Verbal Structure Research Articles

Rethinking the Description and Typology of Cantonese Causative–Resultative Constructions: A Dynamic Constructionist Lens

This article proposes a new description of Cantonese causative–resultative constructions (CRCs), constructions with two verbal elements relevant to the cause and the effect of an event respectively. We present a constructional schema for the CRC with three argument types and without using traditional categories—such as subject, object and pseudo-passivation, present various syntactic and semantic properties, and subsume constructions such as the comparative construction and numerous particle constructions under this banner. We then argue against traditional approaches to CRCs with two lexical verbs that treat the argument structure of the CRC as composed from argument structures of individual verbs (the decompositional approach); instead, CRC arguments belong to the entire construction and have only semantic orientation-based relationships with individual verbs (the holistic approach). We show how our account can shed light on Sinitic typology and the grammaticalisation mechanism of verbal particles within CRCs, particularly the extension of result verbs into a broader range of contexts to become particles. We also argue that Cantonese CRCs challenge many assumptions of serial verb typology, which typically ignore the existence of multiple layers of constructional abstraction and assume decompositional descriptions, and urge for methodological advancements in this field.

Lullaby as a linguacultural phenomenon, its types and verbal expression in British and Georgian Cultures

 The lullaby is the first genre of folklore encountered by the child. It is primarily directed towards calming the infant.  The primary function of the lullaby is putting the infant to sleep through melodic, rhythmic movement, lullabies in many traditional societies have other less important functions. In many societies there are lullabies which aim not to lull the infants but to scare them. The presented paper is devoted to comparative linguistic analysis of British and Georgian folk lullabies. The author of the article studies the origin of British and Georgian lullabies, classifies them according to different types and find out relative and universal features between their verbal structure and types.

A Narrative Review of Studies on the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface: With Special Reference to the Chinese Language

In microlinguistics, the syntax-lexical semantics interface is a key research area that focuses on the interaction between the lexical properties of predicates and the related syntactic structures. This paper provides an overview of the main studies in the area published internationally in the past four decades, categorizing them into three major groups of approaches (the Projectionist, the Constructionist, and the interactive). It also offers a critical reflection on the field and provides suggestions for future research. Two recent trends of research are highlighted: (1) empirical research with evidence from neurocognitive experiments; (2) emphasis shifting from the first language (L1) to second language (L2) acquisition with an eye on linguistic typology and special interest in Chinese, a language of typological significance. We hold that the Projectionist theory or approach could be used to explain the syntactic differences among verbs whereas the Constructionist may be more suitable for explaining the realization of different argument structures of the same verb. The recent interactive and dynamic approach to the syntax-lexical semantics interface seems to have the strongest explanatory power, which is supported by an increasing body of neurocognitive evidence. Further interdisciplinary research from such perspectives as linguistic typology, cognitive psychology and neurocognitive science may be instrumental in solving important issues including Baker’s Paradox and cross-linguistic variation regularities of verb lexicalization.

Transitivity and polysemy of the Verb in Romanian Language

The present article studies the semantic-syntactic structure of polysemantic verbs, following the stratification of their meanings. Analyzing the syntactic neighborhoods of a certain polysemantic verb, with the matrix of obligatory thematic roles, characteristic for actantial, circumstantial or predicative relations, we notice that in the process of functioning, various transformational processes of a different nature take place. Following the research, it was found that these transformations modify the argumentative structure of the verb at the referential level, changing its semantic-syntactic structure, which allows it to pass from one semantic class to another to fully reveal its communicative role. Responsible for these would be the phenomenon of actantial derivation. Only two forms of actantial derivation were discussed – transitivization and intransitivization – given that transitivity, an unmarked semantic feature, influences the ability of the verb to accumulate meanings with different syntactic patterns. It was found that there is an obvious oscillation between the positive or negative marking of transitivity and the realization of a verb as intransitive or transitive. The phenomenon of free syntactic variation also participates in the diversification of the syntactic structure of a polysemantic verb, which allows the operation of semantically equivalent but syntactically different variants.

Structural and semantic features of verbs of interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese

The subject of the study is the structural and semantic features of verbs expressing interpersonal relationships in two different-structured Russian and Chinese languages. The purpose of the work is to provide a comparative description of the structure of verbs and their semantic features, as well as to identify the specifics of grammatical categories and compare the word-formation types of verbs in two languages. The following methods were used in this article: descriptive method, comparative method and component analysis method. From the point of view of the structural-semantic approach, the verbal vocabulary of the Russian and Chinese languages expressing interpersonal relations still remains insufficiently studied, so research in the field of verb semantics is relevant. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time the common and unique features of the analyzed verbs are considered in comparison. It is shown that an important feature of Russian verbs is that they have many forms of word change with different meanings, whereas in Chinese the verb has no forms of word change and semantic diversity. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching lecture courses on comparative lexicology of Russian and Chinese languages; when reading special courses in cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, intercultural communication. The conclusion of this research is that compared with Russian verbs, which are characterized by a wealth and variety of affixes, Chinese verbs do not have possibilities of word formation for expressing different grammatical meanings. These various structural and semantic features of Russian and Chinese verbs complicate the understanding of the text and create significant difficulties in translation, as well as in the practice of teaching these languages as foreign.

Chinese Word Order in the Comparative Sino-Tibetan and Sociotypological Contexts

The present study discusses typology and variation of word order patterns in nominal and verb structures across 20 Chinese languages and compares them with another 43 languages from the Sino-Tibetan family. The methods employed are internal and external historical reconstruction and correlation studies from linguistic typology and sociolinguistics. The results show that the head-final tendency is a baseline across the family, but individual languages differ by the degree of head-initial structures allowed in a language, leading to a hybrid word order profile. On the one hand, Chinese languages consistently manifest the head-final noun phrase structures, whereas head-initial deviants can be explained either internally through reanalysis or externally through contact. On the other hand, Chinese verb phrases have varied toward head-initial structures due to contact with verb-medial languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, before reinstalling the head-final structures as a consequence of contact with verb-final languages in North Asia. When extralinguistic factors are considered, the typological north-south divide of Chinese appears to be geographically consistent and gradable by the latitude of individual Chinese language communities, confirming the validity of a broader typological cline from north to south in Eastern Eurasia.

МЕТОД ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СТРУКТУР ЦИФРОВЫХ ДВОЙНИКОВ ПРЕДМЕТНО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ ОТКРЫТЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОРМАЛИЗМОВ ТЕОРИИ МНОЖЕСТВ, ГРАФОВ, ТЕОРИИ КАТЕГОРИЙ И ТЕОРИИ ПОРОЖДАЮЩИХ ЯЗЫКОВ ХОМСКОГО

For the material of this article, open sources can be presented as information posted on the Internet for multiple and unlimited use in the form of machine-readable systematized data, in formats that allow their separate automated processing. Any of the open sources is partially structured content, cha¬racterized by the fact that it consists of fuzzy overlaps and connections formalized by a number of sustainable rules. Aim. The purpose of the study is to produce a mathematical description of the rules for the decomposition of links of virtual images of content based on statistical data of comparisons in order to formulate a digital analogue of the verbal structure. The research is accompanied by the development of a modular cross-platform predictive analytics system for distributed open sources of the social digital environment based on multi-stream data processing technologies. The system is based on the creation of a prototype of a digital twin, which allows monitoring and subsequent analysis of open sources. A cross-platform digital twin can be created for various open sources. Currently, among them, social networks are a priority for the analysis of the studied data. Materials and methods. Turning to the same type of code content, it becomes necessary to formalize the rules for categorizing the semantic meanings of the structure of connections of the object of study, which can be described in the language of graph theory, have a suitable structure in Lie matrices, obey the laws of transitivity and have properties that allow you to recreate connectivity in a quasi-projection. A method is proposed that makes it possible to produce sequential calculus that does not contradict each other according to the basic rules of axiomatics. Results. The method allows for real-time analysis of the data flow of open sources, identification of digital traces of research objects, identification of the structure of their connections. Conclusion. With the help of the proposed group of algorithmized mathematical iterations, it becomes possible to create a combination of local systems with feedback subsystems of predictive analytics of open sources of Internet resources and local systems for various purposes.

Significance of Negative Sentences Structures in the Verses of the Noble Qur’an


 
 
 
 This research sought to reveal the significance of the negative sentences structures in the verses of Tanzih the Noble Qur’an; through using the linguistic and syntactical tools contained in the structures of those sentences.
 In this research, we concluded that the significance of the structures of the negative sentences in the verses of the honorable Qur’an came in response to the infidels and polytheists who accused the Quran of many charges that have no basis or foundation. These indications varied with the variety of accusations directed at the Quran. Doubt, about alteration, about crookedness, about poetry and fortune-telling, and about the words of devils, and about humor. As for the meaning of the structures of the negative phrasal verbs, the Qur’an is clear about slander, about misery, about demons descending, and about coming up with the like of the Qur’an, and about falsehood, from crookedness, and from whims.
 
 
 
 
 What we can conclude from all of this is that the meanings of the negative sentences structures in the verses of the Noble Qur’an came to prove one undoubted fact that the Noble Qur’an is the Book of Allah that He revealed to His Prophet Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), and it is free from falsehood and from everything that is not. befitting him; Because it is a download from Hakim Hamid.

God's Saying: A Comparison Study of Jurisprudence

In addition to the reliance of many financial transactions on this verse, the verse "And God has permitted the sale," which, despite its few words, contained many fundamental and jurisprudential details, is a declaration of the greatness of Qur'anic verses, whose verbal structure is simple while meanings are numerous. This investigation reveals the use of this noble verse as an example of the obvious and of the text clearly denoting the two sections in jurisprudential principles. Based on its clear division of sections in jurisprudential principles, this noble verse was cited as an example of the meeting of the text and the apparent. In jurisprudence, he cited this noble verse on the permissibility of selling and the prohibition of usury, on the permissibility of blind selling and peace, and on convening the sale of favoritism.
 Keywords: Selling the jurisprudence of the Qur'an, the principles of general and special jurisprudence.

A Morphological Analysis of Tense in Mambwe Language

Guthrie (1948) classifies Mambwe as M15. The language is spoken in Mbala and Senga districts in Northern Province of Zambia. Nurse and Philipson (1999) have characterized Mambwe as originating from Fipa language in Southern Tanzania. The paper outlines the rules governing tense categorization and evaluates the verbal structure of tense in Mambwe language. The study employed the qualitative approach and elicitation methodology to collect data. Using descriptive and Lexical Morphology (LM) theoretical underpinnings, the article identifies the forms or categories of tense and their respective structures in Mambwe language. The study shows that tense in Mambwe language is as attested by other Bantu languages in terms of the present, past and the future tenses with their corresponding progressive counterparts.

러시아어 물리적 행위 동사 그룹의 의미적 교차성

In the study of the thematic verb groups, in particular, the study of the physical action verb has a extremely important meaning. This verb represents a semantic group that essentially conveys the meaning of the verb for action, i.e. aggressive action. By analyzing the semantic structure of physical action verbs, we find meaningful intersections between the verb subgroups, the creative verb group and the destructive verb group. The semantic intersection of creation verbs and destruction verbs can be easily explained from a linguistic point of view. The action designated by the physical action verb involves a change of object. The creation verb and destruction verb have the same semantic structure, but only differ in the interest of the speaker. In creative verbs, the object of the action(=Result) appears to have a higher communicative rank than the material(=Patient). On the other hand, Patient, the object of the physical action in the destructive verb, would rank lower in communication than Result. The semantic correlation between creation and destruction is naturally explained through the entropy of thermodynamics. In a world where energy is constant, an equilibrium is maintained among the three energies of the original object, the physical action, and the object that changes due to the action. Also, just as the meaning of creation and destruction is distinguished according to the speaker's intention and purpose, in thermodynamics, the act of creation and destruction is distinguished according to the direction toward maximum entropy: Is the entropy of the changed object the result of adding negative entropy to the energy of the original object? Or is it the result of applying negative entropy to the world surrounding the object? In addition, the fact that entropy performs a natural function of bringing the universe into a state of dynamic equilibrium suggests that it is the verb of destruction what takes the lead intersecting the meanings of creation and destruction.

Multiple and Transitive Meanings in Simple Verbs

This article considers the presentation of compound verbs used in plural or transitive meanings in the language of mini epics, and the structure of simple verbs in comparison with verbal phraseological and combinations in plural or transitive meanings. Research objectives: analysis of simple verbs in the language of the epic, close or similar both in meaning and in sound construction, in works and used as active language units in the artistic description and narration of events, scenes, actions and thoughts of characters. Research materials and methods: a scientific analysis of simple verbs, which are used in plural and transitive meanings and acting as active language units in the narrative, was carried out. Research results: it was studied that some primitive verbs were used in different ways in independent semantic differences or in repetitive situations. Conclusions: verbs with a simple structure are often used in the language of epic works in transitional meanings and serve as active language units in the artistic description and narration of events, scenes, actions of characters, thoughts.

Particle-Verb Idioms in English: A Symmetric Analysis

This paper investigates particle-verb constructions in English with focus on particle-verb idioms-idioms consisting of a particle-verb and a DP. Particle-verb idioms are classified into three subtypes according to the placement of the particle relative to the verb. First, there is a group of idioms that require the merged order of the verb and particle (e.g., blow off steam / *blow steam off). Another must appear in the split order (e.g., let the side down / *let down the side). The final group allows alternation between the two surface orders (e.g., keep up one’s end / keep one’s end up). Based on the finding that the flexibility in idiom interpretation is correlated with the amount of verbal structure associated (Punske and Stone 2014, Stone 2016), I argue against the derivational approach to the particle-verb construction. According to the derivational analyses, the merged and split order of particle-verbs share an underlying structure. Such an approach incorrectly predicts only two of the three groups of particle-verb idioms to be possible. I argue that a symmetrical treatment of the two surface orders of particle-verbs enables us to comprehensively account for the idiom facts. In particular, I propose that the merged and split order of particle-verbs involve two different syntactic structures. The two surface orders arise depending on whether the verbal root head-adjoins to the Part(icle) head or the verbalizing v head. The three groups of idioms realize either or both of the proposed structures. In addition to capturing the patterns of particle-verb idioms, I demonstrate that a number of traditional observations about the construction naturally follow. The analysis is shown to be robust in explaining the semantic contrast between the two surface orders, non-idiomatic particle-verbs with a fixed order, right-modification, and particle-verbs with an augmented argument structure.

Construction and Application of English-Chinese Multimodal Emotional Corpus Based on Artificial Intelligence

Multimodal corpus is a new type of multimedia teaching aid tool that was born and widely used in the current social development and educational reform process. It is mainly based on computer technology and network technology, and uses various multimedia materials as corpus to establish a more comprehensive English database. Corpus is increasingly used in English-Chinese multimodal teaching. Combining the content of the corpus with modern information technology will help to better understand the meaning, usage and collocation of English and Chinese multimodality, and then improve the initiative of autonomous learning. Furthermore, English-Chinese multimodality is a fixed or semi-fixed programmed language, which can be directly extracted from memory according to the context during use, which can effectively improve learners’ writing efficiency and overcome the negative impact of native language transfer. Facing the task of sentiment analysis, this article has taken the text semantic representation technology based on representation learning as the main method, and carries out a series of researches from the definition of implicit emotion, the characteristics of language expression and the recognition method. Finally, in the language system of modern Chinese, it is found that there are many sentence patterns that are very similar to the middle verb structure in language expression, but the efficiency is still improved by 3.6%. Compared with traditional methods, the English-Chinese multimodal sentiment corpus method based on artificial intelligence can better reflect the application value of language, which also helps to feel the real context, change the way of thinking, and make the way of thinking more suitable for the language awareness of native speakers, thereby improving the vividness of language expression.

Gender Representation in Classroom Discourse: A Study of School-Related Gender-Based Violence in Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana

Gender equality and gender-fair representation, across all facets of life, especially in education, has been one of the major agenda of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Massive efforts are fronted by the United Nations (UN) and other International Organisations to reduce or eliminate gender-biases and violence. However, the problem still remains an issue of concern especially in developing and Sub-Saharan African countries. This study is an attempt to re-echo and complement the efforts of the UN in creating sufficient gender-awareness in education. It investigates how gender is represented in the discourses and spontaneous interactions, sentences and utterances in the language classroom. Classroom sessions of 9 language tutors from 3 Colleges of Education spread across 3 regions of Ghana were observed and recorded. In total, 360 minutes of verbal structures were analysed, that is, a duration of 40 minutes each from the 9 class sessions. The data collection instruments were audio-recorders and note taking. The qualitative approach was adopted and thematic analysis was used to analyse the recorded discourses. Mehari and Belete’s (2021) conceptual framework of gender representation was adopted. The main finding of the study was that females were underrepresented relative to males in the classroom discourse. Also, the male pronoun, he, was used as universal term for both genders. The males were also ascribed more prominent professional and educational statuses than the females. The females were ascribed domestic chores, less education and low-esteemed professions. There was never a single time when the feminine pronoun, she, was used as a universal term for both genders. The study concludes that there is yet to be significant improvements in the gender representation of females in language use in the classroom.

New Comparative Study of Slavic Phraseology

“Toponyms in Czech, Croatian and Bulgarian Phraseology“ is a contrastive book on the phraseology of Czech, Croatian and Bulgarian. The author focuses on phrasemes that contain a toponymic component in their structure. He analyses these phrasemes and within them also confronts them from the formal, semantic, motivational and typological point of view, and also notes the aspect of their origin. The book studies phrasemes with the structure of comparison, phrasemes with a nominal structure of collocation, phrasemes with a verbal structure of collocation and phrasemes with a propositional and polypropositional structure. The semantic side of the collected phraseological units with toponymic component is described using delimitation of different phraseosemantic fields. The book also includes, to the extent necessary, the theory of the proper name. An integral part of the book are chapters presenting the major Czech, Slovak, Croatian and Bulgarian phraseological theories, as well as a comprehensive survey of Czecho-Slovak and South Slavic (i.e. Bulgarian and /Post-/Yugoslav) phraseological literature

Unlocking the verbal spine in Malayalam: Past tense is key

The focus of the paper is the internal structure of the verbal spine. Our aim is to show, using data from Malayalam, how verbal structures can be built, allowing for a new understanding of verb alternations as well as the verbal spine. The paper provides a novel analysis of the various v/Voice features, and proposes the adjunction of a √AGENT to the functional heads v and Voice. The difference in the loci of adjunction of the √AGENT is shown to be directly correlated with the differences in the semantics of the verb with consequences for the argument structure, specifically, the external argument at Spec, VoiceP. This analysis not only unpacks the verbal spine to help build a uniform account of verb alternations, but also provides for a clear understanding of the complex past tense morphology in the language. The contextually driven allomorphy of the past tense is shown to be directly linked to the morphosyntactic features and the expression of the exponents at v/Voice. The paper also proposes that the feature specifications on the verbal spine are becoming synchronically opaque for a variety of reasons, and are often only indirectly recoverable via the past tense morphology.

מבנה שמות עצם והפעלים ברומן תימהון לסופר אהרון אפלפלד עיון מורפולוגי

This research sheds light on the morphological structure of nouns and verbs in the novel "ASTONISHMENT" by the novelist Aharon Applefield by analysing selected models from the novel in a morphological analysis in order to identify the most important morphological features of this structure according to a statistical analytical approach. The morphological structure is the main pillar of the linguistic structure of the literary text. Morphology is the science that studies the word, by which its structure and original letters are known, and the change that has occurred to it. The aesthetics of the fictional text is reflected in this structure, through which the writer conveys his ideas and narrations to the reader. The research focused on important issues in the structure of nouns, such as definition and invocation, singular, dual and plural. It also touched on the structure of the verb in terms of weight and temporal significance. The research concluded that the morphological structure of nouns and verbs is characterized by clarity and abundance of expression and significance. The novelist Aaron Applefield employed defined nouns in a large proportion compared to nouns, due to the connotations it gave to remove ambiguity and ambiguity from the text, as well as more than the use of active verbs and moved some thing away from built verbs to the unknown in order to deliver his message easily and conveniently. He also concluded that the writer was using verbs with a single structure in order to maintain the dynamics of events. תקציר: המאמר הזה שופך על המבנה המורפולוגי של השמות והפעלים ברומן "תימהון" של הסופר "אהרון אפלפלד" על ידי ניתוח דוגמאות נבחרות ניתוח מורפולוגי כדי לעמוד על המאפיינים המורפולוגיים של המבנה הזה לפי השיטה האנליטית – סטטיסטיקאית. המבנה המורפולוגי הוא אחד מעמודי התווך של המבנה הלשוני של הטקסט הספרותי, המורפולוגיה היא המדע החוקר את המילה, ובה ניתן לדעת את מבניה והאתיות המקוריות שלה ומה שעברה משינוי. האסתטיקה של הטקסט הספרות מתגלה בו ומתוכו הסופר מעביר את רעיונותיו לקורא. המאמר מתמקד בנושאים חשובים במבנה השמות כגון: היידוע, היחיד, הזוגי והרבים, גם כן עיינו במבנה הפועל מבחינת הבניין והזמן. מאמר זה הראה שמבנה המורפולוגי של השמות והפעלים מתאפיין בבהירות ובדיוק ההבעה. הסופר אהרון אפלפלד השתמש בשמות מיודעים יותר משמות לא מיודעים בגלל תפקידה בהסרת העמימות ואי בהירות מהטקסט, גם כן הרבה מהשימוש בפעלים פעילים והתרחק מהפעלים הסבילים כדי להעביר את המסר שלו בקלות. גם כן הסופר השתמש בפעלים בעלי בניין אחד כדי לשמור על הדינמיקה של האירועים.

Деривационные семантические изменения в смысловой структуре немецких глаголов движения в публицистическом жанре «комментарий»

The paper analyses the process of formation of derivational figurative meanings in the meaning structure of the most commonly used German motion verbs “gehen”, “laufen”, “kommen” in the publicistic genre of commentary. The analysis is based on the methodology of identifying integral and differential features that realise the categorical lexical seme MOVEMENT IN SPACE. The research findings reflect the patterns of changes of a derivational nature occurring in the meaning structure of the German motion verbs “gehen”, “laufen”, “kommen”, contain relevant features that determine the analysed semantic changes. The aim of the research is to identify the causes and patterns of formation of figurative meanings as a result of derivational changes in the meaning structure of unprefixed German verbs of motion in publicistic texts related to the commentary genre. The research is novel in that it is the first to carry out a comprehensive analysis of figurative meanings of German unprefixed verbs of motion within the framework of semantic derivation using the material of publicistic texts.

THE CONCEPT OF «LANGUAGE AWARENESS» IN THE MODERN LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY

The article analyzes the historiography and historiosophy of the concept of linguistic consciousness in the projection onto the term system of modern linguistics. The definition of the term is proposed, its integrative connections, generic-species correlations in synchrony and diachrony are clarified. In the historical aspect, the formation of national and social linguistic consciousness and their textual implementation is established. Linguistic, sociocultural, cognitive, communicative factors are taken into account for the comprehensive disclosure of the content of the concept of linguistic consciousness and the differentiation of linguistic concepts related to it. A comprehensive analysis of the concept of language consciousness justifies its status as a psycholinguistic category that covers the results of mental activity, perception and assimilation of information verbalized by means of the national language. Its units are concepts (ethnocentrisms), which are realized in language with the help of an associative-verbal thesaurus: words, phrases, expressions, grammatical and logical categories, grammatical and textual forms, functioning of the intentional-motivational mechanism. In the language, two types of verbal manifestations of linguistic consciousness constantly interact: 1) associated with the formation of a stable mechanism of functional structures of associative-verbal thesauri, the developed core of networks, words, grammatical and logical categories, which is a manifestation of the durability of national memory; 2) connected with dynamic, primarily evaluative, processes in verbal networks, verbal structures, intentional images. Linguistic consciousness in all its varieties (folk, social and ethnocentric, communicative) is a dynamic, culturally and socially conditioned and integral element of the history of the literary language. It changes along with the development of the nation, acquires new forms and manifestations, improves synchronously with the formation of a conscious, intellectual society.