Morphological Studies Research Articles

Three species of the Cladonia pyxidata-chlorophaea complex new to Latvia

The study of the Cladonia pyxidata-chlorophaea complex in Latvia is based on the revision of 276 specimens from the two largest lichen herbarium collections in Latvia. Nine species belonging to the Cladonia pyxidata-chlorophaea complex were determined using TLC and morphological studies – C. chlorophaea, C. cryptochlorophaea, C. fimbriata, C. grayi, C. humilis, C. merochlorophaea, C. novochlorophaea, C. pocillum and C. pyxidata. Of these, three species are reported as new to Latvia – C. cryptochlorophaea, C. merochlorophaea, and C. novochlorophaea. Information regarding the morphology, secondary chemistry, ecology, and localities of the newly reported species is provided.

NEK10 kinase ablation affects mitochondrial morphology, function and protein phosphorylation status

BackgroundNEK10, a serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase belonging to the NEK (NIMA-related kinases) family, has been associated with diverse cellular processes. However, no specific target pathways have been identified. Our previous work knocking down NEK10 in HeLa cells suggested a functional association with mitochondria, as we observed altered mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, mtDNA integrity, and reactive oxygen species levels.MethodsTo better understand this association, we studied human HAP1 cells fully knockout for NEK10 and confirmed that NEK10 has an important role in mitochondrial homeostasis.We performed the study of mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial mass, and mtDNA analysis. Additionally, we showed proteome and phosphoproteome data of crude mitochondrial fraction of Parental and NEK10 KO cells using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).ResultsIn the absence of NEK10 several mitochondrial functions were disturbed. Moreover, proteome and phosphoproteome analyses of mitochondrial fractions showed that NEK10 alters the threonine phosphorylation status of several mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum components, including HSP60, NDUFB4, and TOM20. These changes impacted the steady-state levels of a larger group of proteins, preferentially involving respiratory complexes and autophagy pathways.ConclusionWe concluded that NEK10 plays a key role in mitochondrial function, possibly by modulating the phosphorylation status of mitochondrial proteins.

A Morphological Study of HLA-DR-Immunopositive Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Their Implications for Pathogenesis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by white matter demyelinating plaques, which can be classified as active, chronic active, or chronic inactive based on the extent of demyelination, cellularity, and inflammation. Microglia and macrophages play a central role in these processes. This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics of HLA-DR-immunopositive cells in these plaques to improve our understanding of the roles of these cells in MS plaques. Methods: This study is a retrospective post-mortem histopathological study. We analyzed 90 plaques from 6 MS cases. Of the plaques studied, 77 were grouped into three categories: 28 active, 34 chronic active, and 15 chronic inactive. Additionally, five vacuolated white matter lesions, two axonal degeneration lesions, and six lesions with mixed histological features were included. Six control cases were also examined to assess HLA-DR-immunopositive cell expression across various age groups. The cells were classified based on their morphology into two types: round cells without processes (macrophages) and cells with varying processes and shapes (ramified microglia). Results: Both macrophages and ramified microglia were present in all lesion types, with a focus on identifying the predominant cell type. Of the 28 active plaques, macrophages were the primary cell type in 25 plaques, while ramified microglia predominated in 3. In the center of 49 chronic plaques, scattered ramified microglia were observed in 46, with three plaques showing a predominance of macrophages. Among the 34 chronic active lesions, ramified microglia were the main cell type in the periphery of 32 plaques, with the remaining two predominantly exhibiting macrophages. Conclusions: The predominance of macrophages in active lesions and the presence of scattered ramified microglia in the center of chronic plaques are consistent with the phagocytic role of macrophages. Meanwhile, the prevalence of ramified microglia at the periphery of chronic active lesions suggests a potential protective function in maintaining lesion stability.

DNA but not always morphology help to recognise monophyletic genera within 'Cercyon' terrestrial water scavenger beetles: a case study of Asiacyon gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae).

DNA-based studies have revealed that the terrestrial water scavenger beetle genus Cercyon Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Megasternini) is polyphyletic, grouping similarly looking but unrelated species that were not assigned to other genera due to the absence of unusual morphological characters. In this study, we analyse the morphology, DNA data and species diversity of one of the Asian clades of 'Cercyon ' to test whether a natural, phylogeny-based generic classification can be established. We add DNA data (five nuclear and three mitochondrial fragments) for additional species and specimens of the clade to test its monophyly and reveal phylogenetic relationships among species. We perform a detailed morphological study of all species, including SEM micrographs, to reveal synapomorphies of the DNA-based clades. We demonstrate that the lineage, described here as Asiacyon Mai, Jia, Ryndevich & Fikáček, gen. nov., is strongly supported by DNA data, has limited distribution (eastern Asia), and its species share similar biology (inhabiting fresh or decaying plant tissues), though it can be only diagnosed by a combination of plesiomorphic characters. A detailed treatment is provided for the Chinese species, including species diagnoses, illustrations of habitus and male genitalia, (re)descriptions and a key to species. A total of 14 Chinese species are recognised, of which 11 are described as new: Asiacyon pax sp. nov. (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hunan), A. pseudincretus sp. nov. (Anhui, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang), A. vicincretus sp. nov. (Guangdong, Guangxi), A. zhengyucheni sp. nov. (Yunnan), A. huilanae sp. nov. (Yunnan), A. cornipenis sp. nov. (Yunnan), A. belousovi sp. nov. (Yunnan), A. liangchengi sp. nov. (Yunnan), A. paraequalis sp. nov. (Yunnan), A. pengzhongi sp. nov. (Hunan) and A. xiuzhenae sp. nov. (Hainan, Yunnan). Three Chinese species previously classified in Cercyon are transferred to Asiacyon : A. incretus (d'Orchymont, 1941), comb. nov., A. primoricus (Ryndevich & Prokin, 2017), comb. nov. (newly recorded from China) and A. indicus (d'Orchymont, 1926), comb. nov. (newly recorded from China and Laos). Additionally, seven Asian species previously classified in Cercyon are transferred to Asiacyon based on their external morphology, but not studied in detail: A. aequalis (Sharp, 1884), comb. nov., A. conjiciens (Walker, 1858), comb. nov., A. dilutus (Régimbart, 1903), comb. nov., A. placidus (Sharp, 1884), comb. nov., A. pseudodilutus (Satô, 1979), comb. nov., A. retius (Ryndevich & Prokin, 2017), comb. nov., and A. rubicundus (Sharp, 1884), comb. nov. In total, the genus now comprises 21 named species and several undescribed species from India, Myanmar and Indonesia. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E3C949A0-34E4-46EF-BA6A-2CD048D583B2.

Structural and functional features of the endometrium in chronic endometritis and implantation failure in IVF cycles

BACKGROUND: Implantation failure of the endometrium in women with chronic endometritis remains a subject of discussion, despite certain progress in the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. It has been proven that chronic endometritis is a predictor of endometrial dysfunction, which contributes to the disruption of the morphogenesis of the endometrium necessary for its implantation capacity. Implantation disorders associated with chronic endometritis are related to pathology of the receptor profile and vascular bed, as well as dysregulation of proliferative and apoptotic mechanisms. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, endothelial marker and apoptosis-inducing factor in the endometrium of patients with chronic endometritis and ineffective embryo transfer in IVF protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study enrolled 50 patients with ineffective embryo transfers in IVF protocols and 25 women in the control group with positive reproductive outcomes. All patients underwent a comprehensive morphological study of the endometrium including histological examination, immunohistochemical study with assessment of the receptor profile [estrogen (ERα) and progesterone (PR) receptor expression], chronic endometritis (CD8+, CD4+, CD20+, CD138+), apoptosis [antibodies to apoptosis-inducing factor (anti-AIF [E20])], and angiogenesis (CD34+), with microscopic, morphometric and statistical methods used as well. RESULTS: Endometrial implantation failure is associated with a history of urogenital infection, benign cervical diseases, high incidence of endometrial pathology and reproductive loss. It is characterized by the presence of follicle-like mononuclear infiltrates in the endometrium, fibroplastic changes in the stromal component, vascular sclerosis, abnormal increase in the pro-inflammatory cell count, multifocal decrease in estrogen (ERα) and progesterone (PR) receptor expression, as well as activation of pathological neoangiogenesis and apoptosis in the stroma. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic endometritis leads to disruption of the structural and functional characteristics of the endometrium, stimulates pathological neoangiogenesis and dysregulates proliferative and apoptotic mechanisms, which forms a vicious circle of endometrial implantation failure and inefficiency of embryo transfer in IVF protocols.

Combination of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Organizing Pneumonia

Solitary pulmonary nodule is a difficult case for differential diagnosis. The list of pathological processes manifested by pulmonary nodule is quite large, including organizing pneumonia, which has non-specific CT picture. A correct diagnosis requires comparing the radiation examination data with anamnesis, the results of invasive and morphological studies. The presented clinical case shows the difficulties of diagnosing a combination of pulmonary nodule and extensive renal mass.

Discovery of a new gall-inducing species, Aciurinaluminaria (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae) via multi-trait integrative taxonomy.

Integrative taxonomic practices that combine multiple lines of evidence for species delimitation greatly improve our understanding of intra- and inter-species variation and biodiversity. However, extended phenotypes remain underutilized despite their potential as a species-specific set of extracorporeal morphological and life history traits. Primarily relying on variations in wing patterns has caused taxonomic confusion in the genus Aciurina, which are gall-inducing flies on Asteraceae plants in western North America. However, species display distinct gall morphologies that can be crucial for species identification. Here we investigate a unique gall morphotype in New Mexico and Colorado that was previously described as a variant of that induced by Aciurinabigeloviae (Cockerell, 1890). Our analysis has discovered several consistent features that distinguish it from galls of A.bigeloviae. A comprehensive description of Aciurinaluminaria Baine, sp. nov. and its gall is provided through integrative taxonomic study of gall morphology, host plant ecology, wing morphometrics, and reduced-representation genome sequencing.

Three-Dimensional Morphological Study of MnTe-like Structures by Assessment of Tortuosity Tensor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

This paper focuses on a morphological study of the MnTe-like structures, carried out by the evaluation of the tortuosity tensor and other related parameters using a computational fluid dynamics approach recently developed by our research group. The present work focuses on all possible crystals—existing or not developed yet—having the same structure as that of the manganese telluride. This analysis provides new information not present yet in the open literature. The motivation behind this study lies in the importance of this type of structure in physics and material science. In particular, the structures investigated are anisotropic and bi-disperse, with two independent geometrical parameters controlling the structure shape: the ratio of the particle diameters (r1) and the normalised inter-particle distance (r2). Exploiting this fact, several different structures of the same family are created, changing these two parameters independently, also allowing inter-penetration of particles to enlarge the study’s applicability. The results are primarily obtained in terms of the tortuosity tensor, needed to catch and quantify the anisotropy of the structures. Then, other morphological parameters, such as connectivity, principal diffusion directions, and anisotropy factors, are evaluated, obtaining in this way a novel morphological characterisation of the structure. It is found that high values of tortuosity are observed at lower and higher values of {r1, r2}, which means that there exists a minimum value between them. Additionally, the anisotropy factor is found to be higher at lower values of {r1, r2} and lower at higher ones. This is in accordance with the fact that, as the inter-particle distance and the ratio between particle diameters increase, the structure enlarges, which implies a lower influence of the particle distribution and, thus, a gradually more isotropic structure.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc-doped hematite nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications and their electronic structure studies by density functional theory

Hematite nanoparticles doped with 1, 3 and 5 % Zn (all % are in molar) were prepared using mechanical alloying. Morphological and phase structure studies using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed nanoparticles possessing a semi-spherical shape and particle size of <50 nm crystallized in rhombohedral structure. The lattice parameters of hematite increased upon Zn doping. The energy-dispersive X-ray and Fourier-transform infrared results demonstrated that Zn was successfully incorporated. The optical behavior of nanoparticles was examined by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and revealed that Zn doping increased the absorption intensity in the visible light region and decreased the band gap from 1.95 (hematite) to 1.83 eV (3 % Zn). Methylene blue dye degradation by the 3 % Zn sample proved doubling of the photocatalytic activity due to electronic structure modification upon Zn doping. First principles studies using density functional theory performed to investigate the effect of Zn on the electronic band structure of hematite showed that Zn doping caused band gap reduction, causing formation of new energy states, mainly above the valence band. Eventually, the enhancement of Urbach energy and reduction of effective mass, respectively accountable for increasing the relaxation time and mobility of charge carriers, were considered the two main mechanisms regarding the increased photocatalytic behavior of hematite by Zn doping.

Production of eco-friendly cathode materials from cellulose skeleton induced manganese dioxide to produce zinc ion battery: Physicochemical, morphological, and electrochemical study

Energy security is a universal issue since modern civilization cannot be imagined for a single moment without energy. Though lean fossil fuels are fighting against the current energy demand principally, these are linked to adverse environmental effects. Various energy storage technologies can resolve this issue in a sustainable eco-friendly manner. Rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are emerging as potential candidates to meet the growing commercial demand with several advantages. As a part of this, the cellulose skeleton-induced manganese dioxide-based electroactive cathode materials have been prepared by an innovative route and characterized using UV–vis-NIR, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. Results suggested that the newly produced eco-friendly cathode materials have possessed outstanding physicochemical, morphological, and structural properties. While the finished product namely the coin cell of ZIBs has shown a good CV profile along with minimal charge transfer resistance in PEIS. Noteworthy that the newly prepared cathode materials have also been shown a significant capacity of 29 mAhg-1 at a 5 mA constant current charge-discharge rate. Thus, the method could be beneficially used in energy storage devices for its eco-friendly nature though some drawbacks have been noticed. The cyclic stabilities were somewhat low which can be increased in further studies.

Fractal study of surface morphology on the permeability of fractured rocks

Fractal study of surface morphology on the permeability of fractured rocks

Tailoring of magnetic phase: Co-doped SiC thin films grown by RF sputtering

In the present work, we investigate the influence of cobalt (Co) doping on the structural and magnetic properties of cobalt-doped silicon carbide (Co-SiC) thin films. The films were fabricated using DC/RF magnetron sputtering technique on Si (100) substrates at a temperature of 1200°C, with varying Co concentrations ranging from 5 to 16 at. (at%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis unveiled the co-existence of CoSi2 and SiC phases in all the thin films. Surface morphological study through atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the densely packed nature of the films. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) study showed that particles are uniformly distributed at the surface of the substrate. According to UV measurements, the films have high transmittance in the visible range, and as Co concentration rises, transmittance decreases. A magnetic phase transition from superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic behavior occurred with Co content surpassing 8 at% in the SiC thin films. Moreover, an increase in coercivity was observed from 38 Oe to 316 Oe as the doping concentration increased from 10 to 16 at%. This study represents an exploration into the induction of ferromagnetism through moderate Co doping in SiC thin films.

Foliar blight, leaf spot, and stem blackening diseases caused by Stemphylium beticola, Alternaria alternata, and Alternaria atra on dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) in Iran

Dragon's head, Lallemantia iberica, is an oilseed crop adapted to be grown in cold-dry areas. In the growing season of 2022–23 a severe foliar blight, leaf spot, and stem blacking symptoms were observed in commercial fields in northern and northwestern Iran, leading to more than 50 % yield loss. Infected samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Following the isolation of fungal agents, five representative isolates were selected for further studies. Morphological studies, based on conidial shape, conidiation, and other mycological characteristics, were carried out on a pure culture established from a single spore. Furthermore, multigene phylogenetic analyses were performed using sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA genes for Alternaria isolates, along with calmodulin (cmdA) for the Stemphylium isolate. The morphological and molecular studies identified the fungal isolates as Alternaria atra, Alternaria alternata, and Stemphyliium beticola. Pathogenicity tests on the commercial cultivar ‘Sara’ indicated that all isolates were pathogenic to dragon's head, but they differed significantly in aggressiveness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the association of these fungal species with an important foliar disease on this crop in Iran and worldwide.

Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Study of CoFe2-xDyxO4 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) Nanoparticles Prepared by Co-precipitation

Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Study of CoFe2-xDyxO4 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) Nanoparticles Prepared by Co-precipitation

3D Printing of Biocompatible and Antibacterial Silica-Silk-Chitosan-Based Hybrid Aerogel Scaffolds Loaded with Propolis.

The aim of this study is to design a therapeutic enhanced three-dimensional (3D) silk fibroin (SF)-based scaffold containing propolis (Ps)-loaded chitosan (CH) nanocarriers. To this aim, we initially synthesized a hybrid gel-based ink by a synergistic sol-gel and self-assembly approach and then processed the resulting gels by microextrusion-based 3D printing followed by supercritical drying to obtain 3D hybrid aerogel scaffolds. Ps was utilized to enhance the final scaffold's bactericidal efficacy and cell responsiveness. For the synthesis of the scaffold, two Ps loading methods (in preprint and postprinting steps) were investigated in order to optimize the Ps drug quantities in the scaffold and maximize the antibacterial properties of scaffold. In the postprinting Ps loading step, the hybrid silica-oxidized SF (SFO)-CH hydrogel ink was 3D printed into a construct with an interconnected porous structure, and then, Ps was loaded into the printed construct. In the preprint loading method, PS was incorporated into the SF and a hydrolyzed silane solution prior to gelation. The morphological studies demonstrate that the addition of Ps encapsulated CH nanoparticles (NPs) into the hydrogel solution improved the porosity of the developed scaffolds. The rheological analysis of the designed gel ink with and without Ps loading and the release kinetics were studied. The antimicrobial results show that the Ps-loaded scaffolds in the postprinting step exhibited superior antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains compared to a preprinted Ps-loaded scaffold. Direct and indirect in vitro cytotoxicity tests also confirmed the designed Ps-loaded scaffold biocompatibility toward a mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line. We demonstrated that the scaffold formulated by propolis-loaded chitosan NPs can enhance the migration and proliferation of L929 fibroblast cells. The obtained results prove the promise of the designed 3D printed silica-SFO-CH-Ps scaffolds as a potent 3D scaffold to mediate tissue regeneration but also as an antibacterial highly porous matrix to support wound healing.

Microcotyle Tazeroutii n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae) from the Gills of the Boarfish Capros aper Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Caproidae) off the Algerian Coast, Western Mediterranean.

In this study we describe a new species Microcotyle tazeroutii n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae) found on the gills and operculum of the boarfish Capros aper (Caproidae) off the Algerian coast of the Western Mediterranean. Monogeneans were observed alive or recently dead on the operculum and gills using a dissecting microscope, measured and drawn for morphological study. Furthermore, a molecular analysis was conducted using a partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of two specimens of monogeneans and a tissue sample of the fish's gills in which the parasites were found to confirm the identity of fish. The new species Microcotyle tazeroutii n. sp., exhibits a combination of morphological features that differentiate it from all other known species within the genus, such as the shape and the size of body, the haptor length, the number and the size of clamps and testes, the number of spines of the genital atrium and the size of eggs. Additionally, a molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1 gene) revealed significant interspecific differences between Microcotyle tazeroutii n. sp. and previously published sequences of other Microcotyle species. The morphological and molecular analyses revealed that Microcotyle tazeroutii n. sp. has unique characteristics that distinguish it from all previously identified species and confirmed the presence of Microcotyle within the Caproidae family for the first time.

Morfológiai vizsgálatok Magyarország délnyugati határfolyóin = Morphological Studies on South-Western Border Rivers in Hungary

Nowadays, the preservation and sustainable use of our natural values are increasingly coming to the fore, and this has implications not only for economic and field development but also for ecological aspects. In recent years, attention has shifted towards river morphological studies, which were previously relegated to the background. Understanding long-term changes and assessing the current state is essential to estimate future processes. In this article, we present our morphological studies on the Hungarian–Croatian border sections of the Mura and the Drava rivers. Historical changes were analyzed through a comparative study of historical maps from earlier periods, while the evaluation of the current state was conducted based on a detailed terrain model from a recent survey. GIS evaluation was also compared with sediment transport and flow measurement results. This comparison suggests that the morphological status of the river section under study is consistent with the typical parameters of transport processes.

Conference Report: Challenging Construction Grammar: New Insights from Morphology (8–12 April 2024; Monte Verità, Switzerland)

As reflected in its title, this workshop, which took place from the eighth to the twelfth of April 2024 at Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, focused on constructional perspectives in their application to morphology (Hoffmann &amp; Trousdale 2013). As Construction Grammar has become an important theoretical framework within linguistics, it has been applied in morphological studies from both synchronic (e.g., Booij 2010; Jackendoff &amp; Audring 2020) and diachronic perspectives (Hartmann 2019; Van Goethem &amp; Norde 2020). Nevertheless, Construction Morphology is a comparatively young branch of Construction Grammar that poses many open questions and challenges. The questions that were asked within this workshop relate to the connection between morphology and Construction Grammar as a framework, the handling of phenomena situated at the interface of morphology and syntax, and how phenomena that are specific for the scope of morphology can be captured from a constructional point of view. To address this issue, young and early career researchers were invited to present their current work. These contributions were complemented by the contributions of the invited plenary speakers Muriel Norde (Humboldt University of Berlin), Francesca Masini (University of Bologna), Livio Gaeta (University of Turin), Kristel Van Goethem (University of Louvain) and Steffen Höder (University of Kiel). The workshop was organised by Elena Smirnova (University of Neuchâtel), Martin Hilpert (University of Neuchâtel) and Jenny Audring (University of Leiden), and made possible with the generous support of SCF (Congressi Stefano Franscini, https://csf.ethz.ch), the SNF (Swiss National Science Foundation, Programm Scientific Exchanges, Grant Nr IZSEZ0_221843) and the FLSH (Faculty of Arts and Humanities) of the University of Neuchâtel.

Cranial Fluctuating Asymmetry and Schizophrenia in a contemporary Danish population

Post-mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) scans in forensic medicine not only assists with case work but is also a useful data source for other imaging-based research, e.g. morphological studies on bones. PMCT 3D data can be combined with diagnostic information and help to elucidate how disease manifests in the body. For example, the skeleton can be influenced by developmental instability, which may result in a morphological change called fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Developmental instability also influences the risk of developing schizophrenia, which means that individuals with higher levels of developmental instability, and by extension FA, might have a higher risk of developing the disorder. This connection has been investigated in soft tissues but has not yet been investigated in bones. We used PMCT 3D models from a forensic cohort to compare levels of cranial FA between a group of individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia and a control group. Our sample included 48 individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia and 58 controls. We collected 27 landmarks from our 3D models. Levels of fluctuating asymmetry were analyzed using Procrustes ANOVA, and the two groups were compared using t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Age and sex were tested as factors using Pearson correlation and two-way ANOVA. We found that there was no statistically significant difference in levels of cranial FA between the schizophrenic group and the control group, and that neither age nor sex was a factor. Our results confirm earlier studies that suggest that the multifactorial aetiology of FA and schizophrenia is difficult to capture comprehensively.

Morphology Studies, Optic Proprieties, Hirschfeld Electrostatic Potential Mapping, Docking Molecular Anti-Inflammatory, and Dynamic Molecular Approaches of Hybrid Phosphate

Morphology Studies, Optic Proprieties, Hirschfeld Electrostatic Potential Mapping, Docking Molecular Anti-Inflammatory, and Dynamic Molecular Approaches of Hybrid Phosphate