Tourism Studies Research Articles

Exploring Tourist Flow Patterns through Geotagged Social Media Data: A Case Study from Sri Lanka

Tourism studies often rely on conventional methods such as interviews and site-specific surveys to collect data on tourist behaviour, mobility patterns, and preferences. However, these methods can be expensive, time-consuming, and limited in scope. Additionally, accurately tracing tourist travel paths can be challenging due to recall bias. Recently, user generated content on social media platforms have emerged as an alternative data source in tourism studies. In this study, we used geotagged posts on Flickr to understand the dominant paths taken by inbound tourists in Sri Lanka. The methodology consisted of three steps. First, geotagged photographs were collected from the Flickr API spanning a ten-year period, from 2012 to 2022. These photographs included metadata such as user ID, the timestamp of photo capture, and geo coordinates indicating where the photo was taken. Second, a density-based clustering algorithm was utilized to identify tourist hotspots. Finally, the Markov Chain model was employed to calculate transition probabilities among different attractions, revealing dominant travel routes within the country. Study’s findings indicate that Cultural heritage attractions were the most popular, comprising 55% of all attractions identified by the algorithm, and are particularly popular in districts such as Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Matale, Kandy, and Galle. Nature-based attractions, constituting 37% of the total, were mainly located in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla Districts, as well as Yala National Park in Hambantota District. For coastal tourism, Galle and Matara Districts were the top preferences. The analysis confirms dominant travel patterns between North Central, Central, and Southwest coast regions. Notably, Galle, Kandy, Matale, Matara, Nuwara Eliya, and Colombo attract tourists from a more diverse array of regions compared to other districts in the country, showcasing their significance as tourist hubs. The study findings highlight opportunities in Jaffna for cultural-heritage tourism, the Eastern coast for coastal tourism, and the central highlands for tea tourism. It also emphasizes the need to develop the less-visited natural sites to ease pressure on popular National Parks. This research's significance lies in its contribution to informed decision-making and the sustainable management of tourist destinations. By understanding tourist mobility patterns and identifying popular attractions through social media data, policymakers can effectively manipulate visitor flows and mitigate excessive tourist pressure, while preserving the authenticity and allure of these destinations.
 
 Keywords: Sustainable tourism, Geotagged photographs, Social media, Tourist mobility, Flickr

Perceived Value, Place Identity, and Behavioral Intention: An Investigation on the Influence Mechanism of Sustainable Development in Rural Tourism

Rural tourism has been a hot spot in tourism studies in recent years. This research uses Attitude Theory to investigate the influence mechanism of tourists’ perceived value and place identity on their behavioral intention in rural tourism in Zhejiang Province, China. The study adopts the PLS-SEM method to process the data. The results indicate that tourists’ behavioral intention is positively influenced by their perceived value and place identity. Additionally, perceived value has a positive impact on tourists’ place identity, and place identity plays a positive intermediary role between perceived value and behavioral intention. Meanwhile, cultural value is perceived as having the greatest influence on place identity and behavioral intention. Therefore, rural tourist destinations should focus on cultural value and the tourists’ sense of place to promote sustainable rural tourism development.

Exploring the appeal of villainous characters in film-induced tourism: perceived charismatic leadership and justice sensitivity

Film-induced tourism is considered a valuable marketing tool, especially crucial for the recovery of post-pandemic tourism. The rapid growth of digital streaming platforms has enabled film and television works to reach global audiences and impact viewers on a broader scale. Scholars and tourism operators increasingly recognise film characters’ pivotal role in global film-induced tourism. While film-induced tourism is generally believed to impact the image of tourist destinations positively, existing research has predominantly focused on the decent characters portrayed in films. However, the allure of captivating audiences is not confined solely to decent characters. According to narrative studies in film and television, villainous characters with extraordinary skills often have a stronger appeal to viewers than decent ones. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore a rarely discussed topic: how villainous characters enhance the attractiveness of tourist destinations. This interdisciplinary research principally integrates character arc theory and reception aesthetics from film studies, emotion contagion theory from marketing research, and place attachment theory from tourism studies. Accordingly, this study examines the perceived charismatic leadership of villainous characters and its impact on film tourists’ emotion contagion, place attachment and visit intention. The study distributed questionnaires to 532 audiences who watched the Chinese police and crime drama titled, The Knockdown (狂飙), and who acquainted themselves with the villainous character Gao Qiqiang (高启强). Structured equation modelling showed that villainous characters with charismatic leadership can significantly impact the intention of film tourists. Specifically, perceived charismatic leadership directly influenced emotions of pleasure, arousal and admiration. Place attachment existed as a whole or partial mediator of the three emotions and visit intention. Moreover, the audience’s justice sensitivity negatively moderated the positive relationship between perceived charismatic leadership and emotions. Finally, the study provides insights and suggestions for film tourism marketers and screenwriters.

Will sensory impressions drive the intention to revisit? An empirical study in the rural tourism

ABSTRACT Despite eliciting interest from tourism scholars, sensory research in rural tourism remains under-explored. This study aimed to explore the impact of user-generated content on sensory impressions, reexamine the dimensions of sensory impressions, and uncover the influence mechanism of sensory impressions on revisit intention among rural tourists. Data collected using a self-administered questionnaire was analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique. The findings reveal the significance of UGC in determining sensory impressions, which, in turn, influence revisit intention directly and indirectly through immersion and satisfaction. Results also confirm that hybrid sensory is a fundamental dimension of sensory impression.

Application of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in hospitality and tourism research: a bibliometric study

PurposeFuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is explored as a transformative tool rooted in complexity theory, shedding light on uncertainties shaping real-world decisions in tourism, with a focus on its application in the hospitality domain.Design/methodology/approachThis study systematically evaluates fsQCA’s application in hospitality and tourism research, employing bibliometric analysis to scrutinize the published literature since its induction in 2011. The research seeks to understand the evolving usage by qualitatively reviewing impactful studies based on total citations.FindingsThe study reveals the ascendancy of fsQCA as a predominant approach in hospitality and tourism studies, particularly in illuminating decision-making paradigms in key sectors like destination and hotel selections and entrepreneurial orientations. However, an absence of fsQCA applications in gastronomy and wine tourism is identified, signaling uncharted territories for future inquiry.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretical implications include paradigm shifts to complexity theory, configural analysis and asymmetric algorithms. Practical implications involve improved decision-making and tailored marketing, benefiting industry practitioners. Limitations include potential academic bias, while future research suggests exploring sub-sectors, sustainability and emerging technologies.Originality/valueThis study identifies gaps in the fsQCA application and pioneers its examination within the hospitality domain, offering a unique perspective on understanding intricate relationships and configurations among variables. The study emphasizes the efficacy of asymmetric methodologies in elucidating behavioral nuances in hospitality and tourism, providing a foundation for future inquiries to expand horizons and unravel the nuanced applications of fsQCA in this research domain.

Halal and Islamic tourism: science mapping of present and future trends

Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of halal tourism structure using bibliometric analysis. Halal tourism interest has increased due to the high demand for tourism products adhering to Shariah law. Furthermore, the vast Muslim population has increased the demand for halal tourism products and destination factors in this niche tourism segment. Design/methodology/approach A network visualization through bibliographic coupling and co-word analysis, this review presents a science mapping analysis to reveal the knowledge structure of emerging and future trends in halal tourism. Findings The current and emerging trends demonstrate three themes: the fundamentals of halal tourism, communication via word of mouth in halal tourism and Muslim tourist satisfaction and loyalty. At the same time, the co-word analysis presents the four themes primarily associated with halal tourism challenges: tourist satisfaction, service quality and Muslim travellers’ attraction. Research limitations/implications The findings serve as crucial implications, contributing to halal and general tourism theory and application. Originality/value This review serves as crucial fundamental knowledge for future studies in halal tourism and its relevant themes for further development in tourism management. The most significant emerging theme in halal tourism is the intervention needed to increase Muslim tourist satisfaction and loyalty through halal-friendly service, customer-service quality, foods and beverages, facilities and privacy. The co-word analysis suggests increasing tourists’ engagement in halal tourism by invigorating the religiosity domain among tourists, improving service quality and perceived value and discovering new Muslim-friendly attractions. The most crucial finding from this study is to ensure that halal and Muslim-friendly tourism are at the same level, to the extent of better service according to Islamic practice. This approach would elevate the value and status of halal tourism as a trending product in Muslim and non-Muslim markets.

Destination authenticity influence on tourists' behavioral intentions, involvement and nostalgic sentiments

Purpose This tourism study delves into the universal impact of authenticity on tourists' preferences. This study aims to enhance understanding and present a model delineating authenticity's intricate relationship with behavioral intention, involvement and nostalgia. Design/methodology/approach The research entails administering a sample survey to travelers located in the departure lounge of Macau International Airport. Ultimately, 499 fully completed questionnaires are obtained through convenience sampling. The analysis of the collected data incorporates an innovative method, using a quadratic model. Findings Results undeniably validate that a destination's perceived authenticity significantly influences tourists' intentions, engagement and nostalgic sentiments. Findings strongly support the assertion that this authenticity demonstrates a nonlinear pattern in its association with behavioral intention, involvement and nostalgia. Originality/value Through quantitative analysis and interpretation, this study has advanced the comprehension of the interplay between authenticity and tourism. It introduces a novel perspective that adds depth to the broader understanding in this domain. This foundational research is crucial for acknowledging the unique contributions made by this study to the fields of tourism and authenticity.

Going the distance: endurance philanthropy, spectacle, and development in Central America

The increasing popularity of fusing adventure, humanitarianism, and travel has received attention from scholars within the fields of leisure and tourism studies, particularly regarding widespread activities such as volunteer tourism. Fewer have examined the phenomenon that we refer to as endurance philanthropy, in which participants journey long distances under challenging conditions to increase awareness and raise funds for specific causes. As more and more people become attuned to the idea, it is essential to interrogate the power dynamics and development discourses that frame such campaigns. To begin this necessary conversation, this paper investigates one subset of the endurance philanthropy movement: participants who have journeyed from North America to Central America to raise money and awareness for causes situated within the destination region. Using the lenses of spectacle and critical development, we analyze online media produced both by and about these journeyers. Our findings highlight key themes that weave across and through these events: actions not words, expedition completed, grit and determination, and donor commitment. We argue that these events – while emphasizing solidarity and advocating for social change – ultimately undermine the potential for such transformation due to the spectacular, individualizing, and apolitical characteristics of the campaigns. This results in the reproduction of neoliberal self-help models of progress, which reinforce the status quo and downplay larger structural issues that keep poverty and inequality in place.

Gaze and reflexivity in postcolonial cinema: the pragmatic turn in critical tourism studies

This article examines the theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical integration of postcolonial cinema into critical tourism education. These works help viewers understand the influence of film as a primary source of postcolonial gaze, with the goal of decolonizing tourism studies. Postcolonial cinema reconnects geographic inquiry with the impacts of colonialism and postcolonialism on people and places in specific localities and across regions. Critical pragmatism is presented as synthesizing critical theory’s emphasis on listening, reflecting, and deliberating and traditional pragmatism’s emphasis on practice and place, as well as mixed research methods and multiple realities. Critical reflexivity is explored in critical tourism studies as relocated in pragmatist thought and a basis for abductive methodology and pedagogy. Abductive methodology is identified as a basis for addressing complex tourism issues and researcher positioning, while abductive pedagogy creates transformative learning environments where shared dialogue generates new knowledge. Critical pragmatism, enriched with gaze and reflexivity honed through postcolonial cinema, addresses perceived ontological and ‘realist’ deficiencies in critical tourism studies, while offering an alternative philosophical framework for informing and contrasting popular epistemologies and methodologies.

Bibliometric Analysis of Halal Tourism (Hajj and Umrah) Development in the World

This research highlights the theoretical basis and future research directions in religious tourism and related topics from 2003 to 2023. 1,689 documents from the Scopus database related to religious tourism and the Umrah Hajj have been analyzed using VOS viewer software. This analysis found that research on religious tourism and the Umrah pilgrimage experienced a consistent increase. The most influential countries in the research were Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, France, and Australia. Studies on Umrah mass gathering, respiratory viruses, preventive measures, and pilgrimage season in Hajj and Umrah religious tourism are predicted to be a significant research focus, as can be seen through keyword co-occurrence analysis. The results of this study provide a comprehensive evaluation of the religious tourism literature over a decade using bibliometric and network analysis. The results of this research can help researchers gain a deeper understanding of the study of religious tourism as a whole and determine priorities for future research.

Exploring social media as a tool for disentangling cultural ecosystem service values of whale-watching to inform environmental judgements and ethics: the case of Húsavík, Iceland

ABSTRACT This explorative study contributes to developing methods using social media data and social network theory in tourism studies to unravel cultural ecosystem values. Focused on the case of an emblematic village for whale-watching activity, Húsavík, in Skjálfandi Bay, Iceland, this study explores the cultural ecosystem service values of individuals as expressed through social media (TripAdvisor and Instagram) related to the practice of whale-watching. The aim is to document the cultural ecosystem service values and environmental judgements which provide information that could be used in future marine planning efforts. For this, 650 TripAdvisor entries posted between 2019 and 2021 were analysed, together with 100 images posted on Instagram between 2021 and 2022. The Social Network Analysis enabled visualization of the interconnected hashtag networks underscoring human-nature interactions. Instead of environmental and conservation values, the results show that they relate to ‘ocular consumption’ and ‘aesthetic consumption’. The lack of conservation values, cultural heritage values, or even spiritual values is likely a reflection of the Instagram and TripAdvisor platforms. We conclude that social media data should always be complementary to narrative and qualitative data.

Analysis of Factors that Influence Prospective New Students to Choose a Tourism Study Program at Universities in Yogyakarta

The decision of prospective students to choose a tourism college in Yogyakarta is important to study. This aims to ensure that universities can provide the best service by selecting locations and improving facilities, the quality of human resources, and the image of universities. The growth of the tourism sector continues to increase, along with the increase in the number of tourist trips, so superior and professional resource personnel are needed. As educational institutions, tourism universities are responsible for producing quality and competitive human resources. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of place and resource resources on student decisions through the image of the institution as a mediator. The research results show that the place and resources of the speakers do not directly have a significant influence on student decisions, but when mediated by the image of the institution, they have a significant influence. Furthermore, the place and resources of the speakers have a significant influence on the image of the institution, and the image of the institution also has a significant influence on student decisions. The research results show that institutional image is an important factor influencing student decisions.

“The impact of influencer marketing on destination choice-A quantitative study among Brazilian and German millennials."

The decision-making process of choosing a travel destination it is a very complex topic. Why individuals travel and what influences an individual’s travelling intentions in general has been studied by different scholars. This study examines the differences in the effect of influencer marketing on cross-national consumption destination choices by focusing on the impact of influencer marketing on travel destination choices by German and Brazilian millennials. Influencer marketing is a relatively new topic and its main impact is still under evaluated. Tourist behavior theories have been the focus of much research in many tourism studies, but how German and Brazilian millennial travelers’ intentions are shaped by influencer marketing has not been investigated. By reviewing academic sources, this master paper aims to analyze the efficacy of the TPB for predicting German and Brazilian millennial's intention when choosing a travel destination. Data were collected from Brazil and Germany for a two-week time frame starting in the beginning of June. 231 German, Brazilian and international tourists participated in the survey. In general, the main results have been aligned with previous literature studies which have supported the application of the TPB model. The three main elements, attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were observed to have made an effect. In addition, the findings indicated that internal and external factors are considered by German and Brazilian millennials when choosing a travel destination. Moreover, main implications, recommendations and suggestions for future studies have been provided in the last chapter of this study.

EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HALAL TOURISM IN INDONESIA AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS APPLICATION IN UKRAINE

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Saifudin, Rosana Eri Puspita (2020), Fariana, Andi & Saripudin, Saripudin & Rukmana, Ovalia & Al, (2023), Huda, Nurul & Rini, Nova & Muslikh, Muslikh & Hidayat, Slamet & Takidah were engaged in the study of halal tourism, as well as the development of a strategy and the main directions of its further develop-ment. Erika & Sari, Dian & Husniyah, Af'idatul. (2022), Gunawan, Eddy & Sartiyah, Sartiyah. (2020) and others. The statement of basic materials. The researchers point out that the development of tourism in general, including halal tourism, is facilitated by a good geographical location. country or region. In this aspect, Ukraine occupies a fairly favorable geographical location, which can become attractive for wealthy tourists from the Persian Gulf countries. Climatic conditions also play an important role, and in this case, a temperate climate becomes a winning position, which can also attract tourists from the Middle East region, where the climate is quite hot in summer and who tend to stay in countries with a more temperate climate in summer. They are also attracted by relatively inexpensive medical care. Which they usually get either in India. Or in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries, where the appropriate infrastructure has been created. Ukraine will be able to compete with the development of appropriate infrastructure and taking into account the religious characteristics of this category of tourists. In our country, there are virtually all conditions and opportunities for the development of halal tourism, including specialists who can certify the catering network, hotels, medical centers and other things for compliance with Halal standards. This study will focus on the religious aspects of the development of halal tourism. Which are reflected in Indonesia, which has a rich experience in the development of the tourism sector.

Trend and visualizing of historical tourism in education research during last twenty years: A bibliometric review and analysis

This study provides a bibliometric analysis of research findings on Historical Tourism in Education from 2003 to 2022. The analysis focuses on research results indexed by Scopus over the past twenty years. The investigation was conducted systematically by categorizing the data according to topics or themes, identifying the authors with the highest productivity, determining the countries which provided the most significant contributions, identifying the publications that had the highest involvement, and selecting the most relevant articles for the research study. The analysis of Historical Tourism using the term “Historical Tourism” reveals a significant increase in the study of Historical Tourism in Education over the past two decades. This research has been widely published in many academic publications. The Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia has a total of 208 citations. The United States provides the greatest contribution with 47 articles. In general, the findings of this study analysis indicate that there are still opportunities for additional research pertaining to historical tourism in education, particularly in the field of History Education.

Sensory versus personal environment as antecedents of the creative food tourism experience

This research contributes to the study of food tourism by analyzing the antecedents and consequences of a novel concept named creative food tourism experience (CFTE). The paper is based on the Balance Theory and the Service Triangle to propose a collaborative perspective between restaurants and their employees to contribute to the creation of creative experiences for food tourists. Specifically, this study develops a theoretical framework in which the sensory environment created by restaurants, based on food appeal and the restaurant atmosphere, and the personal environment provided by employees, in terms of service excellence, co-create the CFTE for visitors. Based on a sample of 407 food tourists, the empirical analysis shows that the suggested drivers are significant, and service excellence has the greatest impact. Memorability and, indirectly, intention to repeat/recommend are shown to be relevant outcomes of the CFTE. Practical implications for restaurant managers and the hospitality industry are also provided.

Route to nowhere: assessing the failure of the Ave Basin Industrial Heritage Route (Portugal)

ABSTRACT Implemented in the early 2000s by the Ave Basin Regional Development Agency (ADRAVE), the Ave Basin Industrial Heritage Route (IHR) was deactivated without fully establishing a lasting circuit to showcase the region’s industrial history. This paper aims to identify and critically analyse the contributing factors to the IHR’s inability to create a sustainable industrial heritage circuit. Drawing insights from industrial heritage tourism studies and examining academic papers produced by members of ADRAVE during the IHR implementation to publicise the route, as well as an urban intervention in one of its hubs (Sampaio, Ferreira & Co. Riba d’Ave), the study reveals missed opportunities and challenges in the IHR’s implementation, calling for a revaluation of strategies to effectively preserve and promote industrial heritage in Portugal. The analysis highlights the impact of dominant memory narratives shaped by local political and economic powers, hindering community engagement, and discouraging local involvement. The findings extend beyond Ave Basin, emphasising the importance of more inclusive approaches that involve local communities in heritage conservation initiatives.

A Review and Future Directions of Brand Experience Research in Tourism

This paper presents a review of brand experience studies in tourism using a systematic literature review while utilizing a total of 44 articles that were published in 30 journals. Four databases were used to search for the articles including Taylor and Francis, Google Scholar, Emerald, and Science Direct. The objectives of this review were to discuss the extant state of brand experience literature in the tourism industry, summarize the antecedents, mediators, moderators, and outcomes of brand experience and identify the gaps in the current studies and suggest the areas of future research. The results indicate that the quantitative research approach, convenience sampling technique, cross-sectional survey strategy, and structural equation modeling have dominated brand experience research. Various theories used, contexts, methodologies, antecedents, mediators, moderators, and outcomes of brand experience are also discussed in the paper. It is concluded that brand experience influences the majority of customer-related and brand-related constructs. Thus, it is recommended that tourist agencies, destination practitioners, and other tourism stakeholders should invest in generating pleasurable experiences at every touch point of their service to differentiate themselves from their competitors.

A comparative systematic literature review between Indonesia and Malaysia Halal tourism studies (2010-2022)

Indonesia and Malaysia publish halal tourist studies and are concerned about promoting the market. This qualitative systematic literature review study uses PRISMA to identify, accept, and reject studies. The study authors had to be from Indonesia and Malaysia, and it had to be on halal tourism in those countries. A total of 216 studies were collected using the Scopus database, leaving 79 studies consisting of 61 Indonesian studies and 18 Malaysian studies that met the selection criteria. The results of the assessment and comparison of the 79 studies that were successfully collected show that the earliest Malaysian halal travel study was published in 2011 and reached the peak of the study trend in 2020, while the earliest Indonesian halal travel study was published in 2017 and reached the peak of the study trend in 2021. The study framework that is most widely used by studies of the two countries is Customer Behavior. The Malaysian halal tourism study theme is dominated by the hospitality study theme, while the Indonesian halal tourism study is dominated by the tourist behavior theme. In addition, it was found that there are many themes in Indonesian halal tourism studies that have not been found in Malaysian halal tourism studies, such as themes of local Islamic wisdom, halal tourism technology, regulations, and studies on tourism development in a destination. In Indonesian halal tourism research, Kalimantan is not mentioned. These themes can be opportunities for future and development of halal tourism studies.

PELATIHAN MENULIS KARYA TULIS ILMIAH MAHASISWA PRODI PARIWISATA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH TANGERANG TAHUN AJARAN 2023-2024

Students are certainly familiar with the term scientific work. Scientific work is written work that contains an explanation of a scientific discussion carried out by a writer or researcher. Scientific work is written work, specifically writing a thesis. For every student completing their studies, they are required to write a scientific work, because it is a regulation in higher education that they will graduate or get a degree when they have completed all the demands in higher education, namely writing a thesis. So it is necessary to hold training in writing Scientific Writing (KTI) for tourism study program students, Faculty of Tourism and Creative Industries, Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang. With this training activity, it is hoped that students will be able to increase their knowledge and skills in writing scientific papers, namely writing theses or other scientific works. The methods used in this service or training in writing scientific papers are the lecture method, discussion method and writing practice method. This training was carried out over three meetings starting from Tuesday to Thursday 17-19 October 2023. The training participants were 20 tourism study program students from the Faculty of Tourism and Creative Industries. Based on the results of the training. Students are trained in choosing titles and determining topics and creating an outline for an essay. Students are able to write problem formulations well by following the systematics of writing scientific papers. With the level of student ability in the training process, the level of student ability in understanding how to choose a title is 80%, compiling an outline online is 82%, practicing writing is 75%, while students find it difficult to determine a topic at 5%.Students are certainly familiar with the term scientific work. Scientific work is written work that contains an explanation of a scientific discussion carried out by a writer or researcher. Scientific work is written work, specifically writing a thesis. For every student completing their studies, they are required to write a scientific work, because it is a regulation in higher education that they will graduate or get a degree when they have completed all the demands in higher education, namely writing a thesis. So it is necessary to hold training in writing Scientific Writing (KTI) for tourism study program students, Faculty of Tourism and Creative Industries, Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang. With this training activity, it is hoped that students will be able to increase their knowledge and skills in writing scientific papers, namely writing theses or other scientific works. The methods used in this service or training in writing scientific papers are the lecture method, discussion method and writing practice method. This training was carried out over three meetings starting from Tuesday to Thursday 17-19 October 2023. The training participants were 20 tourism study program students from the Faculty of Tourism and Creative Industries. Based on the results of the training. Students are trained in choosing titles and determining topics and creating an outline for an essay. Students are able to write problem formulations well by following the systematics of writing scientific papers. With the level of student ability in the training process, the level of student ability in understanding how to choose a title is 80%, compiling an outline online is 82%, practicing writing is 75%, while students find it difficult to determine a topic at 5%.