Student Version Research Articles

Cross-national Psychometric Evaluation of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Medical Student Version.

This study aimed to examine the factorial structure of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Medical student version (JSE-S) and assess items' discriminatory ability at higher and lower empathy levels in medical student populations from different countries and languages. JSE-S datasets were retrieved from previous studies of 4113 first- and/or second-year medical students from Switzerland, Portugal, Italy, Brazil, France, Spain, New Zealand, UK, Ireland, Mexico, and Peru. Parallel principal component analyses and item response theory were applied. Excluding item 18, the Compassionate Care subscale emerged in five samples (Switzerland, Portugal, Italy, France and UK/Ireland), Perspective Taking in three (Switzerland, Portugal and UK/Ireland) and Walking in Patient's Shoes in five (Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, UK/Ireland and Mexico/Peru). All subscales had items providing overlapping information. The JSE-S subscales had reliable high test performance at low empathy levels, while when the JSE-S increased, the standard error also increased. There was no consistent support across countries for the JSE-S three-factorial structure. Items provided redundant information and discriminatory power decreased when aiming to differentiate students at high empathy levels. A JSE-S revision to improve cross-cultural comparability, results' generalizability and validity should focus on suppressing or reformulating items that cannot differentiate medical students' empathy.

Empathy unmasked: the compassion quotient of dental students

BackgroundDespite an empathic doctor patient relationship being of utmost importance to improve health care outcomes, this aspect is scarcely explored in dental students of Pakistan. This primary objective of the present study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy- Health Professions Student (JSE- HPS) version in a sample of Pakistani dental students. The study also compared the differences in empathy levels of dental students studying in different academic years.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 304 students from first to final year from selected 02 private and 02 public dental colleges of Karachi, Pakistan from December 2021- January 2022. The self-administered Jefferson Scale of Empathy- Health Professions Student (JSE-HPS) version was used for data collection. This questionnaire includes 20 items that can be answered on a 7-point Likert scale. After attendance sheets were obtained, random student names were marked, and questionnaire distributed by hand to these students. All forms were collected right after to maximize response rate.ResultsA total of 304 forms with complete data were returned, a response rate of 86.9%. Females (97.79 ± 15 94) were more empathetic than males (94.16 ± 12.13) (p = 0.001). Students of third-year were the most empathetic (p = 0.000). Internal consistency of questionnaire was acceptable (Cronbach’s α- 0.77). Factor analysis revealed factor related to belief that patient’s perspectives improve health outcome had 14 items with factor coefficient > 0.4 contributing to largest proportion of variance (23.15%).ConclusionsOur study shows JSE- HPS to have acceptable internal consistency. Structural validity of the scale evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis reported results that were in concordance to those suggested by developers of this scale. In our study population, like other studies, females were more empathic than males. Third-year dental students were more empathetic than students of other undergraduate years.

Comprehensive Analysis of Empathy by Using Jefferson Scale of Empathy – Student Version Among Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students

Empathy is essential in medicine, but many healthcare professionals struggle to integrate empathetic communication in practice. This study aims to assess empathy levels among medical and dental students and their association with age. Objectives: To evaluate empathy levels among medical and dental students using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version and examine the correlation with age. Methods: Conducted at a private medical college in Lahore, this study involved 324 medical and dental students. Empathy levels were measured using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy and the data were analyzed with SPSS version 24.0. Non-parametric tests were employed to assess differences in the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy and subscale scores among participants, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: The average Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy score was 66.67 ± 9.5. Among the subscales, "standing in the patient's shoes" had the lowest average score. Bachelor of Dental Surgery students scored slightly higher in perspective-taking and compassionate care, while MBBS students scored higher in standing in the patient's shoes. An inverse relationship between age and empathy scores was observed, with older students exhibiting lower empathy levels. Conclusions: It was concluded that Empathy levels among medical students in Pakistan were lower compared to international studies. Emphasizing empathy in medical education should be a priority to enhance compassionate care and professional development among future healthcare professionals.

Presence of meaning in life and subjective well-being as mediators of association between sense of community and academic engagement

We examined the associations between sense of community (SoC) and multidimensional academic engagement, including whether meaning in life and subjective well-being mediate the relationships. Participants were Nigerian students who completed the Classroom Sense of Community Inventory–School Form (CSCI-SF), Meaning in Life Questionnaire’s (MLQ) Presence subscale, Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-being in School Scale (BASWSS), and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale – Student Version (UWES-S-9). Data was analysed using Model 6 of Hayes’ regression-based PROCESS module. Results showed that both presence of meaning and subjective well-being mediated the effects of aspects of SoC on vigour, dedication and overall academic engagement. The effects of SoC on absorption was only mediated by subjective wellbeing. Mediation pathways were not significant for the effects of learning SoC on absorption. In all cases, the strongest mediation existed in the paths linking social SoC to academic engagement through subjective wellbeing. Promotion of classroom SoC may facilitate presence of meaning in life and subjective wellbeing thereby enhancing academic engagement

PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN, TAX AVOIDANCE DAN STRUKTUR ASET TERHADAP STRUKTUR MODAL PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR CONSUMER NON CYCLICALS YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI) SELAMA PERIODE TAHUN 2018-2022

This research aims to analyze the influence of dividend policy, tax avoidance and asset structure on capital structure. This research was conducted by analyzing the financial reports of companies in the non-cyclical consumer sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the period 2018 to 2022. The sample used in this research was 24 non-cyclical consumer sector companies listed on the Stock Exchange Indonesia (BEI) during the period 2018 to 2022 using purposive sampling techniques. The data used in this research is secondary data in the form of financial reports from each company that has been used as a research sample. The panel data regression method was used as the research methodology in this study. Analysis of research results using Eviews 12 Student Version Lite software. The results of this research show that Dividend Policy partially influences Capital Structure. Tax Avoidance partially has no effect on Capital Structure, Asset Structure partially has an effect on Capital Structure and simultaneously Dividend Policy, Tax Avoidance and Asset Structure have an effect on Capital Structure.

PENGARUH KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL, KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL DAN CAPITAL INTENSITY TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE (STUDI EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN BERINDEKS LQ-45 YANG TERDAFTAR PADA BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2018-2022)

This research aims to analyze the influence of Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership and Capital Intensity on Tax Avoidance. This research was conducted by analyzing the financial reports of companies with the LQ-45 index listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the period 2018 to 2022. The sample used in this research was 13 companies with the LQ-45 index listed on the Stock Exchange Indonesian Effect (BEI) using a purposive sampling technique. The data used in this research is secondary data in the form of financial reports from each company that has been used as a research sample. The panel data regression method was used as the research methodology in this study. Analysis of the results of this research using E-Views 12 Student Version Lite software. The results of this study show that Institutional Ownership partially has no effect on Tax Avodance, Managerial Ownership partially has an effect on Tax Avoidance, Capital Intensity partially has an effect on Tax Avoidance, and simultaneously Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership and Capital Intensity have an effect on Tax Avoidance.

Empathy ability and influencing factors among pediatric residents in China: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundEmpathy is one of the fundamental factors enhancing the therapeutic effects of physician–patient relationships, but there has been no relevant research in China on the pediatric resident physicians’ capacity for empathy or the influencing factors.MethodsA mixed-methods study was undertaken. The student version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy was used to assess 181 postgraduate residents at Shanghai Children’s Medical Center and Shanghai Children’s Hospital. Differences in empathy ability among pediatric resident physicians of different genders and specialties were analyzed using independent sample t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. A one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences in empathy ability at different educational levels and years of medical residency training. Seven third-year postgraduate pediatric residents from Shanghai Children’s Medical Center participated in semi-structured interviews exploring the influencing factors. We analyzed the interview transcripts using thematic analysis.ResultsThe scale was completed by 154 pediatric residents. No statistically significant differences in empathy were found between educational level, postgraduate year, gender, or specialty. The factors influencing empathy in doctor–patient communication included the person who accompanied the child to see the doctor, how the children cooperated with doctors for medical treatment, the volume of pediatric outpatient and emergency visits, and the physician’s ability to withstand pressure. All interviewed resident physicians regarded learning empathy as important but rarely spent extra time learning it.ConclusionsThe evaluation results of resident physicians on changes in empathy after improving clinical abilities vary according to their understanding of empathy, and the work environment has an important impact on pediatricians’ empathy ability. Their empathy score is relatively low, and this requires exploration and intervention.

Cinemeducation: Using Movie Clips to Enhance Empathy among Medical Interns

ABSTRACT Background: Empathy plays a pivotal role in the doctor–patient relationship. Some studies show that empathy dwindles over the years in undergraduate education. The present study was therefore planned to measure and promote empathy among the interns by using Cinemeducation as an interventional tool. Materials and Methods: An educational interventional study was carried out among 60 interns belonging to the 2016 batch of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Telangana. The intervention consisted of two online sessions explaining the importance of empathy and best practices of empathy and a facilitated discussion on alternate days for a week in between on WhatsApp using movie clips. Jefferson’s scale of empathy—student version (JSE-S) was used to measure empathy levels. Knowledge and empathetic behavior were measured using a predesigned and pre-validated pre–post-test questionnaire and observer-rated checklist. Feedback on the Cinemeducation technique was taken. All the statistical analyses were performed using Jamovi software version 1.6.23.0. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for complete analysis. Results: Data from 35 interns who completed all the forms was analyzed. All the interns were in the age group of 22-24 years. There was no statistically significant improvement in the scores of self-reported empathy levels (P = 0.153), but observer-rated empathy levels and the knowledge about empathy improved significantly (p =<0.001 and 0.003), respectively. Conclusion: Cinemeducation can be used to improve the empathy levels of interns. Periodic workshops/training are planned to ensure that the behavior becomes a practice and a habit.

The Effect of Tax, Audit Quality and Multinationality on Transfer Pricing

This study was made with the aim of analyzing the effect of Tax, Audit Quality, and Multinationality on Transfer Pricing. This research was conducted by analyzing the financial statements of multinational companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2018 to 2022. The samples used in this study were 19 multinational companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2018 to 2022 using purposive sampling technique. The data used in this study are secondary data in the form of financial reports from each company that has been sampled. The variables used in this study consist of the first independent variable, Tax (X1), the second independent variable, Audit Quality (X2), and the third variable, Multinationality (X3), and Transfer Pricing (Y) as the dependent variable. Panel data regression method is used as the research methodology in this study. Analysis of research results using Eviews 10 Student Version Lite software. The result shows that the best model is Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results show that Tax and Audit Quality partially affect Transfer Pricing, but Multinationality does not partially affect Transfer Pricing, and simultaneously Tax, Audit Quality, and Multinationality affect Transfer Pricing.

Testing reliability and validity of the Korean version of Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (K-DASH)

BackgroundUse of the Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH©) would be beneficial for novice debriefers with less or no formal training in debriefing. However, the DASH translated into Korean and tested for psychometrics is not yet available. Thus, this study was to develop a Korean version of the DASH student version (SV) and test its reliability and validity among baccalaureate nursing students in Korea.MethodsThe participants were 99 baccalaureate nursing students. Content validity using content validity index (CVI), construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were assessed.ResultsBoth Item-CVIs and Scale-CVI were acceptable. EFA supported the unidimensional latent structure of Korean DASH-SV and results of CFA indicated 6 items converged within the extracted factor, significantly contributing to the factor (p ≤ .05). Items were internally consistent (Cronbach’s α = 0.82).ConclusionThe Korean version of the DASH-SV is arguably a valid and reliable measure of instructor behaviors that could improve faculty debriefing and student learning in the long term.

Low-fidelity Medical Simulation: Relevance in the Learning of Dental Students in South Africa.

Healthcare embraces simulation's learning boost, from medicine to dentistry. But can it unlock the secrets of intricate fixed prosthodontics? This study takes a pioneering step to find out. To evaluate low-fidelity medical simulation (LFMSim) in fixed prosthodontics by assessing its effectiveness in training corono-radicular preparations and by exploring participants' perceptions of LFMSim as an innovative teaching tool for developing pre-practice skills. A prospective, descriptive study was executed to explore these facets among 6th-year students. The Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH©) evaluation grid, student version, was employed for assessment. The study encompassed one week, from 03/03/2023 to 10/03/2023. The study involved 28 learners with an average age of 23 and a sex ratio of 0.33, half of whom had prior exposure to simulation sessions. Seventy-five percent of participants watched the instructional video a day before the simulation, with nine expressing presession stress. Overall, 19% of students found the session as expected, while 43% considered it better than anticipated. Satisfaction levels varied, with 50% indicating they were "rather satisfied," and 46.4% expressing absolute satisfaction. The Debriefing Assessment using DASH yielded an average score of 4.85. The study's findings shed light on the effectiveness of LFMSim in training corono-radicular preparations and post-space impressions for fixed prosthodontics among 6th-year students. The varied satisfaction levels and the emphasis on debriefing discussions suggest avenues for improving simulation sessions in the future. These insights are pertinent for educators and institutions aiming to enhance dental education through innovative teaching tools like simulation. By refining simulation sessions based on debriefing feedback, educators can better prepare students for real-world clinical scenarios, ultimately improving patient care outcomes. This highlights the practical importance of incorporating simulation-based learning into dental curricula. How to cite this article: Hadyaoui D, Boukhris H, Riahi Z, et al. Low-fidelity Medical Simulation: Relevance in the Learning of Dental Students in South Africa. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(5):463-472.

The effect of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and firm size on tax avoidanceAVOIDANCE

This research aims to test and analyze the influence of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Firm Size on Tax Avoidance. The study was conducted by analyzing the financial reports of companies in the LQ45 sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2018 to 2022. The sample used in this study was 7 LQ45 sector companies during the period of 2018 to 2022 using purposive sampling technique. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of financial reports from each company that has been used as a research sample and using a quantitative approach. The variables used in this study are Environmental, Social and Governance (X1) as the first independent variable, Firm Size (X2) as the second independent variable, and Tax Avoidance (Y) as the dependent variable. The research method used is quantitative, with data analysis, descriptive statistics, panel data linear regression and hypothesis testing, where no deviations were found and the results of this study test were normally distributed so that they meet the requirements for testing. Analysis of the research results using Eviews 12 Student Version Lite. The research results show that the best model is the Common Effect Model (CEM). The results of this study show that Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) partially affects tax avoidance, as well as Firm Size partially affects tax avoidance and simultaneously Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Firm Size on tax avoidance.

Experimental investigations for enhancing the performance of hemispherical cavity receivers using additively manufactured heat exchangers

ABSTRACT This research explores a pioneering approach in cavity-type solar parabolic dish collector technology (SPDCT) by introducing a novel, additive-manufactured thermally conductive polymer composite heat exchanger over a modified hemispherical cavity receiver for heat recovery applications. This manuscript investigates the performance of innovative configuration of SPDC for Wardha (442001), Maharashtra State (027), INDIA, 20.75° N, 78.65° E, modifying the traditional setup by employing copper coil with different arrangements. The unique aspect of this research lies in the implementation of a hemispherical cavity receiver with preheating water arrangement by installing a thermally conductive polymer composite (TCPC) heat exchanger developed with compositions TPU/MWCNT/GNP of 93/3.5/3.5 by wt.% using an additive manufacturing technique, a strategy not previously explored in the existing literature. A computational study (steady state thermal analysis) conducted using ANSYS Student Version R2023 revealed substantial heat availability over the receiver’s top exterior, forming the basis for the experimental tests. Under different test conditions, the highest thermal efficiency improvement reached to 10.91%. This paper contributes novel ideas to the field, emphasizing the potential of additive-manufactured thermally conductive polymer heat exchangers to increase the performance of solar parabolic dish collector systems.

Interprofessional competency in clinical students: validating the Clinical student version of the Japanese Self-assessment Scale of Interprofessional Competency (C-JASSIC)

ABSTRACT In this study, we developed and validated the Clinical Student Version of the Japanese Interprofessional Competency Self-Assessment Scale (C-JASSIC) for healthcare students in their clinical practice phase. Data obtained from 331 students (medical, 98; nursing, 99; pharmacy, 134) during orientation for interprofessional education (pre-IPE) and from 319 students (medical, 94; nursing, 93; pharmacy, 132) within a week following IPE (post-IPE) were analyzed. Exploratory pre-IPE and Confirmatory post-IPE factor analyses revealed a consistent 6-factor structure aligning with the Japanese Interprofessional Competency domains. The scale exhibited strong internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α values exceeding 0.8 for all factors both pre- and post-IPE. Scores for overall competency and individual domains increased post-IPE in 234 matched cases. A notable significant pre vs post difference concerned “Understanding of Others,” indicating enhanced interprofessional comprehension after clinical practice. There was a weak but significant positive correlation between IPE satisfaction and difference in pre- and post-IPE scores. However, no significant differences were observed among medical, nursing, and pharmacy students. Despite its strengths, such as its competency-based design and cultural relevance to Japan, a limitation of the study may be potential self-reporting bias. Nonetheless, C-JASSIC represents a valuable tool for seamless competency evaluations from student to professional stages, with implications for broader Asian contexts.

In-Person Versus Online Training in Simulations of Helping Babies Breathe: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Birth asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal deaths, but simple interventions may prevent it. The Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) course has significantly reduced neonatal mortality ratesin lower and middle-income countries (LMICs) by training healthcare providers (i.e. midwives and nurses) on the essential skills of bag-and-mask ventilation and postnatal care. Although several studies have supported the efficacy of virtual learning in other medical education programs, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding a virtual approach to HBB. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of online versus in-person learning of the HBB course among medical and nursing students. The study is a two-arm parallel randomized non-inferiority controlled trial, that includes medical and nursing students. Participants were randomly assigned to either online or in-person debriefing during the hands-on simulations of HBB. They attended a pre-recorded lecture before being assigned to one of three instructors for the simulation lab. Participants completed a seven-point anonymous Likert-based questionnaire and a standardized Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare Student Version (DASH-SV) Short Form. The primary outcome was the Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) grade. The trial is listed on ClinicalTrials.gov with the registration number NCT05257499. 47 participants completed the study, with similar baseline characteristics in each arm (gender, age, and class). The participants in both arms reported high levels of satisfaction and confidence, with no significant difference between the two arms. The DASH score over 7 was also similar in the online arm(6.27±0.26) compared to the in-person arm (6.55±0.13) (p=0.07). The mean OSCE scorein the online arm (45.8±5.2) was comparable to the mean OSCE score in the in-person arm (41.3±5.0) (p=0.22). Both online and in-person participants failed the OSCE. The survey responses conveyed that online simulation training is comparable to in-person simulation for the HBB course. Both online and in-person participants failed the OSCE most likely because they needed more training on HBB. This could be due to the fact that the material is too new to the students who needed more practice to pass the OSCE. Further research is needed to confirm these results and explore the long-term impact of online neonatal resuscitation training.

Enhancing Employee Performance through Transformational Leadership: A Study

This research investigates the influence of transformational leadership on employee performance, with a specific focus on the mediating roles of job stress reduction and organizational work environment. Transformational leadership, characterized by its ability to enhance employee engagement and clarity, is examined as an independent variable impacting employee performance, the dependent variable. The study aims to achieve the following objective: (1) explore the impact of transformational leadership on organizational work environments, (2) understand the effect of transformational leadership on reducing job stress, and (3) examine the role of transformational leadership in improving employee performance. The research delves into how transformational leadership fosters a positive work environment—by reciprocating performance, establishing role clarity, and increasing employee participation—and mitigates job stress—by alleviating anger and depression. Conducted in the Meerut district of Delhi NCR, the study considered academicians from private higher educational institutes, selected through stratified random sampling (sample size N=151). Utilizing a descriptive research design, data was collected via a structured questionnaire with a high- reliability score (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88) and analyzed using SmartPLS 4.0 (student version) software. Findings reveal that transformational leadership significantly reduces job stress and enhances the organizational work environment, which collectively boosts employee performance. Key performance indicators observed include improved work quality, effective communication, timely completion of tasks, teamwork, reliability, and problem-solving skills. This study underscores the significant role of transformational leadership in cultivating a supportive work environment and reducing job stress to elevate overall employee performance.

Exploring the multi-dimensional human mind: Model-based and text-based approaches

In this study, we conceptualize two approaches, model-based and text-based, grounded on mental models and discourse comprehension theories, to computerized summary analysis. We juxtapose the model-based approach with the text-based approach to explore shared knowledge dimensions and associated measures from both approaches and use them to examine changes in students' summaries over time. We used 108 cases in which we computed model-based and text-based measures for two versions of students' summaries (i.e., initial and final revisions), resulting in a total of 216 observations. We used correlations, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and Linear Mixed-Effects models. This exploratory investigation suggested a shortlist of text-based measures, and the findings of the PCA demonstrated that both model-based and text-based measures explained the three-dimensional model (i.e., surface, structure, and semantic). Overall, model-based measures were better for tracking changes in the surface dimension, while text-based measures were descriptive of the structure dimension. Both approaches worked well for the semantic dimension. The tested text-based measures can serve as a cross-reference to evaluate students' summaries along with the model-based measures. The current study shows the potential of using multidimensional measures to provide formative feedback on students' knowledge structure and writing styles along the three dimensions.

Influence of Risky Internet Use on Physical Activity and Academic Burnout among Undergraduate Students

Objectives: In this study, we investigate the correlations between Internet use risk, physical activity, and academic burnout among undergraduate students. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 620 participants using tools like the Problematic and Risky Internet Usage Scale, the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory Student version, and the Baecke tool. Results: Over two-thirds of participants had high risky Internet use, while about half had severe academic burnout. Most students had low physical activity levels, and males had a greater predisposition to the risk resulting from Internet addiction. There was a significant difference in academic burnout according to gender, with more academic burnout among males. Whereas both males and females had low physical activity levels, there was a statistically significant difference between their levels of physical activity. Conclusion: We recommend university decision-makers organize regular physical activities to prevent academic burnout and conduct workshops and lectures to highlight the value of physical activity.

Translating, adapting, and validating the medical student version of the patient care ownership scale for use in Japan

BackgroundPatient care ownership (PCO) among medical students is a growing area in the field of medical education. While PCO has received increasing attention, there are no instruments to assess PCO in the context of Japanese undergraduate medical education. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the PCO Scale – Medical students (PCOS-S) in the Japanese context.MethodsWe collected survey data from fifth- and sixth-grade medical students from five different universities varying in location and type. Structural validity, convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined.ResultsData from 122 respondents were analyzed. Factor analysis of the Japanese PCOS-S revealed three factors with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding the satisfactory criterion (0.70). A positive correlation was observed between the total Japanese PCOS-S scores and the global rating scores for the clinical department as a learning environment (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.61).ConclusionsWe conducted the translation of the PCOS-S into Japanese and assessed its psychometric properties. The Japanese version has good reliability and validity. This instrument has potential value in assessing the development of medical students’ PCO.

Pengaruh Kebijakan Hutang, Keputusan Investasi dan Free Cash Flow Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

This research aims to analyze the influence of debt policy, investment decisions and free cash flow on company value. This research was conducted by analyzing the financial reports of companies in the transportation and logistics sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The sample used in the research was 11 companies or 55 observation data from the transportation and logistics sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during 2018-2022 using quantitative methods with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. The data used in this research is secondary data in the form of financial reports from each company that has been used as a research sample. The variables used in this research are Debt Policy (X1) as the first independent variable, Investment Decision (X2) as the second independent variable, and Free Cash Flow (X3) as the third independent variable and Company Value (Y) as the dependent variable. The panel data regression method was used as the research methodology in this study. Analysis of research results using the EViews 11 Student Version Lite device. The results of this research show that the best model is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results of this research t test (partial) show that Debt Policy partially has no effect on Company Value, Investment Decisions partially have an effect on Company Value