Field Study Research Articles

Efficiency Evaluation of Deep Soil Mixing Method in Stiff Clayey Soils: A Comprehensive Field Study

Efficiency Evaluation of Deep Soil Mixing Method in Stiff Clayey Soils: A Comprehensive Field Study

Crossing Boundaries: Analysing Corruption Dynamics At Nigeria-Benin Border Points

This study explores the dynamics and characteristics of border corruption at five key crossing points along the Nigeria-Benin border: Seme, Ilara, Hunbe, Owode-Apa, and Idiroko. A pilot survey conducted in June 2023 informed the theoretical framework, followed by a comprehensive nine-week field study from August to October 2023, involving 1,032 participants, including traders, crossers, commuters, smugglers, migrants, motorists and local community members. Data collection methods included questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and non-participatory observations, providing an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences with corruption. The findings reveal a significant gender disparity, with 63.37% of participants being male, and indicate that corruption predominantly involves traders (29.27%) and crossers (24.42%). A notable prevalence of smuggling (49.03%) and immigration-related corruption (22.10%) suggests systemic collusion between customs officers, immigration officers and clients across these borders. The study identifies seven primary causes of border corruption: weak accountability (78%), high tariffs and lack of transparency (73%), lack of probity (64%), administrative corruption and nepotism (61%), generational transfer of corruption (58%), low automation levels (53%), and informal social networks (51%). Furthermore, the research underscores the interplay between coercion and collusion, with officials often extorting bribes while allowing illicit activities to proceed unchecked. Notably, social networks play a crucial role in facilitating corrupt transactions, as traders frequently establish ongoing relationships with border agents to ensure smoother operations. The research highlights that both traders and officials benefit from these corrupt practices, undermining government efforts to regulate trade and manage border security. The study emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive reforms to enhance transparency and accountability in border management processes, thereby addressing the entrenched corruption that undermines the integrity of cross-border activities in Nigeria

Case Study: Innovative Approach To Increase Well Productivity by Adapting Drilling Targets and Completion Methodology

_ The discourse regarding US land exploration and production has tended to primarily focus on shale development. While this has pushed the industry to adopt many technologies or applications, the general recipe has been to be faster and cheaper with hopefully more predictable BOE/ft production. However, there are limitations with this approach as it tends to boil down to a choice of substitution rather than true engineering to improve return on investment or improved net present value. The relationship of parent and child well production has introduced a variable that does not necessarily respond to faster and cheaper. In fact, operators may agree that a dissolvable frac plug has application to reduce completion costs while completely disagreeing on the methodology to manage field development and the parent-child interaction. Extensive field study and calibration can determine an optimal solution with varying degrees of predictability (SPE 211899). For example, reservoir depletion and fracture communication can be difficult to accurately plan for in advance. These and several additional parameters are specific to a section, field, or bench and the design and planning process begins anew when drilling locations move a sufficient distance away from the asset in question. The best outcome during the drilling and completion of a child well is to limit the negative impact on parent well production while delivering an economically viable addition to existing production. Acceptable ranges of underperformance with the child well vary, but can be summarized as 20 to 30% less than the parent well (SPE 209171). Additionally, contact from an offset child well fracturing operation can detrimentally affect parent well production temporarily or permanently by increasing water production and decreasing hydrocarbon production. Introduction This case study presents the development of a methodology for optimizing and controlling the hydraulic fracturing process’s parameters by increasing cluster efficiency to 100% and overcoming formation leakoff with eight to 10 times rate per cluster when compared with industry standards. The developed framework is validated through field completion and production data taken from wells located on the Northwest Shelf, within the San Andres formation, specifically straddling the state line of New Mexico and Texas with operations primarily in northeast Lea County, New Mexico, and Yoakum County, Texas. For the purposes of this study, parent wells are wells drilled during Segment 1 (2013 to 2016) and/or the first wells drilled in a section. Child wells are defined as any subsequent wellbore placed in a section amongst current producers Segment 2 (2017 to 2020) and Segment 3 (2022 to 2023). The offset true vertical depth (TVD) of the child wells relative to the parent wells is less than 100 ft and no geologic barrier exists, thus the contribution to production is from the same rock matrix regardless of well vintage.

Field Study of Generation and Emission of Hydrogen Sulfide in a Sanitary Sewer Network Downstream of a Long Forcemain

Field Study of Generation and Emission of Hydrogen Sulfide in a Sanitary Sewer Network Downstream of a Long Forcemain

Submarine Groundwater Discharge at a Mega‐Tidal Beach

ABSTRACTTidally influenced groundwater systems in coastal environments represent important mixing zones of fresh groundwater and circulating seawater, manifesting as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Water circulation induced by tidal pumping enhances the exchange of chemicals between aquifers and coastal waters and thereby influences the biogeochemistry of coastal zones. Here, we report the results of an SGD field study conducted at a steep, mega‐tidal sand and gravel beach along the Canadian coast of the Bay of Fundy, a region with the world's highest tides (semi‐diurnal tidal ranges exceeding 10 m). Several physical and geochemical measurement techniques were employed to document the spatiotemporal SGD variability. SGD was directly sampled from seepage meters installed over multiple tidal cycles and two summer campaigns. SGD rates were estimated from tracer mass balances for radon (August 2020) and radium isotopes (July 2021) over multiple tidal cycles. Tidally averaged SGD estimates from seepage meters ranged from 12 to 87 cm d−1, with an average of 42 cm d−1, while radon tracing yielded a tidally averaged rate of 86 cm d−1. SGD estimates from radium tracing ranged from 23 to 43 cm d−1 along the shoreline and 6 to 71 cm d−1 offshore, depending on the estimated residence times. Radionuclide analyses of seepage meter waters suggest that the residence time of seawater circulation through the aquifer is less than 1 day. SGD measurements in mega‐tidal settings are rare, and the results suggest that the combination of the steep slopes, highly permeable sediments and high tidal range drive very high seepage rates for diffusive SGD. Salinity gradients in the intertidal zone demonstrate that SGD is primarily comprised of circulated seawater with negligible fresh groundwater. Although the freshwater proportion of SGD is relatively low, the large volumetric rates of total SGD can still contribute large amounts of terrestrially derived and remineralized nutrients to coastal waters.

Field Study of a Sustainable Land Reclamation Approach Using Dredged Marine Sediment Improved by Horizontal Drains under Vacuum Preloading

Field Study of a Sustainable Land Reclamation Approach Using Dredged Marine Sediment Improved by Horizontal Drains under Vacuum Preloading

Mechanistic Simulation of Salt‐Affected Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum Dynamics in Seasonally Frozen Regions

AbstractThe salt‐affected Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) is a dynamic, interactive system that is particularly complex in seasonally frozen regions where salt transport, precipitation‐dissolution, and soil freeze‐thaw processes play crucial, interrelated roles. Understanding these coupled processes and representing them with mathematical models is critical for effective management of SPAC systems. This study presents a new mechanistic approach and an improved model that integrates a chemical equilibrium module within a mechanistic‐based transport computational module (modified SHAW model). The chemical equilibrium module determines salt precipitation‐dissolution using thermodynamic theory and explains the effects of efflorescence and subflorescence on system dynamics. The model enables simultaneous solutions for heat, water, and salt transport with chemical equilibrium throughout non‐freezing and freezing seasons, as well as plant growth dynamics. Assessment of the model using laboratory experiments and field studies showed good performance, with coefficient of determination values exceeding 0.65 for simulated and measured evaporation rate, leaf area index, soil water content, salt content, and temperature. Furthermore, a comparison between simulation results considering and neglecting the impact of salt precipitation‐dissolution highlights potential inaccuracies in soil heat‐water‐salt dynamics and plant water use resulting from the omission of this process in mechanistic models.

Unraveling the effect of recreational fear on inflammation: A prospective cohort field study

A fear reaction is fundamental for survival and naturally activates the adrenergic system, prompting an acute and vital flight-or-fight response. While sustained stress is associated with unhealthy low-grade inflammation, more acute and transient activation of the adrenergic system has been suggested to impact the immune system and subsequently attenuate low-grade inflammation, e.g. through cold exposure or hyperventilation. Voluntary exposure to frightening stimuli, such as scary entertainment, is another reliable activator of the adrenergic system, yet its impact on the immune system and low-grade inflammation is unknown.The objectives of this study are to i. assess proportional changes of participants with low-grade inflammation at and three days after a voluntary frightening event, and ii. explore mean value alterations in inflammatory markers and immune cells over time.We recruited adult participants among visitors to a real-life intense frightening haunted house attraction, located in Vejle, Denmark. The overall fright potential of the exposure was estimated through heart rate (HR) monitoring and self-reported levels of fear. Low-grade inflammation (defined as high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) > 3 mg/L)) and immune cells (subtypes of leukocytes) were measured from blood samples immediately before, immediately after, and three days after the haunted house event.A total of 113 participants, 69 females (61.1 %), and 44 males (38.9 %), with a mean age of 29.7 (SD 10.1) were included in the analyses. The average duration of exposure was 50 min and 51 s, while the mean HR throughout the event was 111.1 BPM (mean SD 10.1), and the mean subjective reported scare level was 5.4 (SD 1.9) on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 9. Twenty-two participants exhibited low-grade inflammation (hs-CRP > 3 mg/L) at the event, with 10 participants normalizing their hs-CRP levels three days post-event. Seven participants had normal hs-CRP levels at the event, but low-grade inflammation three days post-event. Thus, we found no proportional difference between participants with low-grade inflammation at the event (19.5 %) and three days after the event (16.8 %) (diff. −2.7 %; 95 % CI: −10.7 to 5.4, p = 0.47). For the 22 participants exhibiting low-grade inflammation at the event, 18 participants (82 %) decreased their hs-CRP levels, with a mean decrease in hs-CRP from 5.7 mg/L pre-event to 3.7 mg/L three days post-event (diff. −2.0, 95 % CI: −3.2 to −0.7, p = 0.003). Supporting an overall attenuation of inflammation, total leukocytes and lymphocytes decreased for both participants with low-grade inflammation and with normal inflammatory levels, when comparing levels pre- and three days post-event, although all mean levels remained within the normal range.Conclusively, we find no proportional differences in participants exhibiting low-grade inflammation (hs-CRP > 3) when comparing levels at and three days after exposure to a voluntary frightening event. However, explorative analyses suggest that recreational fear exposure may attenuate immune cells across the entire cohort (N = 113) and decrease hs-CRP levels for participants who exhibit low-grade inflammation at the event (N = 22).

Upper respiratory tract detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae employing nasopharyngeal swabs

BackgroundFlock-level prevalence and characterization of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is determined almost exclusively using nasal swabbing followed by molecular detection with either quantitative PCR or multi-locus sequence typing. However, the diagnostic performance and efficiency of swabbing the nasal passage compared to other anatomical locations has not been determined within sheep populations. The goal of this research was to assess the diagnostic capability of nasopharyngeal swabs in comparison to nasal swabs for the detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.ResultsNasal and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected during a controlled exposure study of domestic sheep with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Both swab types were then analyzed via conventional and quantitative PCR. This dataset showed that the use of nasopharyngeal swabs in lieu of nasal swabs resulted in higher sensitivity, reduced inhibition during quantitative PCR, and higher bacterial copy numbers per swab. Moreover, it was demonstrated that diagnostic sensitivity could be further increased during quantitative PCR via ten-fold dilution of the extracted DNA. To confirm these observations in naturally infected animals, we conducted a field study employing a production flock of domestic sheep using both nasal and nasopharyngeal swabbing techniques. Extracted DNA was assessed using the same molecular techniques, where detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was confirmed by sequencing of either the rpoB or 16S rRNA gene. Similar improvements were observed for nasopharyngeal swabs and template treatment methods within the naturally infected flock.ConclusionsResults demonstrate increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when sampling with nasopharyngeal swabs as compared to nasal swabs. Therefore, alternate field-testing strategies employing nasopharyngeal swabs should be considered for diagnosis of the presence of M. ovipneumoniae. Importantly, sample treatment following acquisition was found to affect the sensitivity of quantitative PCR, where dilution of eluted DNA template doubled the calculated sensitivity. This demonstrates that, in addition to anatomical location, the presence of inhibitory components in swab extracts also strongly influences diagnostic performance.

Give it your all or hardly give? The role of mentors' beliefs about protégé advancement potential and gender in mentoring relationships

Our research challenges assumptions about equity in formal mentoring programs. Drawing on mentoring schema and diversified mentoring theory, we theorized that mentors' beliefs about their protégés' advancement potential predict the career support they provide and the quality of their relationship, and that these effects vary by gender. Using matched-pair designs, we tested our model in two field studies of mentors and their protégés (total n = 355 dyads). Supporting theoretical predictions, mentors showed less interest in their protégés' careers, provided less career guidance, experienced less respect, and were less satisfied with their relationship when they believed their protégé had low advancement potential. Protégés also experienced less respect in their relationship when their mentor perceived them as lacking potential. Gender played a nuanced role. While mentors saw female and male protégés as having equivalent advancement potential, female protégés were seen as having less potential and experienced less respect when assigned a male rather than a female mentor. Additionally, male mentors felt more respected in their relationship when they believed their assigned protégé had high potential. Our findings challenge assumptions about the career support and respect provided in mentoring programs, offer insights about the nuanced effects of gender, and call for interventions that help organizations fulfill the promise of mentoring.

Gender and Job Satisfaction: Examining the Role of Leadership Behavior and Gender Congruence Over Time

This article examines the longitudinal relationships between leader gender, leadership style, gender congruence between leaders and followers, and employee job satisfaction over time. Drawing on gender stereotype and role congruity theories, it reviews how communal attributes ascribed to females can initially disadvantage women in leadership roles by compromising their perceived competence. However, evidence indicates such bias may fade as individuals gain experience observing a leader's actual behaviors, values and competencies through ongoing interactions. Specifically, a five-year longitudinal field study found women leaders initially received marginally lower evaluations than men but ended with equal or higher ratings as preconceptions diminished. Additionally, demonstrating a transformational leadership style emphasizing inspiration and development associated positively with follower well-being across genders and leader-follower gender alignments. Practically, organizations that implement regular assessment and mentoring activities appear most effective at fostering truly inclusive cultures where talent, not attributes, drive satisfaction and career outcomes long-term.

Lessons From 3 Longitudinal Sensor-Based Human Behavior Assessment Field Studies and an Approach to Support Stakeholder Management: Content Analysis.

Pervasive technologies are used to investigate various phenomena outside the laboratory setting, providing valuable insights into real-world human behavior and interaction with the environment. However, conducting longitudinal field trials in natural settings remains challenging due to factors such as low recruitment success and high dropout rates due to participation burden or data quality issues with wireless sensing in changing environments. This study gathers insights and lessons from 3 real-world longitudinal field studies assessing human behavior and derives factors that impacted their research success. We aim to categorize challenges, observe how they were managed, and offer recommendations for designing and conducting studies involving human participants and pervasive technology in natural settings. We developed a qualitative coding framework to categorize and address the unique challenges encountered in real-life studies related to influential factor identification, stakeholder management, data harvesting and management, and analysis and interpretation. We applied inductive reasoning to identify issues and related mitigation actions in 3 separate field studies carried out between 2018 and 2022. These 3 field studies relied on gathering annotated sensor data. The topics involved stress and environmental assessment in an office and a school, collecting self-reports and wrist device and environmental sensor data from 27 participants for 3.5 to 7 months; work activity recognition at a construction site, collecting observations and wearable sensor data from 15 participants for 3 months; and stress recognition in location-independent knowledge work, collecting self-reports and computer use data from 57 participants for 2 to 5 months. Our key extension for the coding framework used a stakeholder identification method to identify the type and role of the involved stakeholder groups, evaluating the nature and degree of their involvement and influence on the field trial success. Our analysis identifies 17 key lessons related to planning, implementing, and managing a longitudinal, sensor-based field study on human behavior. The findings highlight the importance of recognizing different stakeholder groups, including those not directly involved but whose areas of responsibility are impacted by the study and therefore have the power to influence it. In general, customizing communication strategies to engage stakeholders on their terms and addressing their concerns and expectations is essential, while planning for dropouts, offering incentives for participants, conducting field tests to identify problems, and using tools for quality assurance are relevant for successful outcomes. Our findings suggest that field trial implementation should include additional effort to clarify the expectations of stakeholders and to communicate with them throughout the process. Our framework provides a structured approach that can be adopted by other researchers in the field, facilitating robust and comparable studies across different contexts. Constantly managing the possible challenges will lead to better success in longitudinal field trials and developing future technology-based solutions.

Effectiveness Of Article 42 Sentence (1) Uu No. 6 Of 2023 On The Creation Of Work Regarding The Implementation Of The Basis Of Legal Certainty In The Mortgage Agreement By The Banks With The Act Of Binding Agreement Of Sale And Purchase

PT Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk (Bank BTN) is a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) which operates in the banking sector, committed to being a bank that serves and supports housing sector financing. The mission carried out by Bank BTN is to actively support the government in advancing the welfare of the Indonesian people through home ownership and realizing the life that millions of Indonesians dream of through providing decent homes. One type of credit that is still in demand and needed by the public is KPR (Home Ownership Credit). Bank BTN as a bank that focuses on housing financing certainly fully supports the One Million Houses Program launched by the government. It is proven that currently Bank BTN is a bank with market share The largest Home Ownership Credit (KPR) in Indonesia. In order to improve and optimize services to the community with the development of the KPR business and support Bank operations both in terms of business processes and maintaining document quality, there are conditions where it is not possible to make a Sale and Purchase Deed (AJB) so that a temporary binding agreement is needed, namely a Sale and Purchase Agreement ( PPJB). This research aims to determine the implementation of KPR agreements by Bank BTN with sale and purchase binding deeds (PPJB) according to Article 42 paragraph (1) of Law no. 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation at Bank BTN Kediri. This type of research is empirical juridical legal research and the specifications in this research are descriptive. The source and type of data in this research is primary data obtained from field studies in the form of interviews with Bank BTN Kediri employees. And secondary data was obtained from literature studies related to the theory of legal certainty. The results of this research are that the implementation of the KPR agreement by Bank BTN with the PPJB deed based on Article 42 paragraph (1) of the Job Creation Law does not fully meet the requirements stipulated in Article 42 paragraph (2) of the Job Creation Law.

Demographic toxicology of insect growth regulators on the nontarget ectolarval parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor

Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most important parasitoids of many pyralid moths, including the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The widespread use of insecticides threatens natural enemies. Assessing the side effects of insecticides on nontarget organisms supports the rational use of insecticides during field application. The present study evaluates the lethal and sublethal effects of three insect growth regulators (IGRs), novaluron, methoxyfenozide, and pyriproxyfen, on P. unionalis and the demographic toxicology of these IGRs on its parasitoid H. hebetor. The LC50 values of these IGRs on P. unionalis were 0.97, 0.176, and 0.00009 ppm, respectively, indicating that pyriproxyfen was the most toxic. When H. hebetor adults were exposed to these LC50 levels under laboratory conditions to determine possible side effects. The IGRs did not affect the paralysis and parasitism rates of the parasitoid nor the sex ratio of its offspring. IGR treatments slightly reduced hatching rates and immature survival by 15–25%, indicating moderate effects on the early developmental stages of H. hebetor. The longevity and fecundity of treated females were each reduced to < 50% of their respective values in untreated females. Additionally, some demographic parameters of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the IGRs. Nevertheless, despite these observed effects, the positive net reproductive rate (R0 > 0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm > 1) of H. hebetor indicated an exponential population increase that reflects the compatibility of the IGRs with the parasitoid. Our results demonstrated that the tested IGRs could be categorized as relatively harmless compounds to the parasitoid. Following these laboratory assessments, field studies will be required to confirm the effects of the tested IGRs on H. hebetor as well as other nontarget organisms.

Proof Of Criminal Origin Related To Money Laundering In Mutual Fund Investment Activities In Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021

The crime of money laundering in the form of mutual fund investments is a serious crime that can threaten the stability of the financial system and economy. Perpetrators use mutual funds as a means to disguise the origin of illegal funds resulting from criminal acts, such as corruption, which are then invested as if they were legitimate funds. This not only harms the country financially, but can also reduce investor confidence in the mutual fund industry. Therefore, it is important to examine the criminal liability of perpetrators of money laundering in mutual fund investments in order to maintain the integrity of the financial system and provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of similar crimes. This research is aimed at analyzing the legal regulation of criminal acts of money laundering in mutual fund investment activities in Indonesia, proof of predicate crimes related to criminal acts of money laundering in mutual fund investment activities in Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021, as well as criminal responsibility for perpetrators of these crimes. money laundering crime in mutual fund investment activities in Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021.The research method used is normative juridical research, which is supported by primary and secondary data sources. All legal materials were collected using library research techniques using document study data collection tools. Apart from that, field studies were also carried out using interview methods and analyzed qualitatively.The results of the research and discussion concluded that the legal regulations related to the crime of money laundering in mutual fund investment activities in Indonesia are as regulated in Law Number 8 of 2010. Based on Supreme Court Decision Number 2937 K/Pid.Sus/2021, it can be concluded that the defendant Benny Tjokrosaputro proven to have committed a criminal act of corruption together with other parties in managing investments at PT Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) which caused state losses amounting to IDR 16.807 trillion, as well as a money laundering crime of IDR 6.078 trillion, so he was sentenced to life imprisonment and payment of compensation to the state, based on valid evidence at trial and the fulfillment of the elements of the criminal act in accordance with the articles charged.

RESONANT REVERBERATIONS: MATERIAL INFLUENCE ON SOUND QUALITY IN PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE

This paper is concerned with an in-depth investigation into the relation between material selection and sound quality of percussion instruments, arguing about the various aspects of materials influence on acoustic properties, vibrational behavior, and timbral characteristics. The ability that material properties have on design, performance techniques, pedagogical practice, and further research is made explicit through the complete experimental analysis, recommended here, covering comparative studies, acoustic measurements, modal analysis, expert evaluation, and field studies. Our results show the great degree by which material properties shape sound production, resonance, and expressive potential in percussion instruments, giving valuable insights for designers, manufacturers, performers, educators, and researchers. With careful material choices, adjustments of techniques of performance, teaching techniques informed by principles from science, and interdisciplinary collaborations building, we can continue the evolution of the art and science of percussion instrument making and performance practice toward bringing ever-richer musical experiences and cultural exchanges all over the world.

Description of Ischemic Stroke Incident in the Intensive Care Room of Hospitals in Tanjungpinang City

Stroke is a non-communicable disease with the second highest incidence worldwide and the third leading cause of death. Globally, more than half are ischemic strokes. In Indonesia, especially Tanjungpinang City, the incidence of stroke is also increasing. Appropriate treatment needs to be carried out to prevent death and get a good prognosis. Results of field studies that have been carried out. A small number of ischemic strokes occur, but this number still results in quite high mortality and morbidity for patients. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of stroke that occurred in the ICU Room at SE Hospital, Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands. The method used is a retrospective study. Data collection was carried out using a Medical Record Study. The subjects of this research were all medical records of patients who had been treated in the ICU rooms of hospitals throughout Tanjungpinang City using purposive sampling. Research data processing was carried out using a simple approach. The results of this research showed that the majority were &gt;50 years old, 39 samples (65%), 36 samples (60%) were male., length of stay less than 3 days as much as 55%, GCS entered the ICU at number 3-6 as much as 35%, had pressure 36 samples (60%) had high blood pressure, and all subjects had SpO2 in the range of 96-100 when they entered the hospital, 50 samples (83.3%) and the prognosis for leaving the ICU was death for 36 samples (60%). From this study it can be concluded that the patient's hemodynamic condition when first admitted to the ICU was unstable with a poor prognosis. It is hoped that after this research further research can be carried out in the form of surgical interventions that can stabilize the hemodynamics of ischemic stroke patients being treated in the ICU.

A INCLUSÃO DA CRIANÇA AUTISTA EM SALA DE AULA REGULAR

Introduction: Autism is a neurological disorder that mainly affects the communication, social interaction and behavior of the person with it. It is part of a wide range of conditions known as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which include different characteristics and degrees of severity. Objective: To explore the evidence and strategies that underpin and improve the effectiveness of inclusion, contributing to the construction of solid and applicable knowledge that benefits not only autistic children, but the entire school community and, by extension, society as a whole. Methodology: This was a field study carried out in public schools in the city of Alvorada-TO with teachers who work in inclusive education for students with ASD. Final considerations: we concluded that there are still difficulties in developing inclusive education for students with ASD.

Jekyll and Hyde leadership: Examining the direct and vicarious experiences of abusive and ethical leadership through a justice variability lens.

Drawing on uncertainty management theory and the nascent work on justice variability, we examine employees' direct and vicarious experiences of abusive supervision and ethical leadership. Conceptualizing the simultaneous display of abusive and ethical leadership styles as a form of justice variability, we suggest that a direct supervisor's ethical leadership exacerbates, rather than ameliorates, the detrimental effects of his/her abusive supervision on employees' emotional exhaustion and job performance. We further contend that a similar effect exists when employees vicariously experience leadership interactions involving their direct supervisor and higher level manager, whereby higher level managers' ethical leadership exacerbates the negative effects of their abusive supervision toward supervisors on those supervisors' employees' emotional exhaustion and job performance. We draw the contrast between the direct and vicarious experiences by theorizing justice uncertainty and linking-pin effectiveness uncertainty, respectively, as two distinct theoretical mechanisms that explain the two proposed destructive effects. Using a multisource and multiphase lagged field study and two vignette-based experiments, we find general support for our model. Our research advances the theories of justice variability, vicarious leadership and (in)justice, and supervisors' linking-pin role effectiveness. We also offer practical insights for managing "Jekyll and Hyde" leadership across organizational hierarchies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Fertilization effects on soil organic matter chemistry

Despite the close interactions between carbon (C) and nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), the consequences of N fertilization alone or in combination with P and K on soil organic matter (SOM) chemical composition remain unclear. Using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data from 45 field studies, we meta-analyzed the effects of N alone and NPK fertilization on SOM content and chemical composition. Generally, mineral fertilization affects the SOM content and composition via three indirect processes: i) increasing litter input and rhizodeposition, ii) accelerating microbial decomposition of SOM, and iii) modifying the preservation of SOM by soil minerals. NPK fertilization (+12 %) increased organic C content more than N fertilization alone (+8.6 %). Alkyl and O-alkyl C increased at low-N rates (<50 kg N ha−1 yr−1) or after short-term (0–5 yrs) N fertilization alone, likely because improved N availability promoted bacterial residues rich in long-chain aliphatic C formation and carbohydrate-rich matter inputs. High-rate (>200 kg N ha−1 yr−1) or long-term (>25 yrs) NPK fertilization increased alkyl C but decreased aromatic C, likely due to reduced nutrient limitations and acidification. These factors promote aliphatic C-rich microbial biomass, accelerate the decomposition of stable compounds, and decrease the mineral protection of aromatic acids. The SOM chemical composition (excluding aromatic C) response to NPK fertilization decreased with increasing initial level. In contrast, the response of SOM raised with increasing initial content under N fertilization alone. The increase in organic C content was strongly linked to changes in SOM chemistry under NPK fertilization but not under N fertilization alone. In conclusion, NPK fertilization modified SOM chemistry and increased organic C accumulation more effectively than N fertilization alone, which was mediated by increasing plant growth, raising microbial biomass and activity, altering mineral protection, and initial soil C levels. Our findings provide critical insights for optimizing fertilization strategies to improve soil C sequestration capacity and fertility.