Structure Of Resin Research Articles

Evaluation of the effects of asphalt binder aging degree on the curing, compatibility, and mechanical behaviors of epoxy asphalt binders

The application of epoxy asphalt binder in hot mix plant recycling for reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can significantly increase the utilization rate of waste material on the premise of ensuring the service quality of the asphalt pavement. However, the development of epoxy asphalt binder modified RAP is hindered by the limited understanding of the effect of aging degree and types variability of asphalt binder in RAP on the properties of epoxy asphalt binder. Therefore, short-, long- and ultra-long- term aging tests of base asphalt and SBS modified asphalt binder were conducted through rolling thin film oven (RTFO), pressure aging vessel (20 h and 40 h) tests to obtain the asphalt binders with different aging extent, and then the binders were mixed with two epoxy systems to prepare epoxy asphalt binders, respectively. Next, the effects of asphalt binders aging degree on curing, compatibility, and mechanical behaviors characteristics of epoxy asphalt binders were investigated from chemical, microscopic, mechanical, and rheological perspectives based on Brookfield viscosity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), laser confocal fluorescence microscopy (LSCM), Shore hardness, direct tensile, strain sweep, and frequency sweep tests. The viscosity results indicated that a higher asphalt binder aging degree brought about a faster increase in the viscosity of epoxy asphalt binders. The construction allowable time of type-A epoxy asphalt binder of at least 3.5 h was higher than that of type-B. The conversion degree model constructed with the 917 cm−1 peak area as a parameter showed that the epoxy asphalt binder prepared by the asphalt binder with a more severe aging degree presented a higher conversion degree within the same curing time since the reaction space between epoxy and curing agent reactive groups was compressed by aggregated aged asphalt binder. The LSCM and Shore hardness results suggested that the aging asphalt binders induced the phase separation between asphalt and epoxy resin. With the asphalt binders aging, the distribution of asphalt phase in the epoxy system changed from black dots (12–15 um) to island-shaped structures (50–98 um), and eventually transferred a neuron-shaped network structure to connect island-shaped synaptosomes to block the continuity of three-dimensional network structure of epoxy resin. The rheological tests showed that the linear viscoelastic (LEV) region of the epoxy asphalt binders changed with the asphalt binders aging degree, and a shear strain of 0.01% ensured that specimens was within the LEV region. The effects of asphalt binders aging degree on the complex modulus and phase angle master curves of type-A epoxy asphalt binders mainly reflected the low frequency region (10−4 to 10−1 Hz), while the effects on type-B epoxy asphalt binders were in the whole frequency range (10−4 to 103 Hz).

Study on isothermal pyrolysis and product characteristics of basic components of waste wind turbine blades

Pyrolysis is an effective method for recycling waste wind turbine blades. However, there have been few studies on the pyrolysis mechanism of the basic components of blade composites. In this study, isothermal pyrolysis experiments on four basic components (epoxy resin, thermoplastic polyurethane, carbon fiber and glass fiber) of blades were carried out in a tube furnace at 600 ℃. The product distribution and properties of each basic component were then analyzed after pyrolysis. The results showed that the pyrolysis reactions of the matrix materials were intense, and the mass loss rates reached 90%. A certain amount of gas products, mainly CO2 and CO, were released during the pyrolysis process; CO2 was eliminated from the ester and carboxyl groups of the aromatic compounds and CO was formed from the decomposition of the carbonyl groups. A large number of liquid products were also produced, including phenol and p-isopropenylphenol, and these could be reused as industrial raw materials. The resins were decomposed from blocks into fragments after pyrolysis. The pore structures of resins became more abundant and developed mesopores and micropores, and the microcrystalline structures were disordered. The fiber materials barely reacted, and the mass loss of each was only approximately 1%. The surface morphologies and microcrystalline structures of the fiber materials did not change significantly, but the pore diameter distributions showed diametrically opposite trends relative to those of the resins. These results indicated that the resin matrix could be removed from the composites via pyrolysis and that the structures of the fiber materials could be retained. This research on the pyrolytic characteristics of the basic components of blade composites shows the thermochemical characteristics of each component and provides basic data and reference information for pyrolytic recycling of scrap blades.

Role of Ion-Exchange Resins in Hydrogenation Reactions

The role of ion-exchange resins (IERs) as catalysts or catalysts supports, in hydrogenation reactions is revised and their potential application is presented. Both gel-type and macroreticular, basic or acid, IERs have been used for manifold metal-catalyzed hydrogenation processes in gas and liquid phase, including hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls, arenes, nitroaromatics, and more. When available, qualitative relationships between the morphology and structure of resins and their performance as solid supports for metal catalysts are observed. Noble metals, such as Pt, Au, and Pd, and non-noble metals, such as Fe and Cu, have been introduced into IERs polymeric backbones by simple ion-exchange of a metal salt precursor with the resin, or by a combination of ion-exchange and other protocols, to obtain mono- and bimetallic catalysts supported on IERs. High yields towards target product, as well as the recyclability of metal-doped IERs, have been reported in the literature, with low metal leaching, which makes them highly interesting solid catalysts for a wide array of industrial applications. Multistep reaction processes, involving hydrogenation and hydration/cyclization/aldol condensation/etc., constitute promising applications due to the one-pot synthesis approach and relatively low temperatures required, which adds environmental interest in terms of process integration and optimization.

Microstructure of Heavy Oil Components and Mechanism of Influence on Viscosity of Heavy Oil.

The composition of heavy oil is complex, and it is difficult to develop the heavy oil due to its high viscosity and poor fluidity. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the viscous mechanism of heavy oil. In this paper, typical ordinary heavy oil, extra heavy oil, and super heavy oil samples were selected to study the microstructure of heavy oil components and the mechanism of influence on viscosity of heavy oil. The molecular weight, element composition, and polarity of each SARA (short for Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltene) component of heavy oil samples were measured and analyzed. The viscosity of heavy oil increases with the increase of the aggregate contents of resins and asphaltene. Resins and asphaltene in heavy oil have a high polarity, high heteroatomic content, and complex molecular structure, which are the key factors affecting the viscosity of heavy oil. On the basis of the experimental results, through simulation calculation and modeling, the microstructure and molecular formula of each component of different heavy oils are obtained, which provides a quantitative reference for revealing the viscosity mechanism of heavy oil. There is little difference in the elemental composition of resins and asphaltene, but the structure is very different and the difference in structure is the key factor leading to the difference in the properties of resins and asphaltene. The content and structure of resins and asphaltene in heavy oil are the key factors leading to the big difference in viscosity of heavy oils.

Efficient Toughening of DGEBA with a Bio-Based Protocatechuic Acid Derivative.

In this work, a bio-based epoxy resin, protocatechuic acid diester epoxy resin, (PDEP), was synthesized using protocatechuic acid. The structure and properties of PDEP have been characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared. After different contents of PDEP were added to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the modified epoxy resins were cured by 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). With the addition of a flexible long-chain bio-based monomer to improve toughness, the impact strength was 50 kJ·m-2 with only 5.0 wt % PDEP; compared with pure DGEBA, the impact strength was 27 kJ·m-2. Further, an increase in T g should be confirmed from the mechanical cross-linking density and rigidity group content. The single T g proved the homogeneous phase structure of the PDEP-cured resin. Morphology exhibiting the ductile fracture of the cured resin was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Overall, this work demonstrates the utilization of renewable protocatechuic acid as an effective modifier for epoxy resin, which reflects its potential application.

Bio-hyperbranched polyesters synthesized from citric acid and bio-polyols and applications on wood adhesives

Biomass-based adhesives have attracted extensive research interest in recent years as an effective alternative to formaldehyde-based adhesives which are non-renewable and harmful to human health. In this paper, citric acid-based hyperbranched polyester (HBPCA) resins were synthesized by green and simple strategy using natural citric acid (CA) and succinic anhydride (SA) as raw materials. Hyperbranched polyol (HBP) was prepared by nucleophilic addition reaction of SA with diethanolamine and later condensed with CA to produce HBPCA resins. The chemical structure of HBPCA resins was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The introduction of HBP enabled the resins to form a hyperbranched network cross-linked structure, which increased the cross-link density and thus prevented the intrusion of moisture. The results showed that HBPCA resin plywood has excellent adhesive strength and water resistance. The shear strength was 1.49 MPa and 1.47 MPa after immersion in hot water at 63 °C and boiling water at 93 °C for 3 h. The green and simple synthesis of HBPCA resins and their excellent properties provide a novel strategy for preparing biomass-based adhesives.

New insights into effect of the electrostatic properties on the interfacial behavior of asphaltene and resin: An experimental study of molecular structure

Regardless of many attempts to identify asphaltene and resin interfacial phenomena, the complexity of their molecular structure increases the uncertainty about their interfacial behavior. This study aims to examine the effect of physicochemical properties of asphaltenes and resins and the concentration and type of dissolved ions in the aqueous phase on the interfacial interactions. First, the molecular structure parameters of the examined asphaltene and resin were compared using FTIR-ATR and elemental analyses. These results illustrate that the resin molecules rapidly occupy the interface because of the lower relative molecular mass and size. Next, the electrostatic properties of asphaltene and resin molecules were studied via zeta potential and (Isoelectric point) IEP measurements. From the generated laboratory data, new indexes were developed to provide a new understanding of polar sites on their surfaces. We showed that the activity of negative polar sites on the asphaltene and resin structure was higher than positive sites, which confirms that the effect of cations is crucial in the interfacial mechanisms. The interfacial tension (IFT) and zeta potential of the resin and asphaltene fraction were measured in solutions with different concertation of the MgCl2, CaCl2, and Na2SO4. It was observed that the ability of Mg2+ to reduce the IFT of the resin was more than that for Ca2+. This behavior was vice versa for asphaltene fractions.

The effect of alkylation degree in hyperbranched polyester on modified heavy oil fluidity

As flow improvers (FIs) for Xinjiang heavy oil with a high content of resins, a series of hyperbranched polyesters with varying degrees of alkylation (FI-1 to FI-7) were synthesized from poly (propylene glycol) (PPG) with trimesic acid (TA) and different dosages of nonanoic acid (NA). Here, the effect of alkylation degree in the flow improver on modified heavy oil fluidity was investigated. Firstly, the evaluation test indicated that the performance of FI-3 was optimal with an appropriate dosage of alkylation modifier, and a rate of viscosity reduction of 56.16%. Supportingly, the chemical structures of three flow improvers with different alkylation degree were compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1HMR). Importantly, the results of Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) showed that FI-3 with an appropriate alkylation degree can better promote the solubility of resins in toluene. The results of simulating studies expounded that the interaction of FI-3 and resin clusters was more sufficient, which made the aggregation degree of resin clusters lower. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM), white-light interferometer and X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD) revealed that flow improvers can significantly impact the structure of resins. Collectively, this study make known that this type of hyperbranched polyesters with alkylated branched chains can inhibit the aggregation of resins to modified heavy oil fluidity. An appropriate alkylation degree could improve the performance by strengthening the synergistic effect of polar groups and lipophilic alkyl chains. This work has important implications for comprehending the interaction between amphiphile and heavy oil, which could be exploitable for modified polymers used as flow improvers.

Highly Branched Tannin-Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-Urea Wood Adhesives.

Condensed tannin copolymerized with hyperbranched tris(2-aminoethyl)amine-urea formed by amine-amido deamination yields a particleboard thermosetting adhesive without any aldehydes satisfying the requirements of relevant standards for the particleboard internal bond strength. The tannin-triamine-urea cures well at 180 °C, a relatively low temperature for today's particleboard hot pressing. As aldehydes were not used, the formaldehyde emission was found to be zero, not even in traces due to the heating of wood. The effect is ascribed to the presence of many reactive sites, such as amide, amino, and phenolic groups belonging to the three reagents used. The tannin appears to function as an additional cross-linking agent, almost a nucleating agent, for the triamine-urea hyperbranched oligomers. Chemical analysis by MALDI ToF and 13C NMR has shown that the predominant cross-linking reaction is that of the substitution of the tannin phenolic hydroxyls by the amino groups of the triamine. The reaction of tannin with the still-free amide groups of urea is rather rare, but it may occur with the rarer tannin flavonoid units in which the heterocyclic ring is opened. Due to the temperature gradient between the surfaces and the board core in the particleboard during hot pressing, the type and the relative balance of covalent and ionic bonds in the resin structure may differ in the surfaces and the board core.

Effects of Hygrothermal and Salt Mist Ageing on the Properties of Epoxy Resins and Their Composites.

Epoxy and epoxide composites have a wide range of outdoor applications wherein they are affected by ageing. In this study, epoxy casting plates and epoxy-based composite rods for use in overhead conductors were prepared. A concurrent investigation concerning the ageing of epoxy resins and their carbon fibre composites was carried out via artificially accelerated experiments under hygrothermal and salt mist conditions. The moisture penetration along the depth, water absorption, appearance, hardness, density of the epoxy resins, and variation patterns of the impact strength and tensile strength of the epoxy-based composites were investigated. The ageing mechanisms were explored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both ageing modes had essentially similar influences on the properties of the resins and their composites; moreover, they did not significantly affect the chemical structure and microstructure of the epoxy resin, with the physical adsorption of water primarily observed during the ageing process. The moisture absorption behaviour of the epoxy obeyed Fick's law. Although the water penetration rate in the salt mist ageing mode was slightly higher than that in the hygrothermal ageing mode during the early ageing stage, it was essentially the same during the later stage. The final moisture absorption rate at saturation was approximately 1.1% under both modes. The flexural strengths and impact strengths of the composites in both ageing modes followed a similar trend. They decreased gradually with the ageing time and then stabilized at almost the same value. The flexural strength was reduced from 803 MPa to 760 MPa and the impact strength from 383 J/m2 to 310 J/m2, indicating a decrease of approximately 5.4% and 19%, respectively. The absorbed water during the ageing process caused micro-cracks at the interface between the fibres and resin, weakening the interfacial strength and reducing the mechanical properties of the composites.

The Relationship between Structure and Performance of Different Polyimides Based on Molecular Simulations.

A polyimide (PI) molecular model was successfully constructed to compare the performance of PIs with different structures. In detail, the structure of the cross-linked PI resin, the prepolymer melt viscosity, and the glass-transition temperature (Tg) were investigated using molecular simulations. The results indicate that benzene ring and polyene-type cross-linked structures dominate the properties of the PIs. Moreover, the prepolymer melt viscosity simulations show that the 6FDA-APB and the ODPA-APB systems have a low viscosity. The results for the Tg and the distribution dihedral angle reveal that the key factor affecting bond flexibility may be the formation of a new dihedral angle after cross-linking, which affects the Tg. The above results provide an important reference for the design of PIs and have important value from the perspective of improving the efficiency of new product development.

Elimination of free fatty acid from palm oil by adsorption process using a strong base anion exchange resin

Deacidification is one of the important processes to obtain a suitable raw feedstock for the production of bio-transformer oil. This work proposed an alternative process for reducing the acidity of refined palm oil by adsorption of the free fatty acids (FFAs) using anion exchange resins (AER). The effect of the types of functional groups (tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium group) and the resin structure (gel and macroporous structure) of the commercially available resins were characterized and investigated for their adsorption ability. The adsorption kinetic and experimental conditions such as adsorption time, the moisture content in resin, and resin amount were studied. The gel-type strong-base anion exchange resins exhibited the best performance for the FFAs removal. This result suggests that the quaternary ammonium functional groups in the resin have a high dissociation capacity for anion exchange and the gel-type resins easily access by the FFAs molecules. The effect of types of functional groups is stronger than that of the resin structure. The adsorption mechanism mainly occurred via an ion exchange equilibrium rather than the hydrogen bond complex. The FFAs adsorption on the resins conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Under optimum conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, resin dosage of 0.4 wt%, and 8 h adsorption time), the Pall Tec PTA304 resin reduced the acidity in palm oil from 0.5 to 0.02 mg KOH/g with the adsorption capacity at the equilibrium of 589.5 mg/g, achieving approximately 95 % FFAs removal. The negative values of ΔGads0 and ΔHads0 demonstrated that the FFAs adsorption on the Pall Tec PTA304 resin was a spontaneous and exothermic process. This study provides an insight into the interactions between FFAs and anion exchange resins that is useful for further development of palm based bio-transformer oil.

Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Photoresponsive Epoxy Resin Containing Benzylidene Units in the Main Chain


 Abstract
 A photoresponsive epoxy resin containing benzylidene units in the main chain has been prepared from bis (4-hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone and epichlorohydrin using solution polycondensation method. The resulting compound possessed both the oxirane ring and benzylidene units. Thus, it has been highlighted in practical applications. The chemical structure of epoxy resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and (1H, 13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The photolysis via [2π + 2π] cycloaddition reaction of the epoxy resin in the chloroform solution was studied by the UV-irradiation (350 nm). The thermal properties results show that the resulting epoxy resin is stable until 350 °C and its glass transition temperature is about 140 °C, which they were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively, to demonstrate its potential in the industrial coatings. 
 

In Situ Encapsulation of Phase‐Change Thermal‐Storage Material using 3D Polymer‐Aided Cross‐Linked Porous Carbon

Phase‐change materials are of great interest in solving mismatch between energy supply and demand. However, the vulnerability of solid–liquid phase‐change materials to leakage during the phase‐change process limits their development and application in practice. Herein, the enhancement of the shape stability of phase‐change materials is achieved through an organic–inorganic composite. The mixture of phenolic resin and polyethylene glycol forms a homogeneous solution based on their excellent mutual solubility and is able to be adsorbed into the pores of the expanded graphite by means of a vacuum‐impregnation strategy. The 3D cross‐linked network structure of phenolic resin is formed within the pores of expanded graphite, enabling in situ encapsulation of polyethylene glycol. It is worth noting that the curing reaction of phenolic resin is able to be initiated by heating up without the addition of any curing agent and other auxiliary materials. A thermal conductivity enhancement of 20 times than that of polyethylene glycol is achieved along with a photothermal conversion efficiency of 63.72% and with a latent heat of 134.94 J g−1 without leakage.

Performance and characterization of phenol-formaldehyde resin with crude bio-oil by model compound method.

In order to clarify the effects of crude bio-oil for phenol-formaldehyde resin, the phenol-formaldehyde resin with bio-oil model compounds (BMPF) were prepared by model compound method. The bonding strength and aging resistance of BMPF were determined, and their microstructure and chemical bonds were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, respectively. The results showed that the components of crude bio-oil had various degrees of effects on the BMPF performance, and the most obvious one is the phenols. The phenols and the ketones of bio-oil had positive effects on the bonding strength. The ketones had the biggest effect on the surface smoothness of BMPF film. But all components of bio-oil could inordinately improve the aging resistance of BMPF. The structural analysis indicated that the effects of bio-oil components on the BMPF performance by changing the resin structure. The CH2 peak in FT-IR and the methylene bridges intensity in NMR of phenol-free BMPF and ketone-free BMPF were smaller, while the results of aldehyde-free BMPF and acid-free BMPF were opposite. And the influence degree of BMPF structure was basically consistent with that of BMPF performance. These results could provide a basis for the modification of phenol-formaldehyde resin by crude bio-oil.

One-pot preparation of inorganic-organic double-shell microcapsule with good barrier and mechanical property via photopolymerization

Microcapsule has been widely used for fabricating functional coatings. For practical application in coatings, an ideal microcapsule should possess outstanding barrier, thermal and mechanical properties simultaneously. In this paper, a series of double-shell hybrid microcapsule loaded with self-healing agent (linseed oil, LO) with outer inorganic SiO2 shell and inner UV-cured polymeric shell were successfully synthesized via photopolymerization. The obtained double-shell hybrid microcapsule was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The barrier properties, thermal stability and mechanical property of the microcapsules were investigated in detail. Via the adjustment of chemical structure of photo-curable resin and the crosslinking density, the core release of the microcapsule could be reduced to only 2.5 wt% after immersing in organic solvent for 48 h, suggesting the outstanding barrier properties of the double-shell microsphere. The double-shell hybrid microcapsules also possessed outstanding thermal stability, and its initial decomposition temperature increased by about 32 ℃ and 14 ℃ compared with that of mono-shell organic and inorganic microcapsules. Moreover, the Young's modulus and hardness of the double-shell hybrid microcapsules were thirty-fold and forty-fold that of mono-shell organic microcapsules, which proved their excellent mechanical property. And the prepared double-shell hybrid microcapsule could encapsulate LO stably for a long time to avoid its failure, which was successfully employed to the construction of self-healing coatings.

Varieties of Fossil Resins of the West Central Asia and Features of Their Molecular Structure

This article provides the first modern overview of fossil resin finds in West Central Asia – far beyond the traditional resin-bearing areas, both in Russia and in northern Western Europe. Based on little-known facts and random references scattered in the geological literature, the main locations of fossil resins have been revisited and described, and the level of their study has been assessed. Peculiarities of molecular structure of fossil resins of Priaralie using IR spectroscopy has been studied for the first time. It is shown that the resins of this region, previously described as amber (in modern understanding – succinite), are not such, but are represented by exclusively fragile varieties – retinite, gedanite and do not represent practical interest as jeweller raw material.

Synthesis of Cardanol-Based Acetaldehyde Novolac Resin from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)

Polymers are currently in the limelight. Phenolic resin is one of the polymer products obtained from the polymerization process, either from natural or synthetic sources. One of the natural compounds that can be applied to polymers is cardanol. This study aimed to synthesize cardanol-based acetaldehyde novolac resin from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). Isolation of cardanol from CNSL was done by liquid-liquid extraction method with acetone and purified by gravity column chromatography in a mixture of n-hexane and ethyl acetate in a ratio of 9:1. HPLC analysis showed that cardanol compounds had aliphatic chains with different levels of saturation and the yield was 18.48%. The cardanol-acetaldehyde novolac resin was synthesized through a condensation polymerization reaction with a cardanol-acetaldehyde mole ratio (1:0.5), using HCl as a catalyst. FTIR and 1H-NMR analysis were employed to identify the novolac resin structure. The product was a brownish-orange solid with a yield of 12.80 mg (40%) and followed ortho-ortho substitution. Cardanol is one of the natural phenol sources that might be utilized to manufacture novolac resins.

Characterization and its curing behaviors of rigid phenolic foams based on cardanol

Cardanol/phenol-based foaming resol resins were prepared successfully by reacting formaldehyde with cardanol/phenol. Phenolic foams were fabricated with the above foaming resol resin and certain foaming agents. Two kinds of resol resins were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheological analysis and Scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, the nonisothermal curing reactions of these resol resins were studied in detail using a dynamic Differential scanning calorimetry technique at a series of heating rates. The global activation energies of the reactions were determined with the Ozawa methods. The results indicated that the peak temperatures of the exothermic reactions and global activation energies of cardanol-based foaming resol resin were higher than those of phenol-based foaming resol resin, which indicated that the more complex molecular structure of cardanol-based foaming resol resin has a negative effect on the curing speed of resin.

Investigation of stress and tribological properties of dental composite materials using FEM

Performance of dental materials is influenced by the abrasion and wear qualities of the materials in contact. Despite major advancements in dental materials over the previous few decades, restorative materials, particularly composite resins, continue to wear out. Wear resistance is directly influenced by several composite resin composition and structure characteristics. The focus of this research is to explore the tribological properties of two commercially available dental composite materials using ANSYS software (Tetric N-Ceram and Z350 Dentin Shade). In the experiment, a simple tribo-system that complies with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) G99 is utilised, consisting of a cylinder-shaped pin that can be deformed, rotating around a disc under wet conditions. A comparison of Z350 dentin shade and Tetric n Ceram simulations for the same load and simulation time revealed that the former material had greater wear resistance. Simulation results showed that as the stress on the pin increases, wear for both materials increases, which is supported by experiment data from the pin-on-disc tribometer setup.