Study Of Human Nature Research Articles

«ШЕКСПИРОВСКИЙ ТЕКСТ» ПОВЕСТИ И.С. ТУРГЕНЕВА «СТЕПНОЙ КОРОЛЬ ЛИР»: ОБРАЗЫ ГЕРОЕВ

The article is about the comparative analysis of the tragedy by Shakespeare and of Turgenev's story A Lear of the Steppes. During all his life and creative work, Turgenev was occupied with research, understanding and popularization of Shakespeare's discoveries in the study of human nature. Shakespeare's belief in the human being organically combined with his own humanistic principles. Creating a story with an evident orientation toward the English dramatist's tragedy, Turgenev included elements in its structure which would designate moments of artistic rapprochement. This arrangement developed at the levels of the genre, the plot, the conflict, the characters' images and the space. However, the writer did not see the problem of a literal reproduction of the form and content of Lear: it would have meant an intolerable simplification of the artistic conception. Shakespeare's experience did not hide the problem of the understanding of national material from Turgenev but served as a significant reference point in modeling the tragic tempers and images. The accent on Shakespeare's figurativeness, the author already expressed in the title, later shows in the exposition where a reader can see six persons sitting in the house of their old fellow student one winter evening who are speaking about Shakespeare's types. Before starting to talk about King Lear, each of them names one character they have met in reality: Hamlet, Othello, Falstaff, Richard III and Macbeth. The list of the names does not remain a simple mention: certain moments of all these types or particular details of the works are represented in the further narration. From separate Shakespeare's insertions Turgenev goes to the modeling of particular artistic images which show their specificity in the material of the usual Russian reality. Making the story on the artistic basis of Shakespeare's tragedy, Turgenev tries the roles of the tragedy characters on his own ones. The author puts a representative of a specific national world who has a strong temper and the might of a boundless power in the center of the dramatic action. The representative is Martin Harlov, a steppe landowner who fairly aspires to the role of the proud monarch. The writer makes almost all characters participate in the large-scale drama. The writer gives everyone their own individuality and independence, and determines their important (laden with a particular meaning) place in the tragic history.

KAJIAN PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN MANAJEMEN: GERAKAN PEMIKIRAN SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT HINGGA KAIZEN

This article is a summary of the various ideas related to the concepts and techniques of management of the industrial revolution to the modern era. The research method used was a review of the literature related to management thinking. In this article the various movements of thought are grouped into four areas of thought or theory. The division is not based on the periodicity of the year, but more to the realm of thought developed. The fourth field is the thought of Scientific & administrative management theory, behavioral management theory, quantitative management theory and modern management theory and Kaizen. Field of thought is presented based on the appearance of the field earlier than other areas of thought, even in the era of the movement of thought or one area may also appear a work that is part of another movement of thought. The results of the literature review of this study show that the development of management thought started thinking mechanically related and productivity in manufacturing, and then evolved to the related study of human nature and behavior and proceed to the field of the relationship between humans and system organization. This study also found a lack of attention from historians related to the development of management thought management business focusing on marketing or customer oriented.

KAJIAN PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN MANAJEMEN: GERAKAN PEMIKIRAN SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT HINGGA KAIZEN

This article is a summary of the various ideas related to the concepts and techniques of management of the industrial revolution to the modern era. The research method used was a review of the literature related to management thinking. In this article the various movements of thought are grouped into four areas of thought or theory. The division is not based on the periodicity of the year, but more to the realm of thought developed. The fourth field is the thought of Scientific & administrative management theory, behavioral management theory, quantitative management theory and modern management theory and Kaizen. Field of thought is presented based on the appearance of the field earlier than other areas of thought, even in the era of the movement of thought or one area may also appear a work that is part of another movement of thought. The results of the literature review of this study show that the development of management thought started thinking mechanically related and productivity in manufacturing, and then evolved to the related study of human nature and behavior and proceed to the field of the relationship between humans and system organization. This study also found a lack of attention from historians related to the development of management thought management business focusing on marketing or customer oriented.

William James: a re-examination of The Varieties of Religious Experience

ABSTRACTThe centenary edition of William James’ classic account of religious experience, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, was first published by Routledge in 2002 with a new forward as well as the preface of the original 1902 edition. This paper reviews aspects of James’ work and briefly considers its later development.

Stephen Gaukroger. The Natural and the Human: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1739–1841. vii + 402 pp., illus., bibl., index. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. £30 (cloth).

Stephen Gaukroger. <i>The Natural and the Human: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1739–1841</i>. vii + 402 pp., illus., bibl., index. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. £30 (cloth).

Baldwin’s Remarkable Effect

The “Baldwin effect” occurs when natural selection supplements adaptive phenotypic changes acquired during an organism’s lifetime. This effect, first described in 1896, is now usually considered to be rare and insignificant, and is not part of the explanatory repertoire of most evolutionary scientists. Arguments against it are examined here and found to be inadequate, either because they misunderstand the effect, or confuse it with Lamarckism, or fail to perceive it even while describing it. The article proposes examples showing that the Baldwin effect is far more prevalent and powerful than even Baldwin’s few supporters realize. Evolved features of the human mind are described that make this effect unusually difficult to perceive. Some of these mental features are themselves Baldwin effects. Natural selection’s supporters, and its skeptics, appear to disregard the Baldwin effect for different reasons. The article proposes that acceptance of the Baldwin effect can significantly improve the study of human nature, as practiced by both sides in the nature-nurture controversy, and can even provide a bridge to end this controversy.

A Quantum Biofeedback and Neurotechnology Cybertherapy System for the Support of Transpersonal Psychotherapy

Transpersonal psychology is the study of human nature and rests on the assumption that human beings possess potentials that exceed the limits of their ego and integrate the spiritual experience within a broader understanding of the human psyche and consciousness. Altered states of consciousness have been used to aid psychotherapy by transpersonalists for decades. A cyberpsychotherapy system is proposed to support transpersonal psychotherapy. The system can be used to induce a non-ordinary state of consciousness that can be used by transpersonal psychologists as a healing tool to treat patients with psychological problems such as psychosis. With the help of internet technology, these treatment sessions can occur over great distances. The cyberpsychotherapy system uses a quantum signal generator for the induction of altered states of consciousness, based on the so-called Koren Helmet of Persinger’s (1983). Cyberpsychotherapy has integrated EEG which serves as a biofeedback device in order to assess if the patient has reached the desired level of consciousness. Additionally, this EEG measurement can be used to inform the adjustment of the signal generator frequency to improve the psychotherapy experience of the patient, if necessary. A sample of 10 patients was used to test the cybertherapy system based on neurotechnology and quantum biofeedback. Data was collected and analysed to confirm the system’s efficacy. Although the results show that the patients were not able to reach the desired level of consciousness for the psychotherapy, there was statistically significant evidence that the proposed system can alter an individual’s level of consciousness, which may help inform future designs intended to induce a state of consciousness most conducive to psychotherapy.

Neurotechnology as a Tool for Inducing and Measuring Altered States of Consciousness in Transpersonal Psychotherapy

Transpersonal psycho therapy is based on transpersonal psychology and considers that the psyche is multidimensional and that there are several “levels of consciousness” and each has different characteristics and is governed by different laws. Transpersonal psychology is the study of human nature and proceeds on the assumption that human beings possess potentials that exceed the limits of their ego and integrate the spiritual experience within a broader understanding of the human psyche and consciousness. Altered states of consciousness have been used as psychotherapy in transpersonal psychology for decades. Although there are very well known techniques to induce altered state of consciousness as holotropic breathwork, neurotechnology offers an alternative way not only to induce these states for transpersonal therapy but also to measure the level of a state of consciousness. The objective of this article is to provide a review of the main concepts of neurotechnology and the main technologies that can be used to induce and measure altered state of consciousness for transpersonal psychotherapy.

The Intellectual Powers: A Study of Human Nature, by P. M. S. Hacker.

This book is a rich, intriguing philosophical investigation of the human cognitive and cogitative powers. It aims to ‘map the landscape of cognitive and cogitative concepts, and thereby to illuminate the nature of our cognitive and cogitative powers’ (p. xi). It is the second volume in a planned trilogy on human nature. The first volume — Human Nature: The Categorial Framework (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007) — investigates the most general categories in terms of which we think about ourselves (substance, causation, powers, agency, teleology, rationality, mind, self and body, and person). And the third, anticipated, volume will investigate our moral powers. The Intellectual Powers starts with a prolegomena (Chs. 1–3) whose aim is to eradicate widespread confusions and misconceptions with regard to what is distinctive of the (human) mind. In Human Nature Hacker argued that the distinctive capacities of the human mind — which include the capacity for self-conscious reflection, the capacity to reason, and the capacity to act on the basis of reason — are the product of our mastery of language. In this sense, mastery of language is, according to Hacker, the mark of the mind. Here in the prolegomena Hacker, first, rejects the popular views that consciousness is the mark of the mental and that intentionality is the mark of the mental by exposing the confusions and misconceptions which, according to him, give rise to these views. Secondly, he attempts to dispel confusions that surround ‘the ideas of language and linguistic skills, of speaking and understanding language and of meaning something by words and utterances’ (p. 3).

Allen Ginsberg’s Kind of Psychiatrist

Allen Ginsberg’s Kind of Psychiatrist

Three Quests for Human Nature

The notion of 'human nature' has long since captured the interest and imagination of philosophers, theologians, and scientists; as such, it appears that the study of human nature is one amenable to inter-disciplinary cross-fertilization. However, it is not obvious that there is a single coherent project being undertaken, neither between nor within disciplines. Rather, we argue that there are three main quests for human nature – the quest for universal human nature, the quest for human uniqueness , and the quest for innate human nature – and that different philosophical, theological, and scientific enterprises emphasize (or, indeed, neglect) different quests. Furthermore, these different intellectual enterprises may differ more fundamentally, namely in their very object of enquiry, the definition of the theoretical term 'human being.' For scientists, the term 'human being' is often treated as being coterminous with the term Homo sapiens ; that is, 'human being' is a biological category, a species. This definition is now, rightly or wrongly, taken for granted by philosophers and theologians, but it is not necessarily the most appropriate. It remains an open question whether, for any given philosophical and/or theological project, the biological concept Homo sapiens is the most appropriate way to understand the term 'human being.' This paper considers these issues by scrutinizing two cases – from evolutionary psychology and theological anthropology – in each case examining the adequacy of the biological concept Homo sapiens for its purpose, as well as the viability of each of the three quests for human nature.

A Spirituality of Study

As a young pastoral associate, weary from years of academic formation and struggling to keep up with the pressures of daily life in the parish, I simply had no time or desire for study. I used to take refuge from study in the fact that, as a Franciscan friar, I am the spiritual son of a man who considered himself ignorant and unlettered. But in time I came to discover that Francis was not completely unlettered, and he certainly was not ignorant. He spoke French (the business language of his day) and wrote in Latin (the academic language of his day). He was also the first person to write in an Italian dialect. In whatever language, his writings prove that while he was probably never a good student in academic circles, he was certainly a good student of life and studied human nature with care. Some would say that it was his study of human nature that led him to be so cautious of academic study. What was the source of his concern? It is interesting to note that the first Franciscans did not share Francis’s fear of education. Clare of Assisi, for example, had a very good grasp of Latin and knowledge of the great spiritual writers of the past. Despite Francis’s being contrary to academic pursuits, Alexander of Hales, Roger Bacon, and many other scholars were attracted to his way of life. The most famous Franciscan scholar of the early

Madness at the Theatre

Madness at the Theatre

Hume e os propósitos da filosofia

Hume é geralmente visto como um filósofo que, além de defender princípios céticos, pretendeu oferecer uma nova fundação para as ciências, baseada no estudo minucioso da natureza humana. De fato, não há dúvidas de que esse seria, para ele, um dos principais propósitos a que sua filosofia precisava servir. Procuraremos mostrar, no presente trabalho, que essa visão da filosofia humiana é, no fim das contas, limitada, já que perde de vista o fato de que, em textos posteriores, o filósofo escocês tentou estabelecer que a atividade filosófica deveria ser construída de modo a colaborar para a formação moral de seu público.

BUDDHIST ETHICS: A Review Essay

ABSTRACTI argue that three recent studies (Imagining the Life Course, by Nancy Eberhardt; Sensory Biographies, by Robert Desjarlais; and How to Behave, by Anne Hansen) advance the field of Buddhist Ethics in the direction of the empirical study of morality. I situate their work within a larger context of moral anthropology, that is, the study of human nature in its limits and capacities for moral agency. Each of these books offers a finely grained account of particular and local Buddhist ways of interpreting human life and morality, and each explores complex conceptions of moral agency. I suggest that these three studies share similar interests in moral psychology, the human being across time, the intersubjective dimensions of moral experience, and what life within a karmic framework looks like. I propose that their contributions offer some of the most refreshing and interesting work generated in Buddhist ethics in the last decade.

The 'Constitution of Man': Reflections on Human Nature from the Federalist Papers to Behavioral Law and Economics

Studies of human nature in the context of legal policy tend to contrast the rational choice view against the more recent behavioral model of decisionmaking. This framework is misleading in that many of the latter school’s insights find expression in classical liberal literature such as The Federalist Papers that predates modern behavioral scholarship by centuries. These findings suggest an etiological rather than binary approach to framing the debate about human nature, an approach that seeks out the conceptual development from classical liberal to neoclassical economic to behavioral perspectives. Behavioral law and economics did not emerge sui generis as a novel counterpoint to the application of neoclassical economics to legal issues. Rather, classical liberal, neoclassical, and behavioral precepts about human nature form a unified whole, a narrative about our selves that has evolved over time. Both neoclassical and behavioral law and economic thinking related to specific policy design finds antecedents in The Federalist Papers discussion of human nature. The lodestar for our conception of human nature today should be the classical liberal perspective, because that is the basis upon which our Constitution was built and which endures as an accurate account of our nature. It may be common to think The Federalist Papers primarily concerns institutional design implicating public choice and political economy problems, and are therefore not relevant to the design of specific policies implicating individual biases and bounds. However, the conception of human nature that predicated the Constitution’s design has been largely vindicated by contemporary empirical investigations into individual psychology. Therefore, these founding era documents deserve renewed attention by students of human nature and by designers of specific government policies. Theories of human nature matter because law must incent and deter human behavior, and therefore must be based upon an accurate conception of the subject of the laws. The “constitution of man” elaborated in The Federalist Papers explains the need for and effectiveness of many of the architectural features of the United States Constitution, including separation of powers and other safeguards designed prevent abuse of government and to ensure excellence in government as near as humanly possible. The Federalist Papers also contains numerous examples of policy failure and explains them in terms of human nature. Therefore The Federalist Papers is not limited in focus to institutional design and the corresponding famous discussions of public choice and political economy problems that are quoted to every 1L. The text also includes substantial content relating to individual biases and cognitive bounds that are relevant to contemporary discussions of human nature and policy design. I draw the following concepts from The Federalist Papers’ remarkably insightful discussion of human nature: we are bounded (bounded rationality, will-power, self-interest, and ethicality); biased (availability bias, self-serving bias, confirmation bias, and optimism bias); bad betters (reactive devaluation, escalation of commitment, myopia, endowment effect, loss aversion, and prospect theory), and bad with others (collective action problems, rent seeking, free riding, groupthink, and holdouts). It is worthwhile to compare Founding-era conceptions of human nature with contemporary discussions if only to know whether they are still accurate. It appears they are.

Encounters with Wild Children. Temptation and Disappointment in the Study of Human Nature (review)

Encounters with Wild Children. Temptation and Disappointment in the Study of Human Nature (review)

A Korean classical literature education study as a study of human nature - focus on story of two men becoming Buddha

A Korean classical literature education study as a study of human nature - focus on story of two men becoming Buddha

Hume and the Question of Good Manners

The question of manners is important in David Hume’s examination of human nature primarily because of the weight he assigns to the so-called ‘social virtues’. Man is, for Hume, a being that naturally tends to form societies, and the study of human nature is, after all, the study of human sociability, which finds its expression in manners. The present paper shows Hume as a participant in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century discussion about the concept of politeness, a concept which oscillated between the domain of manners and morals and the domain of art. The examination of Hume’s ideal of polite manners illustrates the way his classicist taste pervaded the appreciation both of works of art and of social comportment. Abstrakt Die Frage der Manieren ist fur Humes Untersuchungen uber die Natur des Menschen wesentlich und zwar aufgrund der Bedeutung, die er den sog. gesellschaftlichen Tugenden beigemessen hat. Der Mensch ist fur David Hume ein Wesen, das von Natur aus zur Gesellschaftsbildung neigt; die Natur des Menschen zu untersuchen heist deshalb vor allem, die menschliche Soziabilitat zu untersuchen, die in den Manieren ihren Ausdruck findet. Der vorliegende Aufsatz prasentiert Hume als Teil der Diskussion uber das Konzept der Politesse im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Dieses oszillierte zwischen den Bereichen Manieren und Sitten einerseits und Kunst andererseits. Die Untersuchung von Humes Ideal des hoflichen Auftretens wirft ein Licht darauf, wie sein klassizistischer Geschmack sowohl seine Wertschatzung von Kunstwerken als auch von sozialem Verhalten durchdringt.

Hume and the enactive approach to mind

An important part of David Hume’s work is his attempt to put the natural sciences on a firmer foundation by introducing the scientific method into the study of human nature. This investigation resulted in a novel understanding of the mind, which in turn informed Hume’s critical evaluation of the scope and limits of the scientific method as such. However, while these latter reflections continue to influence today’s philosophy of science, his theory of mind is nowadays mainly of interest in terms of philosophical scholarship. This paper aims to show that, even though Hume’s recognition in the cognitive sciences has so far been limited, there is an opportunity to reevaluate his work in the context of more recent scientific developments. In particular, it is argued that we can gain a better understanding of his overall philosophy by tracing the ongoing establishment of the enactive approach. In return, this novel interpretation of Hume’s ‘science of man’ is used as the basis for a consideration of the current and future status of the cognitive sciences.