Asian Studies Research Articles

Prevalence of Enamel Hypomineralisation/Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation: A Scoping Review.

The aim of this scoping review was to provide an up-to-date assessment of the prevalence of enamel hypomineralisation (EH) and, in particular, molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). Epidemiological studies published from 2010 to 2023 were analyzed. After screening the primary literature, a total of 139 studies were included. According to the available epidemiological trials of children and adolescents from Europe (n = 39), the average prevalence of EH/MIH was 16.74%. The data from Asian studies (n = 50) showed an average prevalence of 15.6%. For South America (n = 33 studies), the mean prevalence of EH/MIH was 16.7%. The mean prevalence rates for North America (N = 9 studies), Africa (N = 6), and Australia (N = 2) were 25.9%, 11.4%, and 16.8%, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that EH/MIH is a prevalent condition worldwide. With the aim of standardizing and generating comparable prevalence data, the use of the currently established criteria by the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) for the detection of EH/MIH may support consistent reporting in epidemiological trials. However, other EH/MIH indices and phenotypes do exist. As the determination of EH/MIH prevalence depends on the correct use of index teeth, meticulous attention must be given to their correct application.

Myosteatosis and the clinical outcomes of patients with liver cirrhosis: A meta-analysis.

This study aimed to examine the potential correlation between myosteatosis and the prognosis of patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis by a meta-analysis. Cohort studies of relevance were acquired through comprehensive searches of the Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases. To account for heterogeneity, a random-effects model was employed to combine the findings. The meta-analysis included 10 retrospective and four prospective cohort studies, encompassing a total of 4287 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis. The pooled findings indicated a notable decline in transplant-free survival (TFS) among individuals with liver cirrhosis and myosteatosis compared to those without this condition (risk ratio: 1.94; 95% confidence interval: 1.61 to 2.34, p < 0.001; I2 = 49%). The predefined subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent findings across various categories, including Asian and non-Asian studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, patients with cirrhosis overall and those who underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, studies with different follow-up durations (< or ≥ 24 months), studies employing univariate and multivariate analyses, and studies with and without an adjustment for sarcopenia (p > 0.05 for all subgroup differences). Additionally, Egger's regression test indicated the presence of significant publication bias (p = 0.044). However, trim-and-fill analysis by including three hypothesized studies showed consistent results. The presence of myosteatosis in individuals diagnosed with liver cirrhosis may potentially be linked to a poor TFS prognosis. Further investigations are required to ascertain whether enhancing myosteatosis could potentially yield a survival advantage for this particular patient population.

МАЛОЕ ЮЭЧЖИ – «ИСЧЕЗНУВШИЕ» ПЛЕМЕНА ЖАТ: ЛИНЬ-И ИФУНАНЬ

The article examines the history of the kingdom of Lin-i in Southeast Asia as a result of the ethnic development of the kingdom of the Little Yuezhi, who left Southern Siberia with the ethnonym Tsat (in Kazakh Zhat). Based on the epigraphic inscription “Wo-Kan”, the influence of the Gupta (Kushan civilization) from India on China and the countries of Indochina is characterized. Also, based on eastern sources and inscriptions, an analysis of the history of the Guptas is given. These sources are of particular historical value as they reflect the early formation of the Khmer Kingdom at Prey-Nokor at the onset of Indianization brought by the Gupta Empire and are written in their script (Sanskrit), markedly similar to the Khmer cursive script used to this day. The author comes to the conclusion that part of the people of the Lesser Yuezhi, in the process of syncretization of Hinduism, Islam, which combines animists and Buddhist rituals, in addition to shamanic inclinations – «Bon», possibly brought from Siberia, became Lin-i in conjunction with Funan with the language is Jat (or Tsat) then Champoy and disappeared from the map of the earth in 1835. The “Great Yuezhi” created the Kushan kingdom, which later became the “Guptas” (Goth or Zhat) in India. The results presented in this article will be of interest to researchers in the field of Asian history and regional studies, as well as a wide range of readers whose interests are directly related to the topic raised in this study.

South Korean Historiography on Civil Service Examination, Max Weber, and the Cold War Transpacific Invention of Confucian Modernity

Abstract: This article first offers a postcolonial critique on Japanese colonial historiography and post-1945 South Korean historiography on Confucian tradition of Korea that they both have shared a very essentialized understanding on Confucian tradition of Korea as unique nature of Korean society based on the same overarching evolutionary modernization narrative in spite of their contradictingly different definition of it as either premodern backwardness or Confucian modernity. In order to go beyond these still dominant essentialized bipolar views on Confucian tradition of Korea, based on a transnational perspective, this paper seeks to show how post-1945 South Korean historiography has redefined Confucian tradition of Korea. Then, to do so, this paper tries to historicize post-1945 South Korean historiography's appropriation of Max Weber's bureaucracy and modernization theories from U.S. academia of social science and East Asian studies for its studies of Koryŏ-Chosŏn civil service examination and social status system. Then, this paper goes further to look at how post-1945 South Korean historiography on late Koryŏ and early Chosŏn history has struggled from 1945 to early 2000 to redefine and reinvent Confucian tradition of Korea such as Koryŏ-Chosŏn civil service examination as the unique origin of its own meritocratic modernity that is as close as "Western Modernity," based on this appropriation of Max Weber's bureaucracy and modernization theories. Then, this paper finally turns to rethink the meaning of this appropriation within the broader context of Cold War and South Korean postcoloniality.

Evolution of Human Races and the advent of Aryans in South Asia

This study investigates the Aryan race's origins, migration into India, and their transformative impact on South Asian civilization. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research synthesizes secondary sources, including historical texts, scholarly articles, and archaeological findings, to provide a detailed account of Aryan influence. The findings reveal that Aryans migrated into India between 500 and 2500 BC, interacting with various indigenous groups like the Austric and Darwin races. Their arrival marked a significant shift from simpler, egalitarian societies based on agriculture and animal husbandry to a more complex social structure with hierarchical class systems and centralized governance. The Aryans introduced new administrative practices and social norms, laying the groundwork for a more structured society. Furthermore, the Aryans played a crucial role in the establishment and promotion of Hinduism, incorporating ethical principles from religious texts into their governance and cultural practices. This integration fostered the development of enduring Hindu festivals, rituals, and traditions that continue to be celebrated today. The research underscores the Aryans' pivotal role in shaping India's cultural and societal landscape. It provides valuable insights for historians and scholars of South Asian studies, enhancing the understanding of early human migration, cultural integration, and the formation of ancient civilizations in the Indian subcontinent.

Why/How are Integrated Reporting Practices Adopted/Diffused? Evidence From Public Listed Companies in Sri Lanka

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study explores the factors affecting and the internal mechanisms employed by companies to manage their integrated reporting practices. Design/Methodology/Approach: The qualitative study is conducted through semi-structured interviews with 15 officers responsible for the integrated reporting practices of public listed companies in Sri Lanka. Research findings: The study found that relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability affect the adoption of integrated reporting practices. Under the internal mechanism, it was found that sustainability reporting helped the adoption, and companies used their own ways to collect and manage information. Despite the companies’ duration of practice, the constellations of structures, cultures, and reporting practices with which integrated reporting is managed change within the companies. Furthermore, the study showed the success stories of integrated reporting. Theoretical contribution/Originality: The study is the first South Asian and emergent market study to identify the enablers of integrated reporting by employing the diffusion of innovation theory as the theoretical foundation and internal mechanism. Practitioner/Policy implication: This study provides insight into the dynamic processes that operate within the framework of the organisational change that has taken place from this perspective and demonstrates how integrated reporting can be incorporated into the organisational change process. The experience of these organisations allows others that intend to embrace integrated reporting to choose the optimal way to implement it and use integrated reporting. Research limitations/Implications: Although much effort was taken to ensure that the study comprised successful IR businesses that displayed best practices in IR, this research study was confined to a small number of 15 public listed companies who participated.

중국에서 지역과 외국학으로서의 한국학 연구

This article investigates the research prospect of Korean studies after area studies have been newly established as a discipline in China. This study quantitively analyzes the current research situations and research fields of Korean studies based on the examination of the Korean Studies-related research projects sponsored by National Social Science Funding which is the representative national research project in China, and the Korean Studies-related articles published on the journals in China. The findings are: 1) the foundations of Korean studies in China are expanding;2) both the quantity and quality of Korean studies in China are increasingly growing. It is thus shown that more attentions have been paid to East Asian studies, China Theory, China perspective, comparative study and bilateral relation study. However, as an interdisciplinary field, there is a lack of interdisciplinary collaboration and cooperation between Chinese and Korean researchers. It is thus suggested that more exchanges and cooperations should be needed among the researchers from different disciplines, different areas and different nations in order for the problems to be solved.

Is Kidney Function Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration?: Findings from the Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium

PurposeChronic kidney disease (CKD) may elevate susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) due to shared risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and genetic polymorphisms. Given the inconclusive findings in prior studies, we investigated this association using extensive datasets in the Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium. DesignCross-sectional study. Participants51,253 participants from 10 distinct population-based Asian studies. MethodsAMD was defined using the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System, the international Age-related Maculopathy epidemiological study group classification, or the Beckman clinical classification. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73m2. A pooled analysis using individual-level participant data was performed to examine the associations between CKD and eGFR with AMD (early and late), adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, smoking status, total cholesterol and study groups. Main Outcome Measuresodds ratio (OR) of early and late AMD. ResultsAmong 51,253 participants (mean age: 54.1±14.5 years), 5,079 had CKD (9.9%). The prevalence of early AMD was 9.0%, and late AMD was 0.71%. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with CKD were associated with higher odds of late AMD (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11-1.93; P=0.008). Similarly, poorer kidney function (per 10-unit eGFR decrease) was associated with late AMD (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.19; P=0.001). Nevertheless, CKD and eGFR were not significantly associated with early AMD (all P ≥0.149). ConclusionsPooled analysis from 10 distinct Asian population-based studies revealed that CKD and compromised kidney function are significantly associated late AMD. This finding further underscores the importance of ocular examinations in CKD patients.

The historical sociology of medicine in India: Introduction to the special section.

This introduction to a special section brings together three papers first presented at a panel, 'Medical Professions in South Asia: Historical and Contemporary Analyses', at the 26th European Conference on South Asian Studies, held in Vienna, Austria and online, in July 2021. All three papers deal with aspects of the professionalisation of biomedical doctors in India since its independence in 1947. The authors bring together historical and sociological approaches to illuminate the growth of specialisms, patterns of practitioner-patient interactions and efforts to maintain occupational closure and maintain status in the face of growing challenges. The introduction concludes with a discussion of the relevance of these papers for the sociology of health and illness in India and beyond.

Studies on desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. leaf extract's polyphenol profile, in-vitro antioxidant capacity, and anti-proliferative activity of A549 cell lines

In African and Asian ethnomedicinal studies, Desmodium velutinum (Willd) has been used in the treatment of tooth and head aches, diarrhoea, cancer, and haematuria and as repellent and aphrodisiac. The study is aimed at determining polyphenol profile and antioxidant activities of D. velutinum methanol leaf extract and its ethyl acetate and butanol fraction. The study also investigated the effect of this plant on lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell line. The polyphenol constituents in D. velutinum were evaluated with the U-HPLC technique. While, the antioxidant activities of the methanol plant extract and its fractions were assessed with the DPPH, metal chelating, reducing power and DNA nicking assays. MTT assay was employed to analyse the effect of the plant on A549 cell line. Kaempferol is the principal polyphenol in the leaf extract/fraction of D. velutinum. Conversely, its ethyl acetate fraction possessed a higher concentration of catechin than kaempferol. Total phenolic content (TPC) result was directly proportional to the antioxidant activities of extract and fractions, a higher TPC value was obtained in ethyl-acetate fraction (787.1 ± 21.4 mg GAE/g) than the crude methanol extract (710.9 ± 24.5 mg GAE/g) and its n-butanol fraction (759.2 ± 1.3 mg GAE/g), thus, ethyl acetate fraction performed best in the antioxidant assays. D. velutinum also inhibited oxidative damage to supercoiled plasmid DNA and suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This study shows that D. velutinum does have potentials to protect against many diseases linked with reactive oxygen species.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CAREGIVER BURDEN AMONG FAMILY CAREGIVERS OF PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract Family caregiving for individuals with dementia is associated with high levels of burden. Caregiver burden is likely contextual and related to sociocultural norms, including those for gender. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine gender differences in caregiver burden among family caregivers of persons with dementia and to compare such gender differences across cultures. After searching five databases—CINAHL, Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts, we included relevant articles published in English through December 2022. Two independent reviewers extracted study data and assessed the risk of bias. Forty-three studies were included, and from those, 17 effect sizes were extracted for meta-analysis. We found that family caregivers providing homecare were mainly female and adult children of care recipients. Most studies used the Zarit Burden Interview to measure caregiver burden. Random-effects models revealed moderate effects of gender, with higher burden in female than in male family caregivers (d = 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.32 to 0.50, p&amp;lt;.05). However, we found that only 20% of Asian studies reported effects of gender on caregiver burden, while more than half the U.S. (83.33%) and European (56.41%) studies reported gender effects. We conclude that, due to sociocultural norms, female Asian caregivers may more readily accept their caregiving role than females in other regions. Thus, future studies should include measures of cultural expectations related to caregiving. Also, researchers should more extensively explore gender-specific sources of caregiver burden before creating gender-specific caregiver interventions and social policy recommendations for alleviating the burden of female caregivers.

Profiles of pregnant women encountering motor vehicle crashes in Taiwan, 2008–2017

BackgroundUnderstanding demographic profiles is essential to the assessment of health burden imposed by motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) on pregnant women. However, Asian studies that have examined it are lacking. The study aimed to describe the demographic characteristics and prevalence of MVCs involving pregnant women in Taiwan.MethodsA cross-sectional study conducted by the Taiwan Birth Notification dataset from 2008 to 2017 was linked with the police-reported traffic collision registry to identify pregnant women involved in MVCs. The pregnant women were categorized according to their gestational age, age at delivery, the role of road user (driver, passenger, or pedestrian), and vehicle types (car, two-wheeled motor vehicle, or others). A chi-square test was performed for the significance test.ResultsA total of 22,134 (1.13%) pregnant women were involved in MVCs in the study period. Two-wheeled motor vehicle (47.9%) and driver (81.4%) were the mainly reported vehicle type and road user at the crash scenes, respectively. The majority of MVCs occurred in pregnant women aged 28–34 years. The number of MVCs rapidly declined after 37 weeks of gestation, especially two-wheeled motor vehicle or car crashes. However, the number of pedestrian victims climbed up during the third trimester.ConclusionPregnant women are susceptible to MVCs regardless of their gestational age, role of a road user, or type of vehicle. The findings of this study emphasize the need for increased awareness of traffic collision prevention among pregnant women aged 28–34. In addition, improving pedestrian safety is essential for the reduction of pregnant victims.

Hassles of platform-based food couriers: An Asian case study

IntroductionThe burgeoning development of Asian food platforms has attracted many workers intending to engage in gig work as platform-based couriers. This study explored the hassles experienced by food couriers working for platforms through content analysis. MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted with 27 participants from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore to collect textual data. ResultsThe results revealed five types of hassles experienced by platform-based food couriers: hassles from food platforms, hassles from on-demand restaurants, hassles during food delivery rides, hassles from customers, and hassles in personal life. Hassles from food platforms are caused by unreasonable revenue calculation methods, unreasonable management approaches, the technological problems of platform systems, inadequacy in courier insurance and welfare, and ineffective job training. Hassles during food delivery rides include higher safety risks, uncontrollable emergencies and situations, inadequacies in transportation facilities, unfriendly treatment from doormen and residents, and theft during food delivery. Hassles from on-demand restaurants include bearing responsibilities for loss and penalties caused by restaurant management and unfriendly attitudes toward couriers. Hassles from customers entail malicious comments, miscommunication with customers, customer behaviors of taking advantage of couriers, customer cancellations during the food delivery process, and unreasonable customer demands. Finally, hassles in personal life include work-related illness, work-life conflict, work precarity, and stereotyping toward couriers. ConclusionThe findings of this study provide a pertinent reference for stakeholders, including food platforms,on-demand restaurants, local transport administration and commnunity, to improve their operational and human resource management systems in the food platform-based gig economy model.

Teaching culture in a competitive market

Abstract In 2012, the White Paper Australia in the Asian Century urged governments across Australia to improve access to Asian studies in schools. Despite this, schools still struggle to maintain interest and success for secondary students, particularly those without an Asian family background. In response to the low numbers of non-Chinese-background students graduating from secondary schools with proficiency in Chinese language, the Victorian government launched a new Chinese Language, Culture, and Society subject in 2017. This study focuses on the teaching of this subject, which is taken in the last two years of secondary schooling during the pre-tertiary Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). Drawing upon interview data with administrators, teachers and students during the first years of its implementation, the article presents the views and challenges of stakeholders involved in this subject and argues that the inherent limitations of the VCE system will make it difficult for the new subject to achieve its stated aims.

Impact of CYP2C19 Genotype on Efficacy and Safety of Clopidogrel-based Antiplatelet Therapy in Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Non-East Asian Studies.

Inconclusive and limited results have been reported on the clinical utility of CYP2C19 genotyping in stroke/TIA patients of non-East Asian ancestries. We herein performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively estimate the association of CYP2C19 loss-of function (LOF) status with efficacy and safety of clopidogrel-based antiplatelet therapy in non-East Asian patients affected by stroke or TIA. A comprehensive search was performed up to July 2023 using PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library databases. The clinical outcomes investigated were stroke, composite vascular events and bleeding. Pooled estimates were calculated as risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI using the Mantel- Haenszel random-effects model. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADEpro tool. A total number of 1673 stroke/TIA patients from 8 non-East Asian studies, published between 2014 and 2022, were included in the systematic review. Clopidogrel-treated carriers of CYP2C19 LOF alleles were found at increased risk of stroke compared to non-carriers (RR: 1.68, 95%CI: 1.04-2.71, P = 0.03). However, no significant association was observed with the risk of composite vascular events (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 0.58-2.28, P = 0.69) or bleeding (RR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.38-1.86, P = 0.67). Similarly, European ancestry patients carrying CYP2C19 LOF alleles displayed a higher risk of stroke (RR: 2.69 (1.11-6.51, P = 0.03), but not of composite vascular events or bleeding. The present updated meta-analysis provides moderate quality evidence of association between CYP2C19 LOF alleles and an increased risk of stroke in non-East Asian patients with stroke/TIA after receiving clopidogrel therapy. Further large pharmacogenetic studies are still warranted to corroborate these findings.

NIFTPs may be reclassified not only from FVPTCs but also from follicular adenomas.

Few studies have focused on reclassifying follicular adenomas (FAs) as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTPs), but none have been conducted in America or Europe. The aims of this study were to analyze the prevalence of NIFTP reclassified from follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (FVPTCs) and FAs before NIFTP was defined in the literature, the rate of NIFTP among PTC (papillary thyroid carcinomas) established in real time between 2017 and 2022, and demographic, ultrasonographic, and cytologic characteristics of NIFTPs compared with FVPTCs and FAs. This was a retrospective cohort study of tumors diagnosed as PTCs (n = 247) and FAs (n = 144) at a Brazilian hospital. Overall, 13.4% of PTCs and 7% of FAs were reclassified as NIFTPs. The rate of real-time diagnosed NIFTPs among PTC was 12.3%. The median tumor size was larger among NIFTPs (3.0 cm) than FVPTCs (1.1 cm; P < 0.01). A high-risk ultrasonographic pattern was rare in NIFTPs (5.6%). The cytologic classifications differed between FVPTCs and NIFTPs (P < 0.01), and the most frequent category among NIFTPs was 'follicular neoplasm' (52.6%). The category 'suspicious for malignancy' was frequent in FVPTCs and rare (5.3%) in NIFTPs. In conclusion, FVPTCs and FAs may be reclassified as NIFTPs. The prevalence of NIFTPs reclassified from FAs was lower in our cohort than in Asian studies. The rate of NIFTPs reclassified from PTC was similar to that of NIFTPs diagnosed in real time and was aligned with rates reported in studies from America and Europe. Preoperative features could not differentiate NIFTPs from FVPTCs or FAs.

Morphological Observation of the Alar Region between the Piriform Aperture and the Alar Soft Tissue for Facial Approximation (Reconstruction)

Prediction methods for regions not lined by facial bones are important elements of forensic anthropology, including forensic facial approximation. The alar region can be predicted by measuring the distances from the piriform margin and multiples of the piriform width. However, studies investigating this region are limited, and some only focus on one side of the alar region. Hence, we aimed to measure the bony points/landmarks to predict the alar region.Post-mortem computed tomography images of the samples from 180 Japanese individuals were obtained and analyzed. The images were processed using Osirix (Pixmeo). The coordinates recorded from all samples were calculated, and the values obtained were stratified by sex, laterality, age, body mass index, and cephalic index. The distances between the alar and the five piriform points were measured. The mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval of all samples were calculated, and the sex-related differences were determined. We evaluated the correlation between alares and other boney landmarks and points. Our findings were compared with those of previous studies. We observed significant sex differences (p &lt; 0.01) and asymmetry (p &lt; 0.01) in laterality in this region; hence, asymmetry was assessed based on these results. Compared with the results of previous studies, the obtained measurements were larger than those of a previous Asian study, suggesting that laterality may influence the accuracy of prediction methods for regions not lined by hard tissues.

Culture in the OED online Phrases and Quotations

Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of the word culture in selected co-texts and contexts with negative connotations in the OED online&lt;fnote&gt; The OED (Oxford English Dictionary) online (from now on OED, unless when it is necessary to specify “online”) “is a work in progress. Hundreds of new entries are added every year […] with the aim of producing a completely updated third edition”. https://www.oed.com/page/245; see also https://public.oed.com/how-words-enter-the-oed/. Last access: June 7, 2023.&lt;/fnote&gt; 21st-century definitions, phrases, compounds, and quotations. The study was prompted by the use of the words oriental and especially culture in a few comments following the August 2022 announcement of the Oxford Faculty of Oriental Studies name change to the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies: this new name was selected because “many [staff and students] considered the word Oriental to be inappropriate”.&lt;fnote&gt; (https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/article/announcing-a-change-of-name-to-the-faculty-of-asian-and-middle-eastern-studies). Last access: September 23, 2022.&lt;/fnote&gt; Alongside the word oriental, the word culture, significantly absent in the announcement, is used in various comments carrying a negative connotation. Research findings indicate that in several OED Phrases and Quotations the word culture is used in the same co-text as words that have a negative connotation. These words give (or “pass on”) their negative connotation (and/or “inappropriateness”, according to the context) to the word culture itself.

Who are you to me?: A relational approach to examining race-gender associations

Scholars have posited that characteristics of a perceptual target impact how readily gender is associated with them, arguing that cultural biases in the U.S. make it such that certain racial groups are more or less associated with womanhood and manhood. We provide a novel expansion on this work by integrating characteristics of the perceiver, suggesting that individuals have a fundamental cognitive association between racial in-group members and gender. In four studies, we find that exposure to racial in-group members (as opposed to racial out-group members) facilitates the processing of gendered information relative to gender-irrelevant stimuli across both the familial (Studies 1–3) and employment (Study 4) contexts, suggesting that gender is indeed more strongly associated with racial in-group members. Using a sequential priming paradigm, we find this to be true among White (Studies 1–4), Asian (Studies 2–4), and Black (Studies 3–4) perceivers. The present work highlights the inherently relational nature of gender and gender roles, suggesting that theory about how gender intersects with race is incomplete without consideration of the psychological relationship between perceptual targets and perceivers. We thus provide an important expansion on theory about person perception at the intersection of gender and race.

Molecular-based classification of endometrial carcinoma in Northern Thailand: impact on prognosis and potential for implementation in resource-limited settings

BackgroundEndometrial carcinoma is molecularly categorized into four subgroups: polymerase-E exonuclease domain-mutant (POLE-mut), mismatch repair-deficient (MMR-d), p53-abnormal (p53-abn), and no specific molecular profile (NSMP). This classification scheme has been included into clinical recommendation for post-operative risk-based management, although there have been few Asian studies on this topic. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical outcomes of endometrial carcinoma using this classification in Northern Thailand and the feasibility of implementation in resource-limited settings.MethodsEndometrial carcinomas from hysterectomy specimens were classified using immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins and p53, as well as POLE mutation testing. Clinicopathological variables and outcomes were analyzed. The costs of the molecular information-based approach were compared to those incurred by the conventional approach (without molecular classification).ResultsOf 138 patients, 52.9% in the NSMP subgroup, 28.2% were in the MMR-d, 13.8% in the p53-abn, and 5.1% in the POLE-mut. After adjusting for other variables, patients with POLE-mut showed the most favorable outcomes, while those with p53-abn had the poorest survival. When estimating the costs for post-operative management, the use of molecular classification resulted in a 10% increase over the conventional approach. However, the cost increased only by 1% if only POLE testing was used to identify patients for treatment omission.ConclusionIn Northern Thailand, endometrial carcinoma had comparable subgroup distribution and prognostic implications to previous reports, supporting the implementation of management guidelines that incorporate molecular information. In resource-limited settings, at least POLE mutation testing in early-stage patients should be considered.