Structure In Poland Research Articles

Changing workplace relations in foreign investment firms in Poland

PurposeThe article aims to consider the relationship between foreign investors and trade unions in forging new labour relations and workplace institutions in Polish firms. The research focuses on the role of foreign investment and the agency of workers' organisations in the transformation of workplace relationsDesign/methodology/approachAn institutionalist approach is adopted which focuses on structural, institutional and political influences on workplace relations. The research is based on interviews with senior managers and trade unions in 15 foreign investment firms in Poland.FindingsThere is a continued presence of trade unions in brownfield foreign investments and the establishment of new trade union branches in greenfield foreign investments. Labour relations in the majority of the case study companies were characterised by managers and workers as conflictual. Efforts by foreign investors to introduce their home or global practices were contested by trade unions. A continuation of previous legacies was evident in the importance placed by trade unions on communication, negotiation and establishing agreements with management.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was comprised of transnational manufacturing companies and the conclusion cannot automatically be applied to other sectors where foreign investors have a strong presence.Practical implicationsInsights into workplace relations in Poland are provided which will be of interest to foreign investors and European trade unions.Originality/valueTrade unions have been neglected in analysing new corporate structures in Poland and this article addresses their role in the workplace and their interrelationship with foreign investors.

The creation of trauma treatment system in Lublin's region in Poland in connection with the level of emergency department

The experiences of others countries indicate that treatment trauma patients should be conducted by professionals in Trauma Team. The Trauma Treatment System in Lublin's region is created likewise the system of emergency departments. The creation of both structures in Poland is based on many laws and degrees but they must be enrolled the regional systems according to the level of hospital, medical staff (number and professional preparations for treatment of trauma patients) and equipment for diagnostics, medical procedures and operations.

Practical Problems Of Managing Corporate Identity Of Capital Structures In Poland

The issue of managing corporate identity systems is currently widely discussed in the scientific literature. More and more often this knowledge is also put into practice in counselling projects within the field of integrated system of corporate identity. Far less space is devoted to this matter in the context of capital structures. In practice however, implementing coherent systems of corporate identity in case of capital structures causes more problems than in case of individual organizations. Capital structures are forms of organization which aim at reconciling two seemingly contrary objectives in modern economies: an increase resulting from globalization process and capital concentration, and expectation of flexibility, activity and capability of quick decision-making on the side of market participants. Their creation and functioning requires special or even unique competences resulting from the presence of many business entities in a group. Thus, there is a higher risk of making a mistake than in the case of managing an individual entity. The article concerns practical aspects of managing identity systems of capital structures in Poland and is the outcome of a few years of research over this issue.

Trade Integration in Enlarged Europeanunion - Poland's Road to Success?

The paper focuses on Poland's distinctly changing foreign trade patterns in the course of economic transformation and EU accession. In order to shed more light on the structure of Poland's integration into the European division of labor the Polish trade flows are analyzed by applying a filtered gravity approach. This model combines a trade-type-decomposition of trade - distinguishing between inter-industry trade as well as vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade - with a gravity approach of the country model type. The estimates show that the rapidly growing exports to Western Europe go in line with a significantly higher share of both types of intra-trade of intra-trade with these countries, in particular with Poland's main partner Germany, indicating a growing exchange of technology intensive goods. Apparently, Poland's economy has been integrated into Western European networks of production. In addition, the estimates show a regional integration with the Visegrad partners characterized by a perceptible level of intra-industry trade as well. It is concluded that Poland's extensive participation in the Western and Central European division of labor contributes significantly to the modernization of the Polish economy.

Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006

Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006 The article presents changes in the rural age structures in Poland as observed in the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. The changes in population numbers are analysed with respect to age groups, the aging index and the old-age rate. Regarding its spatial scope, the article covers rural areas in Poland and the basic territorial units it uses are rural communes and the rural parts of mixed rural-urban communes that altogether amount to 2,171 units (as of 2006). The obtained results are discussed in a broader context of urban as well as countrywide age structures.

Renovation of brick interceptor sewers

Brick interceptor sewers began to be built in Europe (London, Paris, Hamburg) in the 18th century. The sewers were built from solid ceramic brick (so called sewer brick) or clinker brick. This paper presents a study of damage to brick interceptor sewers built in the 19th century and at beginning of the 20th century in Poland. Damage to the sewer structure and to the surrounding ground and its causes are identified. On the basis of results of in situ investigations, laboratory tests and structural and strength analyses, the condition of sewer structures in Poland was assessed as a pre-failure one. Underground infrastructure pipes of urban areas can be repaired in trenches or using trenchless techniques. Although trenchless technologies have been known in Poland for more than 25 years, there is still the lack of knowledge and imagination on the part of designers – so different problems in renovating process of brick interceptor sewers are described.

Trade Protection and Industry Wage Structure in Poland

This study examines the impact of Poland's trade liberalization 1994-2001 on the industry wage structure. The liberalization was undertaken in preparation for Poland's accession to the European Union and was more pronounced in industries with larger shares of unskilled labour. Our analysis indicates that a decrease in an industry tariff was associated with higher wages being earned by workers employed in the industry, controlling for worker characteristics and geographic variables. The result is robust to including year and industry fixed effects, controlling for industry-level exports, imports, concentration, stock of foreign direct investment and capital accumulation. The finding is consistent with liberalization increasing competitive pressures, forcing firms to restructure and improve their productivity, which in turn translates into higher profits being shared with workers. It could also be potentially attributed to trade liberalization lowering the costs of imported inputs, which enhances firm profitability. The result holds when skilled workers are excluded from the sample, thus suggesting that reductions in trade barriers benefited the unskilled in terms of an increase in wages.

Rola Agencji Nieruchomości Rolnych w przemianach struktury agrarnej w Polsce

The restructuring and privatisation in Poland's state sector of agriculture was (in 1991) entrusted to the Agricultural Property Agency of the State Treasury (hereafter Agricultural Property Agency). The agency was expected to play an important role in the state agricultural policy as far as structural and ownership transformation of the Polish agriculture is concerned. Almost 80% of land in the Treasury Agricultural Property Stock was taken over from former state-owned farms, asymmetrically concentrated in northern and western provinces. The purpose of liquidation of state farms was intended to strengthen the model of family farms chosen by the Government, mainly through privatisation of state land. In fact, till present the agency has sold merely one third of the land in its stock. The lease remains the dominant form applied in management of land, comprising approximately 2 million ha in permanent use among individual farmers and companies. This paper empirically explores the impacts of AP A on agrarian structure in Poland. The study results show statistically significant strong correlation between regionally distributed property in the form of land sale/land lease and the average area of individual farms.

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data and Analysis

List of Tables List of Maps Explanatory Notes Preface 1. The Scope and Spatial Reach of the Study 2. Ethnic Structure of the Baltic States 3. Ethnic Structure of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia 4. Ethnic Structure of Belarus' and Ukraine 5. Ethnic Structure of Hungary, Romania, and Moldavia 6. Ethnic Structure of the Balkan Countries 7. Ethnic Situation in Central-Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 8. Ethnic Situation in Central-Eastern Europe in the Period Between the World Wars 9. The Contemporary Ethnic Situation in Central-Eastern Europe Bibliography Index of Nationalities and Ethnic Groups Index of Geographic Names

The British in Poland in the Seventeenth Century

In the territory of the seventeenth-century Commonwealth of Two Nations (the name of the Polish State after Poland's Union with Lithuania in 1569) there lived diverse national minorities. They included the English and the Scots, and to a lesser degree the Irish. The English were generally identified with the Scots, and thus called Scots accordingly. In the Polish Commonwealth in the seventeenth century the British were the second largest national minority, exceeded only by the Germans. Among the newcomers from England there were merchants and artisans, soldiers, religious and political emigrants, professors of academies, of Jesuit colleges and of Protestant schools, students and pupils of various schools, diplomats and travellers, as well as poets and itinerant actors.As early as at the beginning of the seventeenth century the Scots had their organizational structure in Poland, which is attested by the testimonies of a Scottish trader Tamson (Thomson) given to the city authorities of Cracow in 1603. They were written down in the municipal records and then confirmed by other Scots and also Poles. On the basis of this testimony and the entries in Lublin's municipal records we can presume that the Scots in Poland in the seventeenth century had their own autonomy. They were subordinated to their own leader; in towns they formed merchant and artisan brotherhoods as well as religious ones. There were over twelve brotherhoods, which were governed by the elected elders. The Scots governed themselves on the basis of written laws, the law books being kept where they lived. They held their own trials, for which the appeal court was the Scottish Court of Appeal in Torun, which heard appeals on Epiphany day. The Scots were obligated to pay taxes for lay and religious brotherhoods. Disobedience was punished with fines or even with expulsion from the Scottish community.1 The records of the city of Lublin for 1605 also contain the information that for three years in this city the elders and the young held meetings, sixty men strong, in the Kramarczyk house.2 From Lublin's Protestant community the record book of a Scottish brotherhood survived, which was written first in English, then in English and Latin, and then finally in Polish. This bears witness to the Polonization of the members of that community.The influx of the British into Poland had been taking place for a long time. As early as the fourteenth century British merchants arrived in Gdansk, Pomerania, where they formed a separate community.3 In 1404 in Prussia a free association to support trade was established, called the Prussian Company. It was approved by a privilege issued by Henry IV. A few years later in Gdansk there was a separate English house with apartments, exchange offices, and storage facilities.4When the Merchant Adventurers organized the second expedition to Muscovy across the White Sea, they received from Queen Mary and her husband Philip a letter to the tsar dated 1 April 1555, written in three languages: Greek, Polish, and Italian. The fact that the letter was also issued in Polish allows one to draw at least two conclusions: that there was someone in England at the time who knew that Polish could be understood in Moscow, and also someone in London who knew Polish. That the Polish language at that time helped the English communicate with Muscovy is also attested by the correspondence of the first agent of the English company in Moscow, George Killingwroth, who reported from Moscow that one could correspond with the tsar's secretary, Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovaty 'in Polish, Deutsch, Latin or Italian'.5Immigration of the British into Polish territory became intensified in the latter half of the sixteenth century, following religious persecution of the Catholics, and later of the opponents of the Anglican Church. At that time Poland was a country that respected religious tolerance. Under the Act of Warsaw Confederation of 1573 all newly elected kings had to obey its provisions stipulating that the King would not persecute anyone for their religious convictions. …

The Power of Ideas: How Bundesbank Ideas Have Influenced the Reconstruction of the National Bank of Poland

This article is concerned with the qualitative rise of German influence in an enlarged European Union (EU). The point of departure is the assumption that eastward enlargement facilitates the further expansion and manifestation of German power in Europe via the institutionalisation of parts of the Modell Deutschland in the candidate countries prior to their accession. This article examines the power tools that have facilitated the transfer of Bundesbank ideas into the institutional structure of Poland's national central bank, Narodowy Bank Polski (NBP). The analysis demonstrates that the relationship between Germany and its eastern neighbours is not only determined by the former's physical capacities but, in reflection of post-war Germany's foreign policy strategy, relies on the persuasiveness of Germany's ideational lead.

Problems of early large panel structures in Poland

Problems of early large panel structures in Poland

The unemployment structure in Poland: A spatial approach

This paper presents the application of taxonometric methods to the spatial variations in Polish unemployment. Cross-section and time series analysis refers to the changes in the unemployment structure according to some demosocial characteristics such as gender, age, education, and unemployment duration. Presented here are: 1) a time-series description and analysis of the overall unemployment level and structure according to demosocial characteristics; 2) a short description of unemployment delimitation and unemployment structure in two moments of an analyzed period; and 3) comparative analysis of the regionalization of Poland according to the unemployment level with delimitation of the unemployment structure according to demosocial characteristics.

Studies on the European hare. 54. Relationship between density of brown hare Lepus europaeus and landscape structure in Poland in the years 1981-1995

The relationships between the density of brown hare Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and landscape structure were analysed on the basis of data collected for 11 study areas between 1991 and 1994, and hunting reports from all the 49 provinces of Poland covering the period 1981-1995.

Changes in the commodity structure in Poland's foreign trade in the years 1992-1996

Changes in the commodity structure in Poland's foreign trade in the years 1992-1996

Value Differences Between Polish and Romanian Consumers:

The importance of values in understanding consumer behavior has been amply acknowledged in existing research. Many marketing practitioners planning to do business in Eastern Europe erroneously assume that the Eastern European market is relatively similar in terms of the value structure of consumers across different countries in that region. This paper argues that there are substantial differences between consumer segments in the various countries in the area, since their belief systems have been shaped by different environmental influences and cautions against the use of a regiocentric approach to marketing in Eastern Europe. To illustrate these differences, a cross-cultural study of instrumental and terminal values held by different demographic segments in two Eastern European countries, Poland and Romania, was conducted. The findings suggest that demographic segmentation can be effectively used for identifying and targeting consumers with different value structures in Poland, but, for Romania, demographic segmentation has practically no utility in this respect. Several managerial implications of the findings are discussed.

Education during political transition in Poland

The article presents a comparative analysis of education in communist and post-communist Poland, based upon fieldwork in schools in Lodz in 1993 compared with earlier research in such schools in 1988. Some of the observed changes were a direct result of the change in the government's political ideology — notably the teaching of history, social studies and religious education; some were a response to the changing economic structure in Poland brought about by the transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market one; and some were a response to a deepening economic crisis associated with structural adjustment policies, but where the mode of response was facilitated by a free market ideology.

Determinants of private business activities in Poland

Today in Poland 80 per cent of the national production assets are state or cooperative property. These proportions should be reversed rapidly in favor of private ownership. The change of the ownership structure of Poland’s economy is the main condition of economic revival, cooperation with Western partners, and next of marketing orientation of enterprises. One of the bigger obstacles to privatization is the shortage of private capital and unwillingness of the society to purchase shares of state-owned enterprises when they are changed into joint stock companies. Absence of the market makes the valuation of production fixed assets impossible and impedes the transfer of their ownership. A transitional form of privatization might be renting and, in particular, leasing of production assets and facilities.

Social support: The leaven in a changing world

Ail the articles in this issue deal with aspects of social support. However, they are also concerned with aging as a process in the context of social or personal change. Earlier versions of the articles were prepared for presentation in symposia organized by the Commission of Aging and the Aged at the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, July, 1988. The first article by Coleman and McCullogh relates the aging endeavor to modernization theory in a study of the impact of rapid social change-particularly of values-on the psychological development of elderly people with low levels of social support, who feel they no longer understand society. The authors identify two dominant adaptations which they call “moral siege” and “questioning.” In the latter case doubt or loss of previously held religious beliefs are common and the authors discuss the implications for the clergy working with elderly people with low levels of integration in society. While Coleman and McCullogh’s article focuses on the impact of social change on the individual, Synak discusses the impact of social change on family structure in Poland and the way in which such changes have affected the lives of elderly people. He suggests that in the absence of a developed welfare state, the family is virtually the only resource for the care of the elderly. However, economic change in recent decades has resulted in a shift from a situation where the elderly received more help from children to a situation where children receive as much help from elderly parents as they provide to parents. The young elderly have important economic and instrumental contribution’s to make to young families, thus enhancing reciprocity and creating added roles for the older generation reinforcing family obligations in the face of subsequent dependency. The contributions of elderly people to social support are also evident in the article by Bury and Holme, on people over ninety, most of whom were supported

Changes in market structure in Poland

This article describes the market structure in Poland during the first stages of the economic reform of 1981–1983. The negative consequences of monopolistic market structure in a centrally planned economy are discussed. The possibility of market-structure diversification by companies is presented.