Student Non-athletes Research Articles

Assessing Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance among Male Field Hockey Varsity Student Athletes and Non-Athletes

Assessing Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance among Male Field Hockey Varsity Student Athletes and Non-Athletes

Assessing the difference Concerning Junk Food Consumption and Menstrual Health among Female Student-Athletes verses Student Non-Athletes in the University Setting

Assessing the difference Concerning Junk Food Consumption and Menstrual Health among Female Student-Athletes verses Student Non-Athletes in the University Setting

Self-reported chronotype and objective sleep timing in university student athletes and non-athletes

ObjectiveThe aim of this paper was to test how sport participation and chronotype affect objectively measured sleep timing parameters on workdays.Material and MethodsThe sample included 82 student athletes and 40 non-athletes who completed three-day wrist actigraphy monitoring and the Polish version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.ResultsEveningness predicted later timing of falling asleep and mid-sleep, but not the wake-up time. Student athletes had earlier wake-up time and shorter sleep duration than non-athletes.DiscussionThe results support the view that university students suffer insufficient sleep, especially those participating in extensive sport activity.

A Comparison Of Sleep Quality Between Freshmen Student Non-athletes And Freshmen Student-athletes Using The Psqi

A Comparison Of Sleep Quality Between Freshmen Student Non-athletes And Freshmen Student-athletes Using The Psqi

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Test Positivity in NCAA Division I Student Athletes vs Nonathletes at 12 Institutions

The COVID-19 pandemic initially led to the abrupt shutdown of collegiate athletics until guidelines were established for a safe return to play for student athletes. Currently, no literature exists that examines the difference in SARS-CoV-2 test positivity between student athletes and nonathletes at universities across the country. To identify the difference in risk of COVID-19 infection between student athlete and nonathlete student populations and evaluate the hypothesis that student athletes may display increased SARS-CoV-2 test positivity associated with increased travel, competition, and testing compared with nonathletes at their respective universities. In this cross-sectional analysis, a search of publicly available official university COVID-19 dashboards and press releases was performed for all 65 Power 5 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institutions during the 2020 to 2021 academic year. Data were analyzed at the conclusion of the academic year. Schools that released at least 4 months of testing data, including the fall 2020 football season, for student athletes and nonathlete students were included in the analysis. Power 5 NCAA Division I student athletes and their nonathlete student counterparts were included in the analysis. Designation as a varsity student athlete. The main outcome was SARS-CoV-2 test positivity for student athletes and nonathlete students at the included institutions for the 2020 to 2021 academic year, measured as a relative risk for student athletes. Among 12 schools with sufficient data available included in the final analysis, 555 372 student athlete tests and 3 482 845 nonathlete student tests were performed. There were 9 schools with decreased test positivity in student athletes compared with nonathlete students (University of Arkansas: 0.01% vs 3.52%; University of Minnesota: 0.63% vs 5.96%; Penn State University: 0.74% vs 6.58%; Clemson University: 0.40% vs 1.88%; University of Louisville: 0.75% vs 3.05%; Purdue University: 0.79% vs 2.97%; University of Michigan: 0.40% vs 1.12%; University of Illinois: 0.17% vs 0.40%; University of Virginia: 0.64% vs 1.04%) (P < .001 for each). The median (range) test positivity in these 9 schools was 0.46% (0.01%-0.79%) for student athletes and 1.04% (0.40%-6.58%) for nonathlete students. In 1 school, test positivity was increased in the student athlete group (Stanford University: 0.20% vs 0.05%; P < .001). Overall, there were 2425 positive tests (0.44%) among student athletes and 30 567 positive tests (0.88%) among nonathlete students, for a relative risk of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.48-0.52; P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in student athlete test positivity between included schools; however, test positivity among nonathlete students varied considerably between institutions, ranging from 133 of 271 862 tests (0.05%) at Stanford University to 2129 of 32 336 tests (6.58%) at Penn State University. This study found that in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 transmission mitigation protocols implemented by the NCAA, participation in intercollegiate athletics was not associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 test positivity. This finding suggests that collegiate athletics may be held without an associated increased risk of infection among student athletes.

Heavy Drinking among High School Student Athletes and Non-Athletes: Do Differences Emerge as Early as the Ninth Grade?

Background: High school athletes have been identified as a high-risk group for heavy drinking. Little is known, however, about the timing of when student athlete heavy drinking begins to diverge from that of non-athletes. Objectives: The aim of the current study is to examine differences in changes in heavy drinking among ninth grade student athletes and non-athletes across the academic year. We hypothesized that student athletes would report greater increases in heavy drinking compared to non-athletes from fall to spring semester. Methods: Ninth grade students (N = 217) aged 13 to 15 completed questionnaires on heavy drinking indices, quantity of peak drinking, frequency of binge drinking, and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) during the fall and spring semesters. Results: Consistent with our hypothesis, student athletes reported significantly greater increases in heavy drinking compared to non-athletes from fall to spring semester. Additionally, there was a significant increase in all three indices of heavy drinking for student athletes, whereas there were no significant changes for non-athletes. Conclusions: Results demonstrate divergence in the quantity and frequency of heavy drinking between student athletes and non-athletes during the ninth grade. These findings indicate the optimal timing of preventive intervention programs may be different for student athletes and non-athletes. Results also suggest that preventive intervention program targeting heavy drinking should be implemented for high school student athletes as early as the fall semester of the ninth grade when students are transitioning to high school.

Moral Identity and Attitudes towards Doping in Sport: Whether Perception of Fair Play Matters.

Research evidence suggests that athletes’ attitudes towards banned substances are among the strongest predictors of intention to use or actual practice of doping. Previous research has found that personal morality was negatively related to doping attitudes. However, less is known about the role of athletes’ perceptions of fair play on their attitudes towards doping. First, we examined whether moral identity was associated with athletes’ attitudes towards doping and whether their perceptions of fair play mediated this relationship. The second purpose was to determine whether these associations differed among non-athletes. Overall, 365 university students (49.9% males, 55.3% athletes) participated in this study (mean age 22.02, SD = 6.58). They completed questionnaires measuring the aforementioned variables. The results showed that athletes’ moral identity and endorsement of fair play were negatively associated with their attitudes towards doping. The mediation analyses showed that the effect of moral identity on attitudes towards doping was partially mediated by perceptions of fair play (indirect effect, β = −0.10, p < 0.05). Unlike student athletes, non-athletes’ moral identity negatively predicted attitudes towards doping only indirectly, via fair play perception (indirect effect, β = −0.08, p < 0.05). The study provides insights into how a person’s morality and perception of moral values in sport may act as factors related to doping in sport. The practical implications for the promotion of anti-doping attitudes for athletes and separately for student non-athletes were provided together with future research perspectives.

Might “early identity maturation” be a more inclusive concept than identity foreclosure? Identity and school alienation in adolescent student athletes and non-athletes

Might “early identity maturation” be a more inclusive concept than identity foreclosure? Identity and school alienation in adolescent student athletes and non-athletes

The Impact of Perceived Sleep, Mood and Alcohol Use on Verbal, Physical and Sexual Assault Experiences among Student Athletes and Student Non-Athletes.

Previous research has shown that student athletes are more likely to be involved in a physical altercation or be a victim of verbal, physical and/or sexual abuse than student non-athletes, which can have long-lasting negative effects on mood, behavior and quality of life. In addition, among college students, sleep difficulties are ubiquitous and may deteriorate the unique life experience that university represents. The influences of poor sleep quality, mood and alcohol consumption related to these events are examined here between student athletes and student non-athletes. A series of hierarchical logistic regressions explored the relationship between verbal, physical and sexual assault risk factors. Results suggest that poor sleep, alcohol consumption and mood are all associated with exposure to a physical altercation or episode of abuse, irrespective of athlete status. Results also show that variables targeting self-reported difficulty sleeping and experiences of verbal, physical and sexual assault were positively associated. However, given the cross-sectional nature of the study, it is impossible to establish the direction of these relationships.

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE PARTICIPATION ON SELECTED INDICES OF MENTAL HEALTH BETWEEN STUDENT ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES OF OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE, NIGERIA

Participation in physical exercise is regarded as a healthy behaviour that promotes both physical and mental health among students. It is a preventive and therapeutic measure for mental health illness. However, despite the positive relationship between participation in physical exercise and mental health, many students of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria still engage in sedentary life style which increases their vulnerability to mental health issues. Several studies have been carried out on students and mental health, behavioural health risks such as substance use, unsafe sexual behaviour, violence and increased risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases, injury and mortality and anxiety as the most prevalent disorder found in men and women but little research effort has been directed towards the influence of exercise participation on these selected indices of mental health between student athletes and non-athletes of Obafemi Awolowo University. Correlation survey research design was used for this study. Data obtained were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency count, simple percentage, mean, standard deviation and bar chart for the demographic variables and research questions. Chi square (CRAMMER V) and multiple regression were used to test hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The population for this study comprises of male and female student athletes and non-athletes of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, as participants. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select Two hundred (200) respondents from five (5) faculties. A standardised questionnaire on depression and anxiety scale was used as instrument for data collection with reliability co-efficient (r) of 0.71. Two research questions were answered and five hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance. Findings from this study showed significance on depression between student athletes and non-athletes (X2=58.791, df=12, p&lt;0.05), anxiety disorder (X2=50.974, df=12, p&lt;0.05), gender difference (F=12.67, df=198, p&lt; 0.05), joint contribution of exercise, gender and course of study (F(3,195)= 19.877) and independent contributions of Exercise 55.5% (ß=.555, t=29.452, p&lt;0.05), gender 30.8% (ß=.308, t=15.616, p&lt;0.05) and study 19.9% (ß=.199, t=14.519, p&lt;0.05). It was concluded that those students who participate in exercise (athletes) show better mental health in terms of depression and anxiety disorder than non-athletes. Also, it was recommended that the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife must see it as a point of importance to give students ample opportunity to engage in physical exercise.&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0780/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

An easy-to-apply series of field test for physical education teachers in an educational setting: ALPHA test battery

Valid and reliable measurement methods are the basic requirements that enable the measurement and evaluation process to reach education's basic goals. Usually, using laboratory-based tools and methods for measuring the physical fitness of students is not possible within school settings. Therefore, field-based tests provide crucial solutions to physical education teachers to measure both the physical fitness of school-aged students and the athletic competence of a school’s athletes. This study aims to identify the differences in physical-fitness levels between student athletes and non-athletes and determine the effectiveness of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA) test battery in discrimination between these groups. Sixty-eight healthy male students (34 athletes and 34 non-athletes) participated in this study. As a major indicator of physical fitness in student athletes and non-athletes, the body mass index for assigned study groups was controlled. After a familiarization training, participants completed three test sessions in 48-hour intervals. The 20-m progressive shuttle run test for cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip strength test and standing broad jump test for musculoskeletal fitness, and the 4 × 10-m shuttle run test for motor fitness were used to measure the fitness levels of the groups. A t-test was used to determine the differences between athletes and non-athletes, and effect sizes were calculated to assess practical importance. Additionally, a discriminant function analysis was used to determine whether the ALPHA test battery could differentiate between athletes and non-athletes. The findings indicated that student athletes presented with significantly greater levels of fitness than non-athletes. Additionally, when the effect of body mass index was eliminated, student athletes and non-athletes were classified correctly at a rate of 70.6% using these tests. Therefore, this study shows that physical education teachers can use the ALPHA test battery to monitor athletic performance and identify talented students.

Occupational Performance Limitations Experienced by Postsecondary Students Following Concussion

Abstract Date Presented 03/28/20 This research describes occupational-performance limitations experienced by postsecondary students following concussion. Students reported occupational-performance limitations in education, vocation, and social activities. All students reported performance limitations; no statistically significant differences were found between student athletes and nonathletes. The results indicate that there is a role for OT in postconcussion care to address occupational-performance limitations. Primary Author and Speaker: Amanda Acord-Vira Additional Authors and Speakers: Diana Davis

Influences Of Sleep Disturbances And Mild Traumatic Brain Injury On Gait Performance Among College Students

Sleep disturbances from stress are common among college students. In addition, student athletes in contact sports (e.g., football and soccer) are at a higher risk of receiving a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Stress-related sleep disturbances and mTBI may provoke cognitive and brain changes associated with gait abnormalities. PURPOSE: to examine the association between stress, sleep disturbances, mTBI and gait performance among college students. METHODS: The control group included 28 college students (11 males, 17 females, age: 22.6±3.2 yrs) and the mTBI group consisted of 12 NCAA Division II men’s and women’s soccer players who indicated a history of concussion (3 males, 9 females, age: 19.6±1.3 yrs). Participants were asked to perform gait analysis with an in-shoe pressure measurement system during and after the midterm exam. Cadence, step time, stride time, stance time and swing time were measured. Meanwhile, 14-days consecutive wrist actigraphy data and three sets of questionnaires were collected to assess their stress, sleep and fatigue. A mixed-design ANOVA was used to compare gait and sleep parameters of mTBI and control groups. RESULTS: The mTBI group had significantly shorter step time (0.54±0.01 vs. 0.58±0.01 s, p=.011) and stance time (0.66±0.01 vs. 0.70±0.01 s, p=.013) compared to the control group. The control group had significantly longer step time and stance time during the midterm exam than after the midterm exam. However, no significant differences of gait parameters were observed for the mTBI group during and after midterm exam. During the exam week, participants in both control and mTBI groups perceived moderate stress and reported 2-3 nights of sleep disturbances. Meanwhile, stress level was positively associated with sleep disturbances, poor daytime functioning, and poor activity correlation. CONCLUSION: Midterm exam as a stressor resulted in sleep disturbances in both mTBI and control groups. This stressor may also cause gait abnormalities of the control group, but not the mTBI group. Another interesting finding is that shorter step time and stance time were observed in the mTBI group. Nevertheless, further studies need to examine whether this is indeed due to mTBI, or the difference between student athletes and non-athletes. Supported by Office of Research and Scholarship at UT Tyler.

Levels of Psychological Distress of Canadian University Student-Athletes

The mental health of Canadian university students is fairly well researched, but there is relatively little evidence concerning the mental health of Canadian university student-athletes. Recent research in the United States and Canada has suggested that mental health (e.g., anxiety and depression) differs between student-athletes and student non-athletes. However, the results are ambivalent as to whether student-athletes experience more or less psychological distress than their non-athlete peers. To address this gap, the purpose of the current study was to measure the levels of psychological distress in a national sample of 284 university student-athletes. Each athlete completed the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6; Kessler et al., 2002) via a secure online platform. The average score on the K6 for student-athletes was 8.2 out of 24; 19.8% of the sample surpassed the cut-off for assessing the prevalence of severe mental illness. A regression analysis found that gender, starting status, and scholarship status significantly predicted levels of psychological distress. Females, non-starters, and student-athletes without a scholarship were associated with increases in K6 scores.

Validating a Self-Report Measure of Student Athletes' Perceived Stress Reactivity: Associations With Heart-Rate Variability and Stress Appraisals.

Student athletes experience multiple stressors relating to both their sporting and academic commitments. Individual differences play a significant role in how well student athletes cope with the demands they face. When assessing individual differences in stress reactivity, there are a lack of valid alternatives to costly and time-consuming lab-based physiological methods (e.g., cortisol sampling, cardiac variables). This paper aims to further validate a self-report measure of adolescent athletes’ individual differences in perceived stress reactivity, by comparing to a psycho-physiological measure of emotion regulation (heart-rate variability) assessed during a socially evaluated cold pressor test. 30 student athletes and 31 student non-athletes completed a measure of perceived stress reactivity and took part in the socially evaluated cold pressor test while their heart-rate variability was assessed, along with their self-reported appraisals of stress, pain, and unpleasantness experienced during the procedure. Controlling for gender and athleticism, individual differences in perceived stress reactivity showed no associations with tonic or phasic levels of heart-rate variability. However, perceived stress reactivity was associated with levels of self-reported stress, pain, and unpleasantness experienced during the socially evaluated cold pressor test. These findings therefore suggest that perceived stress reactivity is associated with cognitive responses to stress (i.e., stress appraisals). However, further research is needed to confirm its relationship with physiological measures and responses. This further adds to the understanding of perceived stress reactivity, and validity of the perceived stress reactivity scale for adolescent athletes.

Levels of Psychological Distress of Canadian University Student-Athletes

The mental health of Canadian university students is fairly well researched, but there is relatively little evidence concerning the mental health of Canadian university student-athletes. Recent research in the United States and Canada has suggested that mental health (e.g., anxiety and depression) differs between student-athletes and student non-athletes. However, the results are ambivalent as to whether student-athletes experience more or less psychological distress than their non-athlete peers. To address this gap, the purpose of the current study was to measure the levels of psychological distress in a national sample of 284 university student-athletes. Each athlete completed the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6; Kessler et al., 2002) via a secure online platform. The average score on the K6 for student-athletes was 8.2 out of 24; 19.8% of the sample surpassed the cut-off for assessing the prevalence of severe mental illness. A regression analysis found that gender, starting status, and scholarship status significantly predicted levels of psychological distress. Females, non-starters, and student-athletes without a scholarship were associated with increases in K6 scores.

0901 Dose-Response Relationship Between Insufficient Sleep and Mental Health Symptoms in Collegiate Student Athletes and Non-Athletes

0901 Dose-Response Relationship Between Insufficient Sleep and Mental Health Symptoms in Collegiate Student Athletes and Non-Athletes

Driving After Drinking Alcohol Associated with Insufficient Sleep and Insomnia among Student Athletes and Non-Athletes.

Introduction: The proportion of university/college students (UCS) consuming alcohol is similar to the number of those reporting poor sleep, at approximately 30%, the proportion being greater in student athletes (SA). What remains to be understood is if poor sleep potentiates risky behaviors. Objective: Our aim was to examine the association among sleep difficulties, insomnia symptoms, and insufficient sleep on the risk of driving under the influence of alcohol in a sample of UCS and whether these associations were more pertinent in SA. Methods: Data from the National University/College Health Assessment was used from the years 2011–2014. Questions on number of drinks consumed and behaviors such as driving after drinking alcohol were related to answers to questions pertaining to sleep difficulties, insufficient sleep, and insomnia symptoms. Results: Mean alcohol intake was of about 3 drinks; SA consumed significantly more than student non-athletes (SNA). Binge-drinking episodes were significantly higher among SA than SNA. Difficulty sleeping was associated with an increased likelihood of driving after any drinks and after 5 or more drinks in both groups, effects being stronger among SA. Insomnia was associated with an increased likelihood of driving after any drinks and after 5 or more drinks in SA and after 5 or more drinks in SNA. These effects were stronger among athletes. Conclusion: The present study found that self-reported difficulties sleeping, insomnia symptoms, and insufficient sleep are associated with driving after drinking alcohol. This relationship applied to driving after drinking any alcohol or binge drinking and was again stronger among SA than SNA.

Examining positive body image, sport confidence, flow state, and subjective performance among student athletes and non-athletes

The primary purpose of the present study was to examine differences in positive body image, specifically body appreciation and functionality appreciation, between student athletes and non-athletes. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationships between positive body image and other sport-related variables. Seventy-nine National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I student athletes (Mage = 19.79, SD = 1.13) and 175 non-athletes (Mage = 19.38, SD = 1.81) completed measures of body appreciation and functionality appreciation. The athletes further completed measures of sport confidence, flow state, and subjective sport performance. Student athletes reported higher levels of both facets of positive body image. Significant relationships were also found between positive body image and the sport-related variables. The present results contribute novel findings to the positive body image literature and potential implications for coaches to encourage a culture that focuses less on body appearance and more on cultivating positive body image.

Humility in Turkish University Student Athletes and Non-Athletes

Humility in Turkish University Student Athletes and Non-Athletes