Structure Of Language Research Articles

LINGUISTIC AND LINGUOPRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CATEGORY "RESPECT" IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

This article investigates the linguistic and linguopragmatic characteristics of the concept of "respect" in English and Uzbek, focusing on how cultural norms shape the expression of respect in these languages. Through a comparative analysis, the study examines the lexical, syntactic, and pragmalinguistic strategies used to convey respect, revealing key differences and similarities. In English, respect is often associated with individualism and conveyed through politeness strategies that protect personal autonomy and face. In contrast, Uzbek reflects a collectivist society where respect is more hierarchical, embedded in formal language structures such as honorifics and polite pronouns. This research underscores the importance of understanding cultural differences in linguistic expressions of respect, particularly in cross-cultural communication.

GENERATION Z’S LINGOS ON TIKTOK: ANALYSIS OF EMERGING LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES

The internet is an environment where users display the prowess in language and all forms of semiotic resources for different forms of communication. The current study examines Generation Z’s use of language in order to highlight the emerging forms of language structures on TikTok, as a result of the innate ability of humans to create new forms, mostly in verbal communication. The research questions are: What are the forms of construction of Generation Z’s lingo on TikTok? What semantic peculiarities are Generation Z’s lingo on TikTok characterized by? The premise of this study is that, Generation Z’s creative use of language on TikTok, shows the innate ability of humans to create new forms, and adapt to the affordances of new platforms in using language for communication. Crystal’s (2005) propositions concerning Internet Linguistics— the Stylistic perspective is applied in this study. Fifty Tik Tok videos were downloaded from the TikTok platform, some of the videos had the same lingos, in which case only one of such videos was chosen. Seventeen videos were used, each video was played; the part of the video that had the Generation Z’s word(s) was screen shot and used as the data for the analysis. In all, seventeen images were used. Findings show that the Generation Z’s lingo is replete with: acronyms used as full words in speech, combination of words and image in speech, the use of neologisms, esoteric words, and laconic structures. Some words and phrases have new meanings in addition to their previous meanings; all these show a new variety of the English language. The study recommends that language users should deploy the affordance of new internet platforms to freely express themselves, in doing so, naturally, new varieties will spring up and widen the lexicon of the English language.

Re-evaluating Affixes and Clitics in Munda Multi-verb Constructions

Languages from the same genetic lineage often exhibit differences in certain parameters, but significant variation in their morphological typology is uncommon. Austroasiatic languages present a notable paradox, where Munda languages are categorized as polysynthetic, while Mon-Khmer languages are considered isolating. This contrast within the same linguistic family, with both sub-branches occupying opposite ends of the synthesis continuum, is particularly intriguing. This paper aims to explore whether the morphological disparity between Munda and Mon-Khmer languages can be reconciled by examining specific bound elements in Munda languages that contribute to their synthetic characteristics. The study conducts a detailed analysis of numerous bound elements in Munda languages, comparing these to similar structures in Mon-Khmer languages. The focus is on understanding whether these bound markers are better classified as clitics rather than affixes, especially in the context of multi-verb constructions. The analysis suggests that many bound elements in Munda languages are more likely to be clitics rather than affixes. The study specifically investigates phrase-level affixation involving multi-verbs, concluding that when these markers attach at the phrase level, they should be considered clitics. This study sheds light on the synthetic nature of Munda languages within the Austroasiatic family, arguing for a reclassification of certain bound markers as clitics rather than affixes, particularly in multi-verb constructions. This reclassification could help reconcile the typological differences observed between Munda and Mon-Khmer languages.

Reflexive neural circuits and the origin of language and music codes

Conscious activity is grounded on the reflexive self-awareness in sense perception, through which the codes signifying sensual perceptive events operate and constrain human behavior. These codes grow via the creative generation of hypertextual statements. We apply the model of Vladimir Lefebvre (Lefebvre, V.A., 1987, J. Soc. Biol. Struct. 10, 129-175) to reveal the underlying structures on which the perception and creative development of language and music codes are based. According to this model, the reflexive structure of conscious subject is grounded on three thermodynamic cycles united by the control of the basic functional cycle by the second one, and resulting in the internal action that it turn is perceived by the third cycle evaluating this action. In this arrangement, the generative language structures are formed and the frequencies of sounds that form musical phrases and patterns are selected. We discuss the participation of certain neural brain structures and the establishment of reflexive neural circuits in the ad hoc transformation of perceptive signals and show the similarities between the processes of perception and of biological self-maintenance and morphogenesis. We trace the peculiarities of the temporal encoding of emotions in music and musical creativity, as well as the principles of sharing musical information between the performing and the perceiving individuals.

The Application of Situational Teaching Method in Junior Middle School English Classroom

Junior high school stage is important for not only students' life development, but also development of thinking. As one of the important compulsory courses in junior high school, English occupies a very important position in education. The new curriculum standard puts forward the requirement of creating associative situation for junior high school English teachers. Situational teaching method is a kind of teaching method which originated in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. It is based on the cultivation of oral ability and emphasizes the basic structure of target language through meaningful situations. Therefore, it is of great significance to apply situational teaching method to junior middle school English teaching.

Synthesis in Alexander Matveyev’s Creative Work

Alexander Matveyev (1878-1960) was an outstanding Russian Soviet sculptor and talented teacher who formed the neoclassical school of Russian sculpture. The amazing integrity and consistency of the master’s creative searches led him to the creation of the clearest and most precise plastic system, distinguished by the striking stylistic unity of the artistic language, internal content, and emotional structure of his images. At the same time, the sculptor’s plastic system was initially devoid of any compromise - it very quickly acquired the features of a qualitatively new phenomenon. While preserving the achievements of impressionism in developing the problem of interaction between sculpture and the light and air environment, Matveyev constantly paid great attention to direct work with material. Alexander Matveyev’s creative work is typologically exceptionally diverse. In monumental and decorative plastic art, the master made a name for himself when designing the Golden Fleece Salon exhibition back in 1902. He also gained experience in the genre of portrait bust, two-figure composition, and relief of various types. Internally, his creative method was determined by the figurative and poetic structure that is so characteristic of Matveyev's works and, in general, of the masters of his circle. It was these characteristics of the sculptor's talent that allowed him to say a fundamentally new word in the sphere of synthesis of sculpture and the enclosing landscape - both urban and natural, both in the sphere of symbolic composition and in the genre of tombstones. The tombstone of his friend and mentor, Viktor Borisov-Musatov, the outstanding painter of the early 20th century, was a true masterpiece of this genre and truly innovative in its figurative structure. His ensemble of New Kuchuk-Koy became an especially outstanding achievement in park sculpture new spatial design. In these compositions, the sculptor practically developed a fundamentally new language of park sculpture and achieved an amazing unity of his creations with the surrounding natural and architectural landscape. The monumental group October and the project of the monument to the soldiers of the Far Eastern Army in Dauriya demonstrate the process of evolution of the master’s own style along the line of developing an increasingly laconic design and moving away from attaching details to a general form and symbolic expressiveness of sculptures. At the same time, Alexander Matveyev’s legacy consists of a huge number of sketches of unrealised monuments to V. Lenin, M. Gorky, M. Lermontov, A. Chekhov, and others.

Hybrid ‘sledom’ [follows] in Area of Interaction of Nouns and Adverbs: Semantics and Grammar

This article presents the results of a study on the process and outcome of the stepwise adverbialization of the instrumental case of nouns in the Russian. The relevance of this work is underscored by the attention to the interaction between grammatical and semantic aspects within lexical units subject to transposition at the level of parts of speech. The aim of the article is to elucidate the specifics of hybrid structures formed as a result of the functional adverbialization of nouns in the instrumental case. The material used consists of contexts from the Russian National Corpus featuring substantive word forms like ‘sledom’, demonstrating various stages of adverbialization. An interdisciplinary approach is employed, utilizing methods of oppositional analysis, indexing, linguistic experimentation, as well as elements of componential and distributional analysis. Using the word form ‘sledom’ as a case study, the primary stages of adverbial transposition of nouns in Russian are identified. The analysis reveals that within the hybrid zone, the word form ‘sledom’ exhibits 55 % correspondence with the features of its original noun (‘sled’) and 60 % correspondence with the characteristics of a core adverb (‘sledom’). Lexicalization of the word form at this stage of adverbialization is not observed; it continues to function within the semantic domain of the original substantive lexeme. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to the development of a general theory of transitivity and syncretism in the grammatical structure of language, as well as the potential application of the proposed methods of oppositional analysis and indexing in studying other types of transpositional transformations within the system of parts of speech in the Russian.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) is a multidisciplinary field whose goal is to automate activities that presently require human intelligence. It refers to what information about the language structure being transmitted to the machine: It should result in a more intuitive and faster solution, based on a learning algorithm that repeats patterns in new data. Recent successes in A.I. include computerized medical diagnosticians and systems that automatically customize hardware to particular user requirements. Artificial Intelligence works according to the phases like - getting the data, clean/manipulate/ prepare the data, train model, test data, and improve the data

Machine Translation and NLP Tools: Developing and Refining Language Technologies for African Languages

Machine Translation (MT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools have significantly evolved over the past few decades, leading to notable advancements in the field of language technology. However, most of these developments have been concentrated on languages with abundant data, such as English, Chinese, and European languages. African languages, with their unique linguistic structures and vocabularies, remain underrepresented in the MT and NLP landscape (Joshi et al., 2020). This article explores the challenges and opportunities in creating and refining machine translation models and NLP tools tailored to the unique structures of African languages. It discusses the specific linguistic features that set African languages apart, reviews the current state of MT and NLP tools for these languages, and outlines strategies for developing more effective models that cater to the diverse linguistic landscape of Africa.

Implementasi Pendekatan Komunikatif (Communication Approach) Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berbahasa Arab

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>The approach can be interpreted in English is (approach), which is a statement of establishment, philosophy and belief. Communicative means being able to convey messages well. The communicative approach is a language learning approach that emphasizes the mastery of language skills than language structure Language is a means of communication with each other, so that if someone does communication interaction, of course, must understand each other the object being discussed so that the goals to be achieved will be more directed towards their goals. However, if the interaction is not communicative because it does not understand what is being discussed because it does not understand the language used, causing the expected goals will not be achieved. Language is considered as a skill, not science, so language skills should be able to include four things, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing. And one of the characteristics of these skills is to be done by continuous training. If one of the methods used previously is a direct method (direct method), then this method is updated so that it becomes an audiolingual method</em><em>.</em><em> The writing of this article aims to describe the application of a communicative approach through various learning methods in Arabic learning to increase language disappearances. The method used is the library research method originating from various library sources. The results of this writing indicate that methods that emphasize more to listening and speaking skills.</em><em> Speaking skills are one type of language ability to be achieved in teaching Arabic. And in essence is a meter of reproducing the flow of the sound system of articulation to convey the will, the needs of feelings, and desires to others. Exercise in Arabic language so that students are able to communicate well and correctly with others. Starting the practice of speaking is based on the ability to listen, the ability to mastery vocabulary and courage to reveal what is in his mind.</em></p>

Freedom of Speech di Ruang Virtual: Analisis Wacana Fairclough Pada Kanal Youtube Rocky Gerung Official

New media is a communication channel that brings about change by disseminating information through texts published by authors. Because text is a form of ideological practice, language, style, word choice, and grammatical structure, it is understood as a decision that has a certain ideological meaning in order to gain public support. This research aims to analyze Rocky Gerung's freedom of speech on the Rocky Gerung Official YouTube channel and how discourse practices take place on YouTube as a virtual space. This research was carried out to examine virtual media. Using a critical paradigm, this research is descriptive-qualitative using critical discourse analysis methods. Using Norman Fairclough's thinking, at the macro-level analysis, there are linguistic elements used that are philosophical, straightforward, and rich in meaning using metaphors. At the micro level, there is the use of special terminology in the world of politics, government, and philosophy. As well as using intertextual patterns, there is consistency between one sentence and another. At the meso level of analysis, researchers create relationships between characters or participants involved in the text in this research.

Validation in Spanish and English of the Transgender Inclusive Behavior Scale.

The Transgender Inclusive Behavior Scale (TIBS) seeks to measure transgender-inclusive behavior, specifically actions and language use that support transgender people. The TIBS was developed in the United States. This study aimed to develop a Spanish version of the TIBS and confirm the structure of the English version to explore the psychometric properties and evaluate the construct validity in new contexts. We examined predictors of transgender-inclusive behavior by conducting a comparative analysis between participants from Spain and the United Kingdom. The study involved 1,110 university students, with 545 participants hailing from Spain (375 women, 162 men, and 8 non-binary individuals) and 565 participants from the United Kingdom (368 women, 178 men, and 19 non-binary individuals). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to investigate and validate the factorial structure of the TIBS. The factor analysis results for the 15 items on the scale confirmed a three-dimensional structure in both languages. The scale score reliability was excellent with a Cronbach's alpha (α) = .95 in the British sample and with an α = .89 in the Spanish sample. Being a woman, being lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, intersex, and/or asexual, and being non-religious were the strongest predictors of inclusive behaviors towards transgender people in both countries. The correlations found indicated that people with lower sexual risk behaviors, and lower sexist, homophobic, and transphobic attitudes also presented higher inclusive behaviors towards trans people. These findings support the development of community strategies to increase the social inclusion of transgender people. The TIBS is a useful measure to track their success.

Fractal Biology — Evolution from Molecular to Cognitive, and Psychological Dimensions

Biological and artificial intelligence (BI and AI) share the fundamental principles of space-time information processing based on symmetry transformation. Therefore, cognitive-science-inspired AI represents a promising area of exploration. A convincing example are the fractal structure of human languages and protein assembly. Biological processes’ temporal and spatial plasticity links them to basic laws of physics. Continuous advances in fundamental physical theories allow understanding of all aspects of space-time symmetry (STS) natively intertwined with the principle of relativity and causality. Spatial aspects of symmetry represented by three sub-domains such as chirality, fractality, and topology, are widely studied in biology. The role of chirality in biology has been analyzed in several recent reviews. However, the fractals and topological states of biological structures is a relatively new and fast-developing branch of science. Here, we trace publications exploring the role of fractal symmetry in all hierarchical states of biological organization, including at the molecular, cellular, morphological, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, and psychological levels. The coverage of the above-listed areas in current studies is sharply unequal and unsystematic. A broad view of biological fractality opens a unique opportunity to discriminate between a healthy state and a wide range of disease conditions. Psychiatric, neurological, and immune disorders are associated with aberrant molecular assembly and morphological changes in neural circuits, suggesting that the chain of chirality/fractality transfer through all levels of physiological organization deserves persistent attention.

Language structure reflects biases in pattern learning across domains and modalities.

A central goal for psychological science is the explanation of variation in human behaviour. In the domain of language, patterns of cross-linguistic variation have been extensively documented, but there has been vigorous debate over how to explain them. A particularly contentious question is whether constraints on linguistic variation are driven by properties of the human mind that are specific to language or domain-general. In this paper, we present four pattern-learning experiments (N = 306 English- and Italian-speaking adults) across domains (linguistic and nonlinguistic) and modalities (visual, auditory, and tactile) to show that the patterns that are more easily learned are precisely the ones that are found most frequently across languages. This supports a domain-general, cognitive explanation for cross-linguistic variation. However, we suggest that the general/specific dichotomy is ultimately misleading because language structure arises when domain- and modality-general biases meet domain-specific representations.

STYLOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF WORKS BYĞABDULLA TUQAYAND SÄĞİT SÜNÇÄLÄY: WHO IS THE AUTHOR OF THE POEM “SÖY ĞÖMERNE...”?

This article is devoted to determining the authorship of the Tatar quatrain “Söy ğömerne...” using stylometric methods. Ğabdulla Tuqay, to whom this text had been traditionally attributed, and Säğit Sünçäläy, evidence of whose authorship was discovered by literary scholars at the turn of the century, are considered possible authors. The paper tests several distance-based stylometric methods. The material of the study was a corpus of digitized original poems by Ğabdulla Tuqay and Säğit Sünçäläy in the modern literary variety of the Tatar language. The final sample for analysis included 10 texts by Tuqay and 8 texts by Sünçäläy. The distance between texts was measured using Burrows’ Delta, Cosine Delta and cosine distance. Using the package Stylo, calculations were performed and dendrograms were constructed from them. The Cosine Delta measure with extraction of character n-grams (with n = 4) proved to be the most effective. This is explained, firstly, by the agglutinative structure of the Tatar language, since among the most frequent n-grams extracted, elements corresponding to inflectional affixes were found. Secondly, the use of character n-grams allows to increase the size of the analyzed data. In some cases, good attribution results have also been achieved using Cosine Delta based on wordforms and cosine distance based on character n-grams. Despite the impossibility to draw a definite conclusion due to the extremely small size of the texts analyzed, the comparison of the results of applying different methods shows that the most likely author of the quatrain in question is Säğit Sünçäläy.

Still Using Only ChatGPT? The Comparison of Five Different Artificial Intelligence Chatbots' Answers to the Most Common Questions About Kidney Stones.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the quality and comprehensibility of answers produced by five distinct artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots-GPT-4, Claude, Mistral, Google PaLM, and Grok-in response to the most frequently searched questions about kidney stones (KS). Materials and Methods: Google Trends facilitated the identification of pertinent terms related to KS. Each AI chatbot was provided with a unique sequence of 25 commonly searched phrases as input. The responses were assessed using DISCERN, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P), the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FKRE) criteria. Results: The three most frequently searched terms were "stone in kidney," "kidney stone pain," and "kidney pain." Nepal, India, and Trinidad and Tobago were the countries that performed the most searches in KS. None of the AI chatbots attained the requisite level of comprehensibility. Grok demonstrated the highest FKRE (55.6 ± 7.1) and lowest FKGL (10.0 ± 1.1) ratings (p = 0.001), whereas Claude outperformed the other chatbots in its DISCERN scores (47.6 ± 1.2) (p = 0.001). PEMAT-P understandability was the lowest in GPT-4 (53.2 ± 2.0), and actionability was the highest in Claude (61.8 ± 3.5) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: GPT-4 had the most complex language structure of the five chatbots, making it the most difficult to read and comprehend, whereas Grok was the simplest. Claude had the best KS text quality. Chatbot technology can improve healthcare material and make it easier to grasp.

Inheriting the glory of PāṆinian grammar into computer science

the integration of Pāṇinian grammar principles into computer science represents a significant advancement in computational linguistics and natural language processing. Pāṇini, an ancient Indian grammarian, formulated an elaborate system of grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī around the 4th century BCE, which has been revered for its systematic and concise rules governing Sanskrit language structure. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in adapting Pāṇinian principles to enhance computational frameworks for understanding human languages. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of Pāṇinian grammar and its applicability in the context of modern computational linguistics. The integration of Paninian grammar into computer science enhances the accuracy and efficiency of natural language processing system and contributes to preservation and dissemination of ancient linguistic knowledge. Through this the researchers aim to bridge gap between traditional linguistic scholarship and modern computational methodologies. By embracing the systematic and rigorous framework laid out by Pāṇini millennia ago, researchers are poised to achieve new breakthroughs in understanding and processing human language through innovative computational techniques. The journey from ancient Sanskrit grammar to innovative computer science exemplifies a harmonious blend of tradition and innovation in the quest for linguistic knowledge and technological advancement. Keywords - Pāṇini, Aṣṭādhyāyī, Computational linguistics, Machine translation, semantic analysis, syntactic rules.

A Revolutionary Approach to Imparting English Language Skills

It is universally acknowledged that a command over spoken and written English is a sinequanon of success, professional or personal. The methods, principles and techniques adopted in schools and colleges in non-native English countries, not to speak of India, have not met the expected success in equipping students with the requisite linguistic skills to express themselves through speaking and writing. So many discussions have taken place among scholarly circles to address the lacunae resulting in the formulation of various methods like the Grammar Translation Method, the Direct Method, The Audio-Lingual Method, the Silent Way, the Bilingual Method, Community Language Learning, Communicative Language Teaching Approach, Structure Approach and Situational Approach. In the luxuriant of these numerous methods, the right approach becomes conspicuous by its absence in other words all these approaches will only help the learner be confused in acquiring English language competence. This rather gloomy picture has made the writer of this paper seek a solution to the problem resulting in his invention of an easy approach on the part of English language teachers in imparting English communication skills.

Reflectance estimation for proximity sensing by vision-language models: utilizing distributional semantics for low-level cognition in robotics

Large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) have been increasingly used in robotics for high-level cognition, but their use for low-level cognition, such as interpreting sensor information, remains underexplored. In robotic grasping, estimating the reflectance of objects is crucial for successful grasping, as it significantly impacts the distance measured by proximity sensors. We investigate whether LLMs can estimate reflectance from object names alone, leveraging the embedded human knowledge in distributional semantics, and if the latent structure of language in VLMs positively affects image-based reflectance estimation. In this paper, we verify that (1) LLMs such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 can estimate an object's reflectance using only text as input; and (2) VLMs such as CLIP can increase their generalization capabilities in reflectance estimation from images. Our experiments show that GPT-4 can estimate an object's reflectance using only text input with a mean error of 14.7%, lower than the image-only ResNet. Moreover, CLIP achieved the lowest mean error of 11.8%, while GPT-3.5 obtained a competitive 19.9% compared to ResNet's 17.8%. These results suggest that the distributional semantics in LLMs and VLMs increases their generalization capabilities, and the knowledge acquired by VLMs benefits from the latent structure of language.

A Comparative Analysis of the Combinatorial Properties of Chinese Measure Words and Arabic Classifiers

This comparative analysis investigates the combinatorial properties of Chinese noun measure words and Arabic classifiers exploring their semantic syntactic and cultural aspects. Chinese measure words are integral to quantifying nouns exhibiting diverse semantic alignments and syntactic patterns. In contrast, Arabic classifiers fulfill a similar role but with distinct structural variations influenced by grammatical gender and number agreement. By juxtaposing these linguistic elements, this study unveils both commonalities and disparities, offering insights into the intricate ways languages encode quantification. Through this comparative examination, we gain a nuanced understanding of linguistic diversity and cultural nuances inherent in Chinese and Arabic, enriching our comprehension of language structure and cross-linguistic communication.