Structure Of Iran Research Articles

Analyzing the status of pre-hospital emergency medical services graduates in Iran during the last two decades.

Pre-hospital emergency medical services (PHEMS) training system is an integral part of the health system of any country. Therefore, knowing the status of graduates of this field can provide a new analysis for the policymakers of the National Health System. The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of PHEMS graduates in Iran. The present survey research was conducted with the participation of 437 pre-hospital emergency medicine graduates of Iranian medical science universities in spring and summer of 2022. Sampling in this study was convenience. The documents of the National Organization of Educational Testing were used as well. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS25 software using descriptive statistics and analytical statistics. Among the graduates, the largest number (41.5%) was reported to be in the associate degree. According to the emergency system structure in Iran, graduates were employed in operational, communication, and headquarters areas, respectively, of which 76.8% were working in government centers. Most of the graduates were from the medical sciences universities of Zone 2 (35.6%) in the eastern area of Iran, while most of the workers were related to the medical sciences universities of Zone 1 (27.9%) in the capital region. Our findings revealed that the distribution of EMS graduates was not proportional to the distribution of the population and geographical area. Therefore, it is suggested that the policymakers of the country's health system should make changes in the recruitment of students in each medical zone.

Accountable hospital governance structure rules in Iran: a qualitative document analysis

PurposeHospital governance accountability structures in Iran, similar to other countries, have undergone various reforms with different goals. The current study aimed to identify the rules and regulations of the hospital governance structure in Iran and how they pay attention to accountability.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative document content analysis study was conducted using hospital governance structure documents in Iran using the Ready materials, Extract data, Analyze data and Distil (READ) document analysis framework. 2,921 documents were extracted from the official government websites of Iran. After screening, seven documents related to the hospital governance structure were selected. A directed content analysis approach was used. The findings were finally future purification matched with the original documents.FindingsThe findings showed that documents had not addressed the inclusive governance structure of the hospital comprehensively. The medical staff organization structure is not considered in the documents, and its duties are assigned to a technical or a clinical director. Most documents addressed financial accountability. The documents did not require the hospital’s governance to have an inclusive accountability structure. However, they paid more attention to the administrative and financial autonomy of hospitals.Practical implicationsAccountability is one of the most essential components in the hospital's governance structure. It can increase the success of hospital efficiency, effectiveness, vision and mission fulfillment. The study result can help health services policymakers and managers formulate better organization structure rules and regulations for hospital governance accountability.Originality/valueThis study is the first qualitative analysis of accountable governance structure documents in Iranian hospitals. We used the READ method as a comprehensive approach for document analysis.

Examining Emergency Medical Services: Delay Time, Response Time, On-Scene Time In Six Peaks of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Eastern Iran

BackgroundTime indices are key elements in prehospital medical emergencies. The number of calls to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and the number of missions they have undertaken have been impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic. ObjectivesThis study's goal was to evaluate prehospital EMS time indices at the apex of the COVID-19 outbreak. MethodsData were extracted retrospectively from the Asayar Automation System, which records details on all emergency medical calls resulting in patient transport. The study period was from March 2018 to March 2021, covering the pre-COVID period and the first through sixth peaks of the pandemic in Iran. Standardized data extraction procedures were used to minimize bias in this retrospective review. ResultsIn this study, most transport missions occurred during the fifth peak (n = 2811). In addition, the most missions were related to the age group above 60 years (31.1%), and the highest rate of patient transport (65.9%) was observed in male patients. Traumatic events, cardiac emergencies, impaired consciousness, and psychiatric disorders were, respectively, the main causes of patient transport. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between time indices of various COVID-19 peaks (p < 0.001). ConclusionsEven though the structure of Iran's emergency system is based on the American-Anglo model, and rapid patient transfers to medical facilities are prioritized, the COVID-19 epidemic resulted in increased calls and missions and affected time indices. Therefore, it is suggested that the method and type of service provision be modified during similar crises.

Assessing the Effectiveness of the Change Management Model in the Structure of Iran's Education System

The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the change management model within the structure of Iran’s education system. This study is categorized as an applied-developmental study based on its objective. From a methodological perspective and in terms of the timeframe for data collection, this is a cross-sectional survey research. Data collection in this research was conducted using a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the specified change management model. The statistical population of the present study consists of all senior managers working in the field of education. The sampling method employed was multi-stage cluster sampling. The sample size, determined using Cochran’s formula, resulted in a sample size of 384 for analysis. According to the results, in this study, the validity of the change management model within the structure of Iran's education system was assessed by examining the obtained t-values. The T-statistics for all relationships were found to be greater than 1.96. Additionally, significance was less than 0.05. Therefore, all relationships are significant and confirmed. Given the significance of the examined components, the study demonstrates the validity of the components under consideration and the appropriate impact of the change management model within the structure of Iran’s education system.

A Dynamic Model for Analyzing Investment Policies in Iran's Oil Production and Its Scenarios

various related scenarios. The study aims to identify and assess different financial and investment policies that could enhance investment attraction in Iran's oil industry. Methodology: The study employs system dynamics and content analysis to develop the model. The statistical population for the content analysis includes upstream oil industry documents and related articles on investment. In the quantitative section, employees, managers, and experts in the oil industry were selected as the sample population. Data analysis was conducted using Vensim software, and nine different scenarios were developed to evaluate financial and investment policies. Findings: The results revealed that intermediary financing, with an increase of 128.854 units, was identified as the most attractive policy. Debt-based financing, with an increase of 108.333 units, and financing based on underground reserves, with an increase of 69.580 units, followed. These findings highlight the importance of diversifying financial resources and utilizing innovative financial structures in Iran's oil industry. Conclusion: The study concludes that a combination of different financial resources and the application of diversified financial policies can significantly contribute to attracting more investments and reducing financial risks in Iran's oil industry. These findings align with previous studies on financial and investment policies and provide valuable insights for policymakers in Iran's oil sector.

Genetic structure of black soldier flies in northern Iran.

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is known for nutrient-recycling through the bioconversion of organic waste into protein-rich insect larvae that can be processed into an animal feed ingredient. However, information on species distribution and its genetic structure in Iran is scarce. We directed a survey on the Caspian Sea coast, with a reconstructing demographic relationships study using two parts of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase 1 (COI) gene (barcode and 3' end regions) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to identify BSF' genetic diversity in retrospect to the global diversity and the potential origin of the Iranian BSF population. Larvae and adults were recovered from highly decomposed poultry manure, in May 2020. Sequence analysis of both regions of COI gene (about 1500 bp) revealed a single haplotype, identical to that of haplotype C, a worldwide commercial strain originated from Nearctic, Palearctic, or African biogeographic regions. However, the ITS2 locus was confirmed to be invariable across samples from diverse biogeographic regions. The results proved the presence of BSF in north of Iran. However, it is not possible to determine with certainty when and where this species first established in Iran, and they have likely been released to nature due to the existence of companies importing and breeding such flies. Due to heavy international trading, the introduction and settlement of this fly in the southern coasts of the country is highly suggested.

Barriers to An Efficient Logistics in Africa: A Direction for Further Studies

In the situation where the main credit supply of the country’s enterprises is done through the banking system, it is necessary to analyze and explore the defects of the financing and credit supply relationship between banks and enterprises. This study is considered a descriptive-applied research and the required data were collected through library studies, workplace observation, and interviews with process experts. In this research, 37 credit experts from 17 different bank branches were interviewed about the process of granting facilities. Work-Centered Analysis (WCA) framework and conducting audits through questionnaires and related checklists revealed that the structure of Iran’s credit supply chain network suffers from such problems as deviation in the appropriate use of allocated credit resources, structural faults of the banking system and lack of administrative health, high bureaucracy, directed facilities, etc. In the end, some suggestions are provided for redesign and optimization of the credit supply network.

Examining the credit supply chain network problems of Iran’s banking industry Using Work-Centered Analysis (WCA) framework

In the situation where the main credit supply of the country’s enterprises is done through the banking system, it is necessary to analyze and explore the defects of the financing and credit supply relationship between banks and enterprises. This study is considered a descriptive-applied research and the required data were collected through library studies, workplace observation, and interviews with process experts. In this research, 37 credit experts from 17 different bank branches were interviewed about the process of granting facilities. Work-Centered Analysis (WCA) framework and conducting audits through questionnaires and related checklists revealed that the structure of Iran’s credit supply chain network suffers from such problems as deviation in the appropriate use of allocated credit resources, structural faults of the banking system and lack of administrative health, high bureaucracy, directed facilities, etc. In the end, some suggestions are provided for redesign and optimization of the credit supply network.

An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of the Concrete Containing Type II Cement and Tire-Rubber Particles at Various Ages

Abstract Compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important properties of concrete for designers and quality control engineers and the engineering community is interested in predicting 28-day compressive strength of concrete because of the strength of concrete at younger ages such as 7 days. Portland cement type II is one of the most widely used cements, which has the highest consumption because of the weather conditions and the construction process of structures in Iran. The relation for computing the compressive strength at the age of t based on the 28-day strength has been presented only for cement types I and III and there is no relation for type II cement in ACI codes of practice. In this study, the compressive strength of concrete at the age of t based on the 28-day strength has been experimentally investigated for the concretes containing cement type II and tire rubber particles. To this end, three cement grades of 350, 400, and 450 kg/m3 as well as water-to-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.5 and 0.65 were used. Moreover, cement was replaced with tire-rubber particles at contents of 5 to 20 % by volume. The values for α and β coefficients to be applied in the concrete strength relation based on the age of 28 days according to ACI209 for the concretes containing type II cement and tire-rubber particles were obtained equal to 3.13 and 0.91 as well as 3.32 and 0.9, respectively. Finally, the best mix design was found to do with the ordinary concrete with cement grade of 400 kg/m3, w/c of 0.5 and tire-rubber particles of 5 % that leads to the highest compressive strength by which the environmental issues could be markedly mitigated.

Financial markets, inflation and growth: The impact of monetary policy under different political structures

This study assesses the likely effects of different political structures on economic growth by the effects of interest rate on the linkage between financial markets. For this aim, we chose two developing economies with different governance structures, Iran and Argentina. There is a political structure in Iran influenced by religion, whereas Argentina’s political structure does not deal with religion. We first assess the causality amongst the financial markets of the stock market, bank deposits, and the foreign currency market (CM). Then, the effects of the markets and inflation on economic growth are assessed using Granger-causality tests and Markov-switching models. The results show that there are bidirectional causalities between the financial markets in Iran, and unidirectional causalities in Argentina. The markets affect economic growth in the both countries. For Iran, the monetary policy instrument of interest rate indicates no causalities to the markets, whereas there are strong causalities from interest rate to the markets in Argentina. As a result, Argentinian Central Bank can affect economic growth through the money flow between the markets by freely changing interest rate proportioned with the economic situation. Whereas there is no such a possibility for Iran’s Central Bank. In other words, an active Central bank against the inflation volatility in Argentina versus a passive Central Bank in Iran is one of the consequences of the interest rate repression in a political structure influenced by religion.

Comparing the Rehabilitation Structures in the Health Systems of Iran, Germany, Japan, Canada, Turkey, and South Africa

Objective Because of the increasing number of people with disabilities and the lack of awareness of disability prevention methods in developing countries, creating a proper rehabilitation structure and providing appropriate services are among the important goals of every health system. Conducting comparative studies is one of the research methods for reviewing the structure of the rehabilitation system in the country’s health system. This study aimed to compare the rehabilitation structure in Iran with 5 other countries. Materials &amp; Methods This research is a comparative study conducted in 2022. In this study, sampling was purposeful. Five countries of Germany, Japan, Canada, Turkey, and South Africa were compared in terms of organizational and health management, financial and legal components, and social policy components with Iran. Reliable databases and related resources in the rehabilitation structure were used to collect data. In this study, the obtained data were analyzed using the Bereday model containing four stages: Description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison. The findings were evaluated in a comparative table. Results The findings indicated that in terms of organization and health management, the Ministry of Health should be responsible for health management and rehabilitation, but in Iran, in addition to the Ministry of Health, the Red Crescent, the Martyr Foundation, and Exceptional Education Organization are also involved in the management of rehabilitation. Financial issues and problems are significant barriers for people with disabilities to access rehabilitation services in these countries. In Iran, a large part of these costs is paid from the pockets of families. Regarding legal components in Iran, as in other countries, specific rules exist to provide services to people with disabilities. But sometimes, these rules are not properly implemented. From the sociodemographic perspective, Iran has an aging population, welcomes immigrants, and holds diverse cultures. The access of all people in need of rehabilitation in this diverse population to the services needed is limited. In terms of policy components, regulating national health policy requires review and, if necessary, changes in existing health system policies. Conclusion The existence of a specific position for rehabilitation in the Iranian health system, provision of services, and management of rehabilitation affairs by a single organization such as the Ministry of Health, as well as proper implementation of laws and policies, can lead to structural improvement and management of the health system and rehabilitation. Financial obstacles and problems to rehabilitation services should be reduced, and government and insurance must cover most of the costs of rehabilitation services. Also, a review of national health policies and legislation in the country should be done to improve the access of all people with disabilities to health and rehabilitation services. Therefore, it is necessary to fundamentally review and reform the structure, value, and process of providing rehabilitation services.

The Variations in Catastrophic and Impoverishing Health Expenditures, and Its Determinants in Iran: A Scoping Review.

The high reliance on out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for health financing in Iran have been led to different inequity problems such as catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment. This scoping review has been conducted to understand the variations in CHE and impoverishment, the underlying determinants of CHE, and its inequality in the past 20 years. This scoping review is guided by Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework. systematically PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, IranDoc, Magiran Science, Google Scholar, and grey literature were searched systematically from 1 January 2000 to August 2021. We included studies that reported the rate of CHE, impoverishment, inequality, and its influencing factors. Simple descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis were used to present the review findings. From 112 included articles, the average incidence of CHE was 3.19% at the 40% threshold, and about 3.21% of the households had impoverished. We found an unfavorable status of health inequality indices, including the average of fair financial contribution (0.833), concentration (-0.01), Gini coefficient (0.42), and Kakwani (-0.149). The most widely applied key drivers influencing the rate of CHE in these studies were household economic status, place of residence, health insurance status, household size, head of the household's gender, education level and employment status, having a household member under 5/ above 60 years old, with chronic diseases (in particular cancer and dialysis), disability, using inpatient and outpatient and dentistry services, medicines and equipment, and low insurance coverage. The result of this review calls for intensifying health policies and financing structures in Iran to provide more equitable access to all populations, especially the poorest and vulnerable. Moreover, the government is expected to adopt effective measures in inpatient and outpatient care, dental services, medicines, and equipment.

Regulation and policy-making for urban cultural heritage preservation: a comparison between Iran and Italy

PurposeDespite various comparative studies in the field of cultural heritage protection in the world, there is still a significant lack of comparative research on policies related to the legal system of countries' governance. The purpose of this study is to address the comparative policies in Iran and Italy, with a particular focus on the results of the executive experiences of two different types of policies in the cities of Oroumieh (North-West of Iran) and Turin (in North-West of Italy).Design/methodology/approachUtilising the comparative, analytical, bibliographic and descriptive historical research methodology, which is based on the study of the local, national and international comprehensive review of regulations and policy-making of cultural heritage preservation policies in Iran and Italy. In this research, the related documents in three languages (Persian, Italian and English) have been examined to compare profoundly and comprehensively the policies and regulations adopted in these two countries to be able to analyze the national and transnational regulations and local policies in the cultural heritage sector.FindingsIn addition to many cultural similarities and numerous commonalities, especially in the multiplicity of urban cultural heritage in historical centers, the results suggest that the legislation structure in Iran is much more centralized than in Italy. Also, the findings suggest that Italy focuses on aligning its previously centralized national legislative system in line with contemporary European heritage and preservation policies.Originality/valueThe paper outlines how to use historical and cultural similarities through comparative study to benefit the experiences of two historical countries in urban heritage conservation and policy-making part despite their differences.

The role of place branding in promoting social capital in urban areas (case study: Ahvaz, Iran)

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of neighborhood branding in increasing its social capital. The issue of social capital at the neighborhood scale is one of the most important components of quality and for achieving various aspects of sustainability in human life in urban societies. Examining the background of this issue shows that paying attention to the potential of place branding as an essential and effective component in increasing the social capital in neighborhoods has not been seriously studied. This study aims to know the components and measures of place branding that can significantly impact increasing social capital. The conceptual model of this research has been tested in 13 neighborhoods of Ahvaz city and using the opinions of 663 residents of these neighborhoods. The research results show that social capital in neighborhoods is directly related to the brand of those neighborhoods. This study is limited to metropolises with diversity of architecture and diversity of texture and social structure in Iran. The results show that place branding with a coefficient of 0.77 has the highest impact on social values. The impact of place branding on social solidarity, social security, social participation, and place-belonging is equal to 0.61, 0.55, 0.39, and 0.33, respectively.

Hizballah: Between Iran and Lebanon

Hizballah: Between Iran and Lebanon

Application of viable system model in diagnosing defects and problems of the credit supply chain network in the Iranian banking industry

AbstractThe present study attempts to study the credit supply process in the Iranian banking industry by using the viable system model (VSM) to identify its vulnerabilities and improve the financing system. The method used in this study consists of three steps: (a) identification of system, (b) diagnosis of system and (c) control of information flow, communication channels and frequent errors. In this research, 37 credit experts from 17 different bank branches were interviewed about the process of granting facilities, and SPSS 23 was used to examine research objectives through the Delphi method. The results show that the structure of Iran's credit supply chain network suffers from such problems as deviation in the appropriate use of allocated credit resources, structural faults of the banking system and lack of administrative health, high bureaucracy, directed facilities, etc. In the end, some suggestions are provided for redesign and optimization of the credit supply network.

Understanding the role of décollement thickness on the evolution of décollement folds: insights from discrete element models

We explored the influence of a variety of geometric and mechanical factors in the evolution of décollement folds above a weak décollement level in a sedimentary sequence. Under an applied overburden pressure, we construct nine discrete element models (DE-models) to test the effects of mechanical stratigraphy, the thickness of the décollement layer, and the number of strong and weak layers within the sedimentary cover sequence. The effects of the aforementioned parameters on the structural style of fold belts and the mechanical evolution of décollement folds that develop during a progressive deformation are what we are searching for. The one-way lateral motion of a rigid, vertical boundary wall was used to shorten the particle assemblage. The models presented in this study were then compared to a natural structure in Iran and demonstrated that the combined effects of mechanical behaviour, the thickness of décollement layer, and the number of strong and weak layers within the sedimentary cover sequence are playing the decisive role in the structural style, kinematic and mechanical evolution of décollement folds.

20. Yüzyıl Başında İran ve Türkiye’deki Finansal Mekanlar: Melli Bankası- Sepah Bankası- Türkiye Merkez Bankası ve Ziraat Bankası Örnekleri

After the complex socio-political environment of the 19th century, modernist and nationalist movements began to rise significantly at the beginning of the following century. In Iran and Turkey, similar political and social circumstances caused these movements to operate boldly. Various reforms initiated by national-cum-modern governments led by comparable leaders in both countries, started new chapters in different fields in their countries; architecture was among them. Financial reforms were one of these which brought the need for new financial buildings to symbolize the national power and economical independence. Therefore, in both countries, the most famous architects of the period were chosen to design the new style of financial buildings which were going to be the important examples of the modern architectural style combined with the nationalist approach. This study aims to examine the architecture of the 20th-century financial structures in Iran and Turkey, to obtain information about the architectural ideologies affected by nationalism and modernization in both countries during this period. For this purpose, the case studies were selected among the significant financial buildings of the period such as Sepah Bank by Vartan Hovanessian, Melli Bank by Mohsen Foroughi, Turkish Central Bank by Clemens Holzmeister, and Ziraat Bank by Giulio Mongeri.

Reinforcement of steel beam-to-double column moment connection using side plates

One of the disadvantages of conventional steel structures in Iran is the common way of I-shaped beam to double column fixed connection that do not perform well against seismic loads. This article uses the side plate to modify and optimize the connection. Using this new geometry, the beam-to-column direct connection is eliminated, and there is no longer any concern about the brittle fracture of penetration weld of the beam-to-column connection and the weakness of panel zone that occur in the common fixed connections.&#x0D; In addition, by eliminating the direct transfer of beam flange force to the double column connection plate, the problem of deformation, complexity or buckling of the cover plate of the column is spontaneously removed. In this paper, in order to investigate the nonlinear behavior of beam-to-double column connection system, a number of three-dimensional finite element models under the effect of cyclic loading have been analyzed. The results show that the beam-to-double column connection using the side plates has good strength and ductility and can be used in special moment frames for seismic areas.

Risk-targeted seismic design of reinforced concrete moment-resisting-frame buildings

The seismic design of new structures in Iran is currently based on earthquake hazard maps for a fixed return period of 475 years. However, this can lead to an unequal level of risk due to uncertainty in collapse capacity and differences in hazard curves in different locations. In the work reported in this paper, a risk-targeted approach was used to determine the peak ground acceleration (PGA) for designing reinforced concrete moment-resisting-frame (RC MRF) buildings in four important port cities in southern Iran. The three main parameters considered for determining risk-targeted PGA were the structural fragility curve, the seismic hazard curve and the target annual collapse probability. Nine RC MRF buildings with different geometrical characteristics were evaluated and their fragility curves were extracted. Then, using a risk integral, the annual collapse probability and PGA of the frames were obtained for the studied cities. Comparison of the results showed that an approach proposed in the literature for Europe is in accordance with the results of the approach proposed in this paper.