Crossing Boundaries: Analysing Corruption Dynamics At Nigeria-Benin Border Points

Abstract

This study explores the dynamics and characteristics of border corruption at five key crossing points along the Nigeria-Benin border: Seme, Ilara, Hunbe, Owode-Apa, and Idiroko. A pilot survey conducted in June 2023 informed the theoretical framework, followed by a comprehensive nine-week field study from August to October 2023, involving 1,032 participants, including traders, crossers, commuters, smugglers, migrants, motorists and local community members. Data collection methods included questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and non-participatory observations, providing an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences with corruption. The findings reveal a significant gender disparity, with 63.37% of participants being male, and indicate that corruption predominantly involves traders (29.27%) and crossers (24.42%). A notable prevalence of smuggling (49.03%) and immigration-related corruption (22.10%) suggests systemic collusion between customs officers, immigration officers and clients across these borders. The study identifies seven primary causes of border corruption: weak accountability (78%), high tariffs and lack of transparency (73%), lack of probity (64%), administrative corruption and nepotism (61%), generational transfer of corruption (58%), low automation levels (53%), and informal social networks (51%). Furthermore, the research underscores the interplay between coercion and collusion, with officials often extorting bribes while allowing illicit activities to proceed unchecked. Notably, social networks play a crucial role in facilitating corrupt transactions, as traders frequently establish ongoing relationships with border agents to ensure smoother operations. The research highlights that both traders and officials benefit from these corrupt practices, undermining government efforts to regulate trade and manage border security. The study emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive reforms to enhance transparency and accountability in border management processes, thereby addressing the entrenched corruption that undermines the integrity of cross-border activities in Nigeria