Wall Structure Research Articles

Research Status and Development of Assembled Lightweight Steel Composite Structures

Prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures are characterized by efficient load-bearing, seismic energy-saving, and eco-friendly attributes, primarily used in low-rise and multi-story buildings, adapting to the development of modern architectural industrialization. This review covers the development process, system composition, and current research status of structural seismic performance for typical prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures, including prefabricated cold-formed thin-walled steel structures, prefabricated lightweight steel-lightweight concrete structures, and prefabricated lightweight steel composite frames - lightweight steel composite shear wall structures. The analysis includes the technical features, standard systems, and current environmental applications of the aforementioned structures, raises several issues in the research of prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures, and provides a research outlook for the future development direction of prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures.

Determining the impact of plastering materials on temperature distribution in lightweight concrete enclosure structures exposed to fire

The object of this study is lightweight concrete wall structures treated with various types of conventional plasters. The problem addressed in the paper is to determine the effectiveness of different types of plastering to protect walls from the effects of high temperatures and improve the fire resistance of structures. The samples of one series were fabricated by plastering the aerated concrete wall with a cement-lime plaster while the samples of the other series were plastered with vermiculite-perlite plaster. Samples of the third series were made without plastering (control series). In accordance with the research program, the distribution of temperatures under fire load was determined for all series. Studies have shown that wall structures plastered with verliculite-perlite mortar demonstrated 3.8 times better thermal insulation characteristics compared to plastering with cement-lime mortar. The fire protection effect of plastering (compared to non-plastered samples) for vermiculite-perlite solution was 6.3 times, and for cement-lime – 1.6. Adhesion failure was observed in cement-lime plaster under high temperatures, highlighting the need for additional fixing when applied to lightweight concrete walls. Theoretical analysis of the results revealed a discrepancy of up to 19 % with the experimental findings. The high thermal insulation properties of vermiculite-perlite plasters in comparison with cement-lime plasters are well known. A distinctive feature of this study is the quantitative determination of temperature distribution for the investigated plasters under conditions approximating real fire exposure. The findings of this research can be applied to the design of buildings and structures requiring enhanced fire resistance for wall systems

A Literature Review on Steel Frame-Infill Wall Structures – Research Status and Prospects

With the rapid development of China's economy, the state pays more and more attention to the development of assembled steel structures, which makes the proportion of assembled buildings in new houses higher and higher. However, there are still many problems in the current research on steel frame-infill wall structure, such as less research on steel pipe concrete columns and less research on lightweight insulated walls. This article examines the current research status of steel-concrete frame structures both domestically and internationally, ALC wall panel structure research status and frame infill wall research status. At the same time, the problems existing in the current related research are expounded, and the corresponding summary suggestions and prospects are made.

The effect of silicon supplementation and drought stress on the deposition of callose and chemical components in the cell walls of the Brassica napus roots.

Silicon has an important role in regulating water management in plants. It is deposited in cell walls and creates a mechanical barrier against external factors. The aim of this study was to determine the role of silicon supplementation in the synthesis and distribution of callose in oilseed rape roots and to characterize the modifications of cell wall structure of these organs after exposure to drought stress. Histological and ultrastructural analyses were performed to determine the changes in the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins, pectins, and extensin in roots of Brassica napus growing under drought and supplemented with silicon. Callose deposition and the accumulation of callose synthase protein were assessed, followed by transcriptional analysis of callose synthase genes. The results showed that silicon supplementation under drought conditions alter the direction of cortex cell differentiation, promoting fiber formation and proliferation of callose-depositing cells in the roots of the tested plants. This was reflected in an increase in the level of callose synthase and a decrease in the transcriptional activity of the gene encoding this enzyme, indicating regulation based on negative feedback under drought stress. The changes in abundance and distribution of investigated arabinogalactan proteins, pectins and extensin in roots of Si supplemented plants growing under drought stress were observed, indicating cell walls remodeling. Silicon supplementation in oilseed rape roots induced significant changes in cell wall composition, including increased callose deposition and altered pectins and arabinogalactan proteins distribution. These modifications, along with the formation of fibres in the root cortex, likely contribute to enhanced cell wall strength providing a physical barrier against water loss and mechanical stress, as a probable defence mechanism induced during drought stress.

Features of the ultrastructural organization of endothelial cells of the capillaries of the mammalian cerebral cortex, using the example of a domestic bull

There are many tissue barriers in the body, the work of which is largely due to the structure of the vascular wall of the capillary bed. Each of them has its own structural organization, which determines the characteristics of the transport of substances. Many pathologies are caused by a violation of their permeability, associated with changes in the composition of the interstitial medium. That is why the study of the features of the organization of histogematic barrier structures is not only theoretical, but also extremely important in practice. Considering the above, the goal was set to establish the features of the ultrastructural organization of the endothelial cells of the capillaries of the mammalian cerebral cortex, using the example of a domestic bull. The study was carried out using the technique of electron microscopy. The material was fragments of the cerebral cortex of a domestic bull. Their processing for the production of ultrathin sections was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The sections were contrasted with a 2.0% aqueous solution of uranyl acetate and a solution of lead citrate. Photos of ultrathin sections were obtained using the Jem1011 electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) at magnifications of 2500-3000. The terms given in the work correspond to the International Histological Nomenclature. It has been established that the endotheliocytes of the capillaries of the mammalian cerebral cortex are low-profile cells with a polygonal shape. One large spherical core is revealed in their composition. Heterochromatin in the composition of the latter occupies the peripheral zone, due to which its central part remains electron-luminous. A small volume of cytoplasm surrounds the cell nucleus with a thin layer. It contains a small number of organelles and a small number of pinocytic vesicles, which indicates low cell transport activity.

Расчет многослойной конструкции "Сельская стена" с использованием программного комплекса "Лира САПР"

The use of the software package «Lira CAD» for the calculation of a new multilayer wall structure is considered. To select the design scheme, two approaches to the calculation of multilayer wall structures are briefly described. The results of numerical experiment and calculation of PC Lira CAD are presented. The implemented calculation method is the finite element method (FEM). Calculations for static (force and deformation) and dynamic effects were performed. The sections of the required elements are selected and checked.

Experience in Treating Traumatic Aneurysms (Pseudoaneurysms) of the Maxillary Artery Using Endovascular Techniques

Pseudoaneurysms, particularly of the maxillary artery, represent a significant clinical challenge due to their rarity and diagnostic complexity. Pseudoaneurysms arise from a breach in the arterial wall integrity, leading to a confined cavity filled with blood, which communicates with the arterial lumen but lacks the normal wall structure of the artery. These lesions are typically associated with trauma, surgical interventions, inflammatory processes, or atherosclerosis. Research shows that delayed diagnosis of pseudoaneurysms can lead to severe complications, such as massive hemorrhage or thromboembolic events. Due to the variability in symptoms, physicians must be aware of the clinical presentations and diagnostic tools that facilitate timely identification of this pathology.Objective:To present a detailed analysis of a clinical case involving a pseudoaneurysm of the maxillary artery that developed after surgical intervention. Main tasks:Describe the clinical case, Analyze diagnostic methods, Discuss treatment strategies, Evaluate treatment outcomes. In this study, we aim to demonstrate how early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve clinical outcomes and prevent complications. Various methods were used in the study, including clinical observation, review of the patient's medical records, and diagnostic techniques such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography with intravenous contrast (CT), and angiography. These methods enabled us to precisely visualize the pseudoaneurysm's structure and assess the extent of the lesion. Methods: Endovascular techniques were employed, representing a modern, minimally invasive approach to treating such conditions. These methods offer enhanced safety and faster recovery compared to traditional open surgical interventions. After conducting all necessary diagnostic procedures, we established an accurate diagnosis and developed a treatment plan. The patient underwent an endovascular intervention, which involved stenting of the pseudoaneurysm. Results: Significant improvement in the patient’s condition was observed within days of the procedure, with functional normalization and the absence of complications. These results highlight the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment in reducing the risk of severe outcomes. Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the need for clinicians to be aware of maxillary artery pseudoaneurysms. Early diagnosis can have a substantial impact on treatment outcomes. Endovascular methods have proven effective in treating pseudoaneurysms, offering new opportunities for therapy. However, further research is required to enhance therapeutic strategies, focusing on the mechanisms of this pathology's development and optimizing diagnostic approaches.

A Study on the Manufacturing Characteristics of the Wall Layers of the Mural Painting in Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple, Yeongju

This study scientifically investigated and analyzed the structure and materials of the earthen wall of the mural painting in Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple to identify its manufacturing characteristics. The wall comprises three layers: the support layer, the middle layer, and the finishing layer. The clay used was weathered soil that was refined according to the functional requirements of each layer. Straw fibers were used as reinforcements in the base and intermediate layers, while hemp fibers were utilized in the finishing layer. The support layer has a thickness of 3–4 cm, with a porosity of 2.10% and a particle size distribution of 12.31% gravel, 41.60% sand, 29.87% silt, and 16.23% clay. The middle layer has a thickness of 1–2 cm, with a porosity of 2.17% and a particle size distribution of 5.96% gravel, 40.97% sand, 35.66% silt, and 17.40% clay. The finishing layer is approximately 6 mm thick and exhibits a porosity of 4.70% with a particle size distribution of 53.51% sand, 38.57% silt, and 7.92% clay. In summary, the support and middle layers were constructed with poorly graded particles to form a dense structure, enhancing durability, while the finishing layer was designed with a focus on smoothness and uniformity.

Histidine limitation alters plant development and influences the TOR network.

Plant growth depends on growth regulators, nutrient availability, and amino acids levels, all of which influence cell wall formation and cell expansion. Cell wall integrity and structures are surveyed and modified by a complex array of cell wall integrity sensors, including LRR-extensins (LRXs) that bind RALF (rapid alkalinization factor) peptides with high affinity and help to compact cell walls. Expressing the Arabidopsis root-hair specific LRX1 without the extensin domain, which anchors the protein to the cell wall, has a negative effect on root hair development. The mechanism of this negative effect was investigated by a suppressor screen, which led to the identification of a sune (suppressor of dominant-negative LRX1) mutant collection. The sune82 mutant was identified as an allele of HISN2, which encodes an enzyme essential for histidine biosynthesis. This mutation leads to reduced accumulation of histidine and an increase in several amino acids, which appears to have an effect on the TOR (target of rapamycin) network, a major controller of eukaryotic cell growth. It also represents an excellent tool to study the effects of reduced histidine levels on plant development, as it is a rare example of a viable partial loss-of-function allele in an essential biosynthetic pathway.

Rare variant of psoas minor or a newly observed component of the iliopsoas muscle complex? Case report.

Multiple structures found in different compartments of the human body are considered as morphologically variable, however, this general assumption does not apply to the components of the iliopsoas muscle complex. In this study, we report a case of an extremely variable muscle observed in the above-mentioned compartment. During a routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall of a 78-year-old male cadaver, an anomalous muscle with an atypical morphology was observed, photographed and subjected to further measurements. Although the anatomy of the dissected posterior abdominal wall structures seemed typical, a variable muscle was observed that consisted of multiple additional muscular components. Awareness of morphological variability was proven to be useful for clinicians from different fields of medicine. Therefore, the anomaly observed in the compartment which is considered to be rather constant seems relevant as this unknown structure may lead to further misconceptions during the process of diagnosis and treatment.

Comprehensive In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Computational Insights into Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt from Hail Mountains, Saudi Arabia.

The arid mountainous region of Hail in Saudi Arabia has a variety of desert vegetation, some of which are conventionally used in Bedouin traditional medicine. These plants need scientific examination. This research seeks to examine Blepharis ciliaris using a thorough multi-analytical methodology that includes antibacterial and antioxidant assessments as well as computational modeling. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed 17 organic compounds, including pentadecanoic acid, ethyl methyl ester (2.63%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (1.00%); 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (2.74%); 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (E) (2.78%); octadecanoic acid (5.88%); 9-tetradecenoic acid (Z) (3.22%); and undec-10-enoic acid, undec-2-n-1-yl ester (5.67%). The DPPH test evaluated antioxidant activity, revealing a notable increase with higher concentrations of the methanolic extract, achieving maximum inhibition of 81.54% at 1000 µg/mL. The methanolic extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with average inhibition zones of 10.33 ± 1.53 mm, 13.33 ± 1.53 mm, 10.67 ± 1.53 mm, and 10.00 ± 2.00 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens, respectively, as determined by the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 500 µg/mL for S. aureus and B. subtilis, whereas E. coli and S. marcescens showed susceptibility at 1000 µg/mL. Computational simulations were employed to assess the toxicity, drug-likeness, and ADMET profiles of compounds derived from Blepharis ciliaris. Thirteen bioactive compounds were assessed in silico against Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (PDB: 1T2O), Bacillus subtilis BsFabHb (PDB: 8VDB), Escherichia coli LPS assembly protein (LptD) (PDB: 4RHB), and a modeled Serratia marcescens outer-membrane protein TolC, focusing on cell wall and membrane structures. Compound 3, (+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, shown significant binding affinities to B. subtilis BsFabHb, E. coli LPS assembly protein, and S. marcescens TolC.

Analysis of the Impact of Strength Differences Between Precast Concrete and Cast-in-Place Concrete on the Structural Performance of Prefabricated Shear Walls

In this study, three prefabricated integral shear wall specimens with strength differences were constructed based on a real engineering project to investigate the impact of these strength disparities on the structural performance of shear walls. The results indicate that all three prefabricated integral shear wall specimens with strength differences between precast (PC) and cast-in-place (CIP) concrete exhibited bending-shear failure. Moreover, the experimental axial-bearing capacity of the specimens was higher than the calculated axial-bearing capacity obtained using the reduced concrete strength according to the shear wall calculation formula in the code. The ultimate displacement angles of all three specimens exceeded the limit elastic–plastic displacement angle specified for shear wall structures under large seismic motions in the code, and the ductility factors were greater than 3. Furthermore, this paper presents a calculation formula for the axial-bearing capacity of the plane section of prefabricated integral shear walls with strength differences and compares it with experimental results. This paper presents a calculation formula for the axial-bearing capacity of the plane section of prefabricated integral shear walls with strength variations, compares the calculated results with experimental values, and shows that the relative error between the calculated and experimental values is nearly within 10%, which provides a design basis and reference for engineers in calculating the axial-bearing capacity of such shear walls with strength variations.

Artificial Degradation of Two Wooden Species of Different Density and Their Use for Optimization of Thermal Comfort in Climatic Areas of Marine and Mesoandean Desert

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of two species of wood of different density and the most commercialized in the southern regions of Peru: Schizolobium excelsum (pashaco) and Aniba gigantiflora (mohena), in order to choose the appropriate timber species for housing coating and contribute to thermal comfort. Wood is known to be a widely used material in construction due to its mechanical, aesthetic and sustainable properties. However, its durability is compromised by environmental factors. The degradation of wood can manifest itself in the form of cracking, erosion and discoloration, affecting its structural integrity and appearance. On the other hand, several studios have designed multilayered facades as an architectural strategy that seeks to optimize the thermal comfort of the interior spaces. Previous studies have shown that the configuration of multilayer facades with wood can result in a significant improvement of the thermal performance of buildings, for this purpose the best timber species must be chosen. Context: In this context, samples of two timber species were selected and evaluated in their natural state and coated with commercial surface protector, and wood thermally treated at 180 °C; these samples were subjected to accelerated degradation in a QUV equipment under conditions of UV radiation (0.89 W/m2 nm at 340 nm), humidity (by condensation and spray) and high temperatures (up to 60 °C), according to EN 927-6:2018 (European Committee for Standardization, 2018) for a total of 2016 hours. Results: The results showed statistically that the wood in its natural state, and with commercial coating presented cracking, fissures, erosion and discoloration. However, the heat treated wood presented better results of resistance against cracks. Finally, the species Schizolobium excelsum (density 0.33 g/cm3) is more resistant to exposed climatic conditions. Chosen the best timber species, it was configured as part of the multi-layer facade system composed of: heat treated wood, elastomer, air, OSB board and polyurethane insulators and its behavior was simulated to optimize thermal comfort in homes of marine desert climates and Andean meso with THERM software. The result showed an internal temperature concentration of 20 °C versus 0 °C of external temperature, this result considering only structures of walls of the house. Implications of the research: The implications of the research is at the level of material development, since the results reflect the need to develop coatings and treatments for wood that offer greater protection against degradation that respond to demands for durability and sustainability. Another implication is at the level of design strategy, the configuration of multi-layer facade with heat treated wood, can be adopted in architectural design to improve thermal comfort in marine or Mesoandean desert climatic areas. Originality: The originality of this inside research in which an accelerated degradation equipment was used, which allowed to have a realistic frame of reference to evaluate the behavior of materials in adverse climatic conditions. Likewise, it was possible to identify the timber species, more resistant to extreme climatic factors and by simulating the thermal behavior of this material, it is concluded that it is viable against other timber species.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Seed Shattering Mechanism in Psathyrostachys juncea Using Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing

Seed shattering (SS) functions are a survival mechanism in plants, enabling them to withstand adverse environmental conditions and ensure reproduction. However, this trait limits seed yield. Psathyrostachys juncea, a perennial forage grass with many favorable traits, is constrained by SS, limiting its broader application. To investigate the mechanisms underlying SS, second-generation Illumina sequencing and third-generation PacBio sequencing were conducted on abscission zone tissues of P. juncea at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after heading. GO enrichment analysis identified several significant biological processes, including the “cell wall macromolecule catabolic process”, “cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process”, “hemicellulose catabolic process”, and “xylan catabolic process”, all involved in cell wall degradation. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were predominantly enriched in pathways related to “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “fructose and mannose metabolism”, “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “pentose and glucuronate interconversions”, and “galactose metabolism”, each linked to both the synthesis and degradation of the cell wall. Further analysis of the “starch and sucrose metabolism” pathway revealed genes encoding fructokinase, hexokinase, β-glucosidase, sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and endoglucanase, all of which affected cellulose content. Reduced cellulose content can alter cell wall structure, leading to SS. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of SS in P. juncea and offer valuable references for other species within the Poaceae family.

Binding Strength and Transport Kinetics of Organic Dyes into Different Live Diatoms Using Second Harmonic Scattering Spectroscopy.

Dye-contaminated wastewater poses serious environmental risks to ecosystems and human health. Diatoms, algae with nanoporous frustules (cell walls), offer promising potential for wastewater remediation due to their high surface area and adsorption properties. While dead diatom biomass is well-studied for biosorption, research on living diatoms' bioaccumulation and biotransformation potential is limited, with gaps in kinetic and equilibrium modeling of dye adsorption. Here, we analyzed the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) dye onto living Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P-cell) and Navicula cryptocephala var. veneta (N-cell) diatoms by characterizing the physiochemical properties of the species' outer surfaces and monitoring the adsorption of CV using surface-specific second harmonic scattering (SHS) spectroscopy. Direct monitoring of dye adsorption, rather than its removal from the solution, enables a more accurate investigation of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, revealing strong correlations with the cell surface structure and composition. We found that the N-cell has a greater adsorption capacity for CV than the P-cell, though with slightly less favorable adsorption free energy. Ionic strength could impact uptake capacities, likely due to competition between metal cations and the dye cation as well as surface screening. SHS experiments revealed a simple adsorption process for N-cells, while P-cells exhibited a multistep process involving CV transport through thinner, nonporous cell walls to the plasmic membrane, contributing to favorable adsorption free energy. The thicker, porous walls of N-cells provided more surface sites, increasing the capacity, while P-cells facilitated deeper uptake. Ionic strength had only a significant effect on adsorption capacity, not adsorption free energy, reflecting the intricacies that govern adsorption and uptake by living organisms. The comprehensive analysis presented herein demonstrates great potential for diatoms to be used as biosorbents in dye remediation and provides systematic relationships between the structure and function of diatom cell walls, which will inform the use of tailored species for more efficient remediation.

ATML1 and PDF2 regulate cuticle formation and protect the plant body from environmental stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.

A sessile lifestyle compels plants to endure an array of environmental stressors in the location where they grow. To cope with environmental stresses, plants have developed specialized cell wall structures called cuticles at the interface between the plant and the environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, cuticles cover and protect aerial organs and young roots. However, the precise assembly of the molecular machinery required for cuticle formation on the surface of distinct organs that exhibit entirely different functions and developmental contexts remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a paralogous gene pair, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1) and PROTODERMAL FACTOR2 (PDF2), regulates precise cuticle formation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We found that the expression of ATML1 and PDF2 spatially overlapped with cuticle deposition in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Furthermore, the loss of ATML1 and PDF2 activity resulted in a significant downregulation of the expression of genes required for cuticle formation and compromised cuticle formation in different organs. Seedlings with impaired activities of ATML1 and PDF2 exhibited higher susceptibility to environmental stress. In particular, PDF2 plays a predominant role in tolerance to environmental stress rather than ATML1 in the roots. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of cuticle formation and the developmental strategies plants use to protect their bodies from environmental stresses.

Baicalin promotes β-1,3-glucan exposure in Candida albicans and enhances macrophage response

Among the diverse fungal opportunistic pathogens, Candida albicans garners significant attention due to its wide range of infections and high frequency of occurrence. The emergence of resistance and the limited number of antifungals drives the need to develop novel antifungal drugs. Although the natural product baicalin has been shown to trigger apoptosis in C. albicans in previous experiments, its influence on cell wall (CW) structure along with immune recognition remains elusive. In this work, baicalin showed a significant killing effect against C. albicans SC5314. Moreover, CW destruction, characterized by β-1,3-glucan unmasking and chitin deposition, was observed as a consequence of the treatment with baicalin. The RNA sequencing analysis revealed that treatment with baicalin resulted in eight hundred forty-two differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Sixty-five genes, such as GSC1, ENG1, CHS3, GWT1, and MKC1, were associated with CW organization or biogenesis. Baicalin-pretreated C. albicans SC5314 was phagocytosed more efficiently by RAW264.7 macrophages, accompanied by increased TNF-α and IL-1β production. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that baicalin could stimulate β-1,3-glucan unmasking by governing CW-associated gene expression in C. albicans SC5314, which contributes to macrophage recognition and clearance.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Gram-Positive Bacteria.

The prevalence of resistance in Gram-positive bacterial infections is rapidly rising, presenting a pressing global challenge for both healthcare systems and economies. The WHO categorizes these bacteria into critical, high, and medium priority groups based on the urgency for developing new antibiotics. While the first priority pathogen list was issued in 2017, the 2024 list remains largely unchanged. Despite six years having passed, the progress that has been made in developing novel treatment approaches remains insufficient, allowing antimicrobial resistance to persist and worsen on a global scale. Various strategies have been implemented to address this growing threat by targeting specific resistance mechanisms. This review evaluates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-positive bacteria, highlighting its critical impact on global health due to the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens. It focuses on the unique cell wall structure of Gram-positive bacteria, which influences their identification and susceptibility to antibiotics. The review explores the mechanisms of AMR, including enzymatic inactivation, modification of drug targets, limiting drug uptake, and increased drug efflux. It also examines the resistance strategies employed by high-priority Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium, as identified in the WHO's 2024 priority list.

Dynamic thermal performance of prefabricated temporary exterior wall using cooling water in the cooling season

The acceleration of urbanization has led to a continuous increase in various types of buildings. In the hot season, cooling systems cool buildings and improve their comfort. However, traditional cooling methods require more energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper designs a prefabricated building exterior wall with embedded pipes based on water cooling system reduces the output of traditional cooling way in building cooling. The innovation of this research is using the embedded pipe to improve the thermal properties of exterior walls, bonging the embedded pipe and exterior wall structure together. The results show that the embedded prefabricated building exterior walls are designed to control the indoor wall temperature to around 28 ℃ in summer. And the temperature on the surface of the inner liner cavity is always above 25.5 ℃. The overall trend shows a decrease followed by an increase. At noon, the surface temperature on the cavity side of the inner lining plate is the lowest, about 25.8 ℃. The larger the indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the better the cooling effect of the structure on the building. This study's application can help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions effectively.

β-1,6-Glucan plays a central role in the structure and remodeling of the bilaminate fungal cell wall.

The cell wall of human fungal pathogens plays critical roles as an architectural scaffold and as a target and modulator of the host immune response. Although the cell wall of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is intensively studied, one of the major fibrillar components in its cell wall, β-1,6-glucan, has been largely neglected. Here, we show that β-1,6-glucan is essential for bilayered cell wall organization, cell wall integrity, and filamentous growth. For the first time, we show that β-1,6-glucan production compensates the defect in mannan elongation in the outer layer of the cell wall. In addition, β-1,6-glucan dynamics are also coordinated by host environmental stimuli and stresses with wall remodeling, where the regulation of β-1,6-glucan structure and chain length is a crucial process. As we point out that β-1,6-glucan is exposed at the yeast surface and modulate immune response, β-1,6-glucan must be considered a key factor in host-pathogen interactions.