difficult to machine, femtosecond laser technology provides an effective and convenient tool for processing such materials. However, GaN undergoes complex physical and chemical changes during high-power ablation, which poses a challenge to high-precision processing with controllable geometry. In this study, the quantitative relationship between the parameters of a single-pulse femtosecond laser and GaN ablation morphology was investigated using isotherm distribution. A multiphysics model using COMSOL Multiphysics® was developed to generate the isothermal distributions. Experiments were conducted on the femtosecond laser ablation of GaN at various single-pulse energies, and the resulting ablation morphologies were compared with the predictions from the multiphysics model. The comparison demonstrated that the calculated isotherm distribution accurately predicted not only the ablation diameter and depth but also the crater shape across a broad range of laser fluences. The predicted errors of the ablation diameters and depths were within 4.71% and 10.9%, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were employed to evaluate the prediction errors associated with the crater shapes, which fell within the range of 0.018–0.032 μm and 0.77–0.91, respectively. This study can provide an important reference for utilizing femtosecond lasers in the precise ablation of GaN to achieve desired geometries.

Assessments of the earliest bats from the Quaternary of Serra da Mesa (Goiás, Brazil): phylogenetic insights and biogeographic modelling on the new extinct species of Rhinophylla, the first fossil record of the subfamily Rhinophyllinae (Chiroptera, Mammalia)

ABSTRACT Recovered from Quaternary deposits in Carneiro Cave (Serra da Mesa, Brazil), associated with a clayey-sandy sedimentary influx older than the overlying calcite layer, which has been dated to 182.8 ± 1.2 ka, a new extinct species of Rhinophylla is described based on a proximal radio fragment. This discovery represents one of the three oldest occurrences of Chiroptera in the exposed stratigraphic profile. The fossil record of Chiroptera consists of 1,117 bone fragments, distributed across Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary packages. The chronology of this sedimentary sequence is established using dated layers, all of which are fully consistent with their order of deposition. A comparative study of the radioulnar morphology was conducted to determine the taxonomic identity of the new fossil bat. A strict consensus tree for phyllostomids was obtained, surprisingly consistent with recent molecular phylogenies, unequivocally places the new fossil in the subfamily Rhinophyllinae. Biogeographic modelling of Rhinophylla, typically characterised by an ecomorphology of small specialised epiphytic frugivores, suggests that around 200 ka (the fossil’s age reference) the genus may have had a broader distribution across Central Brazil than is observed today. This is consistent with the fact that Rhinophylla is currently absent in the surrounding region of the Carneiro Cave.

Pollen and Stigma Morphology, Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity of Wittmackia Species (Bromeliaceae) by Light, Fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy.

The genus Wittmackia has 44 species distributed in two centers of diversity: the Brazilian clade and the Caribbean clade. The Brazilian clade includes 29 species, with geographic distribution concentrated in the Northeast of Brazil. This study reports the morphology, ultrastructure, pollen viability and stigma receptivity by different microscopy techniques of 23 species of the genus Wittmackia endemic to Brazil and occurring in Atlantic Forest areas. Pollen morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy by the weak lactic acetolysis method. Histochemical tests were performed with Alexander's solution and fluorescein diacetate. For invitro germination of pollen grains, two culture media were evaluated. Stigma receptivity was evaluated with hydrogen peroxide and α-naphthyl acetate. The Wittmackia genus presented biporate pollen grains, monads to tetrads, with oblate, suboblate or oblate-spheroidal shape, circular or elliptical scope, and heteropolar or sub-isopolar morphology. The stigmas are of the conduplicate-spiral type, with differences in color and size. In both histochemical tests, high viability was observed, mainly at anthesis, coinciding with invitro germination. The species presented high enzymatic activity during receptivity, with a very strong positive response, mainly at anthesis. Studies of pollen morphology and viability provide important information for the conservation and genetic improvement of Wittmackia species, also assisting in the taxonomy of the genus and the reproductive success of future controlled crosses.

Prevalence of okra fruit rot caused by <i>Choanephora </i>in North Eastern Region of India Particular to Arunachal Pradesh

Choanephora fruit rot of vegetables is an emerging threat to vegetable growers in India. During the survey of disease incidence, okra fruit rot caused by Choanephora was noticed in Sika Tode Village, East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, and reported for the first time in the Northeast region. The pathogen attacks young fruits causing water soaked lesions and disintegrating the infected lesion. With the progression of infestation, the entire surface is covered with dense whitish cottony growth and turns brownish to blackish thus forming a black pinhead, the superficial sporangia. The morphological study revealed that sporangia are sub-globose in shape and brown in colour. The minimum disease incidence of 22.4% was noticed in the initiation of fruiting stage (June) and gradually reached the maximum incidence of 73.3% (August) with the growth of fruiting formation. Increase in the exposure periods of fruit rot infestation, percent disease incidence (PDI) increases resulting in great losses of okra yield. The correlation coefficient of PDI with weather parameters revealed a significant positive relationship with the maximum temperature at 5% probability (P=0.05) and a non-significant negative relationship with the relative humidity and total rainfall indicating favouring in the occurrence and spreading of the plant disease. Timely caution of the incidence of Choanephora causing fruit rot to okra and other economically important vegetable crops is the need of the hour for its judicious protection and management against this disease.

Morphological Study on Lenticulostriate Arteries in Patients With Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis at 7 T MRI.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis affects lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs) that supply the basal ganglia. Increased spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of 7 T could facilitate morphological imaging of very-small-diameter LSAs. To evaluate differences in morphological characteristics of LSA among different MCA stenoses. Prospective. We enrolled 161 patients (age: 26-83 years, 115 males) with MCA-M1-segment stenosis, and assigned them to the symptomatic (ischemic stroke on imaging, or transient ischemic attack diagnosed clinically within 90 days) and asymptomatic (mild-to-moderate stenosis, ≤70% diameter reduction and severe stenosis, >70% and ≤99% diameter reductions) groups and further subdivided them into the proximal and distal stenosis subgroups. 7 T, three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D TOF-MRA). The number of LSA stems, branches, length, and tortuosity (LSA length/linear distance between LSA start- and endpoints) were evaluated independently in both hemispheres by 3 radiologists with 2-, 10-, and 12-years' experience, and inter-group and inter-subgroup comparisons were undertaken. Independent t tests, paired t tests, chi-square test, and multiple linear regression analysis (P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance). Compared with the asymptomatic group (N = 76), the symptomatic group (N = 85) had significantly fewer LSA branches (7.58 ± 2.31 vs. 9.29 ± 2.37) and shorter length (4.32 ± 0.84 vs. 4.59 ± 0.72 cm). There were no significant intergroup differences in LSA morphological characteristics between the mild-to-moderate and severe-stenosis subgroups (LSA stems: P = 0.457, LSA branches: P = 0.433, LSA length: P = 0.150, and LSA tortuosity: P = 0.613). The proximal stenosis subgroup had significantly fewer (8.08 ± 1.80 vs. 10.64 ± 2.21) and shorter LSA branches (4.43 ± 0.69 vs. 4.76 ± 0.71 cm) than in the distal stenosis subgroup. Multiple linear regression, after false discovery rate correction, showed that symptoms and the MCA-M1-segment-stenosis site (proximal/distal) were significantly associated with LSA and length. Having symptoms and a proximal MCA-M1 segment stenosis were associated with fewer LSA branches, whereas stenosis severity did not significantly affect LSA morphological characteristics. Lenticulostriate arteries mainly originate from the middle cerebral artery, which 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help visualize effectively. We mainly focused on evaluating lenticulostriate artery stems, branches, length, and tortuosity (length/linear distance between start- and endpoints) among 3 types of middle cerebral artery stenoses (symptomatic and asymptomatic, mild-to-moderate and severe stenosis, and proximal and distal stenosis). Symptomatic patients with proximal MCA stenosis had fewer lenticulostriate artery branches (7.58 ± 2.31 vs. 9.29 ± 2.37 and 8.08 ± 1.80 vs. 10.64 ± 2.21). This research based on the morphological perspective clearly depicted the lenticulostriate artery using 7 T MRI to provide more intuitive results. 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) blends with quaternized polyethyleneimine: A study of morphology, optical, thermal and mechanical properties

Poly(methyl methacrylate) blends with quaternized polyethyleneimine: A study of morphology, optical, thermal and mechanical properties

Phase-field Study of Precipitate Morphology in Epitaxial High-Entropy Oxide Films

Phase-field Study of Precipitate Morphology in Epitaxial High-Entropy Oxide Films

Electrical, Optical & Structural characteristics of reduced graphene oxide: A comparative analysis using different reducing agents

The study of optical and electrical properties of functionalised materials of GO and rGO are crucial for their different applications in energy storage, optoelectronics and biosensing. The structural disorder occurring during the synthesis process largely affects the optical properties of the materials. In this work we have tried to study the variation in optical and electrical properties of rGO by varying the synthesis parameters. Different rGO samples prepared from the same precursor (graphite powder) by using various reducing agents are studied. It is observed that the physical conditions during the synthesis process affect the bandgap of the synthesised samples. This study is correlated with the elemental analysis, surface morphology and defect studies.

Stable neodymium gallium oxide (Nd3Ga5O12 and Nd3GaO6) phases: a study on their asymmetric supercapacitor applications.

Rare-earth-based nanomaterials with exceptional electrochemical properties can be obtained via a simple, low-cost, environment-friendly citrate-gel-matrix approach. Owing to their high specific capacitance, strong conductivity, and electrochemical stability, gallium-based materials are capable of withstanding numerous charge-discharge cycles, thus extending the life cycle of a supercapacitor. This tunability enabled researchers to alter the morphology and composition of the electrode to enhance supercapacitor performance. This research describes the investigation of stable neodymium gallium oxides, namely, Nd3Ga5O12 and Nd3GaO6, synthesised via a citrate-gel-matrix method for asymmetric supercapacitor applications. Structural, morphological and optical studies elucidated the outstanding supercapacitor performance of Nd3Ga5O12 and Nd3GaO6. XRD revealed the formation of cubic Nd3Ga5O12 and orthorhombic Nd3GaO6. The vibrational modes, optical properties, surface morphology and oxidation states of Nd3GaxOy phases were examined using Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the fabricated Nd3Ga5O12 electrode resulted in a greater specific capacitance of about 418 F g-1 than Nd3GaO6, thereby displaying superior electrochemical characteristics. An asymmetric device fabricated with Nd3Ga5O12 demonstrated a specific capacitance of about 64 F g-1, energy density of 20 W h kg-1 and a power density of about 750 W kg-1. Thus, the favorable attributes of Nd3GaxOy in terms of its electrochemical performance indicate its significant promise for potential application in energy-storage devices.

A morphological and anatomical study for tracking the development of individual flowers and pods in soybean (Glycine max L.)

A morphological and anatomical study for tracking the development of individual flowers and pods in soybean (Glycine max L.)

The Art of Dermatology: Lessons Learned from Master Morphologist, Dr. Irwin Braverman.

In dermatology, the art and skill of morphologic assessment is key to generating logical differential diagnoses and understanding disease pathogenesis. Dr. Irwin M. Braverman, Professor Emeritus of Dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine, is a master morphologist and his book, Skin Signs of Systemic Disease, provided key insights into the relationships between cutaneous lesions and internal disease. In an interview with Dr. Braverman, he stressed the importance morphology plays in how dermatologists diagnosis skin disorders. From Dr. Braverman, we learned an approach to the study of morphology through the lens of an art connoisseur, in addition to how to appreciate subtle clues that suggest a diagnosis and how examination of the skin brings us closer to understanding our patient, what ails them, and how we can heal them.

Comprehensive analysis of Cu-doped CoFe2O4 nanocrystals: Structural, morphological, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties

The aim of this research is to fabricate nanocrystalline CuxCo1-xFe2O4 materials, where x takes values of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, and to analyse how their structural, morphological, optoelectronic, vibrational, and magnetic properties change with varying levels of Cu2+ doping. The preparation of copper-doped cobalt ferrite samples was conducted using the sol–gel method, with citric acid serving as a chelating agent. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted to identify the phase and structural attributes of the synthesized copper-doped cobalt ferrite. The Rietveld refinement clearly indicates the single-phase cubic structure, characterized by the Fd-3 m space group. The Debye Scherrer formula was used for the calculation of the crystallite size and it was discovered that the average crystallite size varied from ∼ 4.5 to 5.4 nm (which is less than 10 nm) as the doping concentration of Cu2+ was increased. For the surface morphological studies, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was used, which suggest that all samples are well prepared and are spherical in nature. EDAX analysis validated the elemental composition with appropriate doping in crystalline samples of CuxCo1-xFe2O4. The existence of different chemical bonds has been verified by the Fourier Transform Infrared Rays (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The Raman spectra analysis indicated the existence of various vibrational modes within the sample, revealing the presence of four distinct Raman modes: A1g, Eg, and 2 T2g. Further, the Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) was utilized to explore the luminescent properties of the synthesized sample. The optical characteristics was studied using UV–Visible spectroscopy and it was observed that with an increase in the Cu2+ concentration, the band gap decreased from 2.466 eV to 2.299 eV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyse the chemical states of the elements present in CuxCo1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the magnetic characteristics of the synthesized copper-doped cobalt nanoferrites were examined using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The hysteresis curves demonstrated low coercivity (Hc) and negligible remanent magnetization (Mr), suggesting the presence of superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature.

Geometric morphometric analysis of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) skulls using radiometric techniques at three and six months of development.

Morphological growth naturally progresses with age; however, the rate of growth varies across different parts of an organism, with certain structures developing more rapidly than others. This study aimed to analyze and compare the skull development of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) during two specific developmental stages: the 3rd and 6th months, which represent distinct growth phases in their early ontogeny. In this study, we aimed to analyze and compare skull development in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) during two specific post-natal time points: the 3rd and 6th months. Shape analysis was performed using radiographic images of nine red foxes at both the third and sixth months. Shape differences were observed in the skulls of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) at these two ages. Our findings confirmed the hypothesis that skull shape changes over time, reflecting distinct morphological adaptations associated with age-related growth. In the measurements at the 3rd month, the neurocranial region exhibited a more distinct and developed structure compared to the facial bones. Toward the 6th month, the skull displayed a thinner and more elongated structure with the further development of the facial bones. This difference indicates a period of rapid growth and development in the neurocranial area, suggesting that red foxes experience significant neurological and sensory development early in life. Future studies on skull shape variation across different developmental stages in red foxes can expand on these findings. Age-related morphological studies, such as this one, provide essential baseline data on the natural growth and development of wild species like red foxes. This knowledge is essential for identifying deviations from normal development, which could result from environmental stressors, habitat changes, or malnutrition.

Dynamic regulation of ion transport through a bis(1,3-propanediol)-based channel via allosteric azobenzene photoswitching.

The transportation of ions across cell membranes is vital in biological functions and is frequently controlled by external triggers like light, ligands, and voltage. Synthetic ion transport systems, particularly those featuring gating mechanisms, have attracted considerable interest. In this research, we engineered self-assembled barrel rosette ion channels using a photoresponsive azobenzene integrated at an allosteric site. Morphological studies verified more effective self-assembly of the trans form in contrast to the cis form. The restricted self-assembly of the cis form can be ascribed to the nonplanar structure of cis azobenzene moieties, which inhibits favorable π-π stacking interactions. The ion transport studies demonstrated the formation of ion channels by the trans form with anion antiport as the primary transport mechanism. In contrast, the cis form exhibited lower efficiency. Based on these observations, dynamically gated ion transport was achieved by employing two sets of electromagnetic radiation at 365 nm and 450 nm, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation studies demonstrated that the channel formed by assembling trans monomers exhibited greater stability when compared to the channel formed by cis monomers. Additionally, the trans channel was found to recognize and transport chloride effectively.

A study of morphology and morphometry of scapula in North Indian population and its evolutionary significance

Introduction. Morphometrics can quantify a trait of evolutionary significance and deduce something of their ontogeny or evolutionary relationships. The present study intends to establish the morphometric criterion of scapula in North Indians. This is of definite significance as bone morphology is known to be influenced by cultural, environmental and racial factors. Materials and methods. The present study was carried on 100 adult scapulae of unknown sex obtained from Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar. The parameters studied were length of scapula; maximum breadth of scapula; superoinferior length, transverse breadth and depth of supraspinous fossa; length of infraspinous fossa, maximum breadth of infraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa breadth, groove for circumflex scapular vessels and its distance from lateral angle and inferior angle, ridge between origin of teres minor and teres major on lateral border of infraspinous fossa, length of attachment of teres minor on infraspinous fossa, length of attachment of teres major on infraspinous fossa; scapular index and infraspinous index. Results. The values of the parameters were found to be more on the right side except superoinferior length of supraspinous fossa, mean distance of the groove from the lateral angle and inferior angle. Mean scapular index and mean infraspinous index were 68.30 and 76.40 respectively. Discussion. The various morphologic parameters studied and morphometric values measured in our study can be used to compare the racial characteristics and study the evolutionary aspects in different populations.

Structural, Morphological and Electrochemical Studies of Synthesized BaCuTiO3 Doped NiTiO3 Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Application

This research explores the development of Ba0.8Cu0.2TiO3 and NiTiO3 nanocomposites for use in high-performance flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters (FPEHs). This study aims to address the brittleness of traditional piezoceramics by developing flexible nanocomposites that are compatible with wearable electronics. The nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized using various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (C-V) measurements were employed to evaluate the electrical properties, while piezoelectric modeling and various circuit designs were explored to optimize energy efficiency. The results demonstrate that the addition of NiTiO3 to Ba0.8Cu0.2TiO3 alters the electrical and magnetic properties of the composite, enhancing its suitability for energy storage applications. The energy storage applications of the nanocomposites were evaluated by measuring output voltage, stored energy, open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. These findings indicated that Ba0.8Cu0.2TiO3-NiTiO3 nanocomposites are the promising materials for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters, offering improved mechanical flexibility, energy conversion efficiency and environmental stability. This work contributes to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions for powering low-power electronics and portable devices.