Structure Of Muscle Tissue Research Articles

Construction of Engineered Muscle Tissue Consisting of Myotube Bundles in a Collagen Gel Matrix

Tissue engineering methods that aim to mimic the hierarchical structure of skeletal muscle tissue have been widely developed due to utilities in various fields of biology, including regenerative medicine, food technology, and soft robotics. Most methods have aimed to reproduce the microscopical morphology of skeletal muscles, such as the orientation of myotubes and the sarcomere structure, and there is still a need to develop a method to reproduce the macroscopical morphology. Therefore, in this study, we aim to establish a method to reproduce the macroscopic morphology of skeletal muscle by constructing an engineered muscle tissue (EMT) by culturing embryonic chicken myoblast-like cells that are unidirectionally aligned in collagen hydrogels with micro-channels (i.e., MCCG). Whole mount fluorescent imaging of the EMT showed that the myotubes were unidirectionally aligned and that they were bundled in the collagen gel matrix. The myotubes contracted in response to periodic electrostimulations with a frequency range of 0.5-2.0 Hz, but not at 5.0 Hz. Compression tests of the EMT showed that the EMT had anisotropic elasticity. In addition, by measuring the relaxation moduli of the EMTs, an anisotropy of relaxation strengths was observed. The observed anisotropies could be attributed to differences in maturation and connectivity of myotubes in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the long axis of the micro-channels of the MCCG.

H. Birta, Yu. Burgu, Z. Rachynska, N. Hnitii HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PIG MUSCLES

The histostructure of the muscle tissue of pigs is interrelated with the quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity of animals. The quality of meat largely depends on the structure of muscle tissue, and this indicator is considered one of the breed characteristics. The ratio of muscle tissues in animals of different breeds, their crossbreeds and hybrids makes it possible to use these data as an additional criterion in assessing the quality of meat. Animals of different directions of productivity in the same age period give pork of different morphological composition and quality. Not only the amount of fat in the muscle tissue, but also the diffuseness of its distribution is important for the qualitative characteristics of meat. The aim of the work was to study the histological indicators of the longest back muscle of pigs of different performance directions during purebred breeding and crossbreeding. The results of studies of histological indicators of the longest back muscle of pigs of different productivity indicate the fundamental similarity of their structure. The differences come down to a different ratio between the connective tissue component of the muscle, adipose tissue and muscle fibers.

H. Birta, Yu. Burgu, Z. Rachynska, N. Hnitii HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PIG MUSCLES

The histostructure of the muscle tissue of pigs is interrelated with the quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity of animals. The quality of meat largely depends on the structure of muscle tissue, and this indicator is considered one of the breed characteristics. The ratio of muscle tissues in animals of different breeds, their crossbreeds and hybrids makes it possible to use these data as an additional criterion in assessing the quality of meat. Animals of different directions of productivity in the same age period give pork of different morphological composition and quality. Not only the amount of fat in the muscle tissue, but also the diffuseness of its distribution is important for the qualitative characteristics of meat. The aim of the work was to study the histological indicators of the longest back muscle of pigs of different performance directions during purebred breeding and crossbreeding. The results of studies of histological indicators of the longest back muscle of pigs of different productivity indicate the fundamental similarity of their structure. The differences come down to a different ratio between the connective tissue component of the muscle, adipose tissue and muscle fibers.

Влияние кормовой добавки на основе растительных экстрактов на гематологические показатели и структурное оформление скелетной мускулатуры цыплят-бройлеров

The materials of studies of the effect of the phytobiotic biostimulator «Aferr» (production of SIBAF LLC, Novosibirsk) in the composition of diets on the micromorphological organization of muscle tissue and hematological parameters of broiler chickens of the «Cobb-500» cross are presented. The issues related to changes in biochemical parameters of blood serum and histological structure of muscle fibers of the superficial pectoral muscle of birds reared for 42 days are considered The feed additive used to a certain extent affects the micromorphometric parameters of the skeletal muscles of the studied birds, depending on the dosage used. According to most of the studied parameters characterizing the structure of muscle tissue, such as the thickness (diameter) of muscle fibers, their bundles, perimysium, endomysium, the experimental group receiving a lower dosage was ahead of the control group and the group receiving a higher dosage of phytobiotic. The study showed the ambiguity of the results of the use of phytobiotics in relation to zootechnical indicators, hematology results and in relation to histostructures of the superficial pectoral muscles of the studied groups of birds. The information obtained can be used by specialists in breeding poultry and in assessing the productive qualities of poultry when improving production technologies.

Особенности строения поверхностной грудной мышцы на 14-е сутки эмбриогенеза у кур пород брама и орловская ситцевая

The micromorphological organization of the superficial pectoral muscle in 14-day-old embryos of Brama chickens (meat direction of productivity) and Orlovskaya sitcevaya (egg direction of productivity) is shown. According to most of the studied indicators characterizing the structure of muscle tissue, such as the thickness (diameter) of muscle fibers, their bundles, perimisium, as well as the total area of muscle tissue, Brama is ahead of the Orlovskaya sitcevaya. The exception is the thickness of the endomysium and the number of muscle fibers in the field of view of the microscope in the superficial pectoral muscle. The study of myogenesis in chickens of meat and egg productivity allows us to form the concept of structural features of the muscles of individual breeds and crosses in separate stages of the development of the organism. The information obtained can be used by breeders in breeding poultry and in assessing the productive qualities of poultry while improving production technologies.

Preparation of functional fiber hybrid enhanced high strength and multifunctional protein based adhesive

Protein based adhesive is limited by poor mechanical properties and water resistance. Inspired by the structure of muscle tissue, a complex structure of layered double hydroxide (LDH) anchored chicken feather fiber (CFF) and tannic acid (TA) was constructed by self-assembly process, forming a novel organic–inorganic hybrid reinforcement structure (CFF-LDH-TA). CFF-LDH-TA was closely combined with soybean meal (SM) through covalent and hydrogen bond multiple interactions. TA simulated the function of connective tissue around fibers, significantly improving the cohesion of SM based adhesive through effective energy dissipation and load transfer. Due to the increased crosslinking density, the dry and wet shear strengths of SM/CFF-LDH-TA reached 2.12 and 1.60 MPa, respectively, which were 50 % and 214 % higher than original SM adhesive, and significantly exceeded the strength of several commercialized formaldehyde adhesives. The existence of bridging effect and sacrificial structure improved toughness of the adhesive, the work of adhesion increased by 802 %, reached 830 mJ. In addition, the SM/CFF-LDH-TA adhesive had better anti-mold and flame retardant ability. More importantly, the cost was lower than the commercial SM based adhesive. This simple and green preparation method provided a new strategy for the production of high-performance, multifunctional and economically effective SM based adhesive.

Characterization of flesh firmness and ease of separation in the fermentation of sea bass in terms of protein structure, texture, and muscle tissue structural changes

This study aims to investigate the reasons for the firmness of fish flesh and the easy separation of fish flesh after curing and fermentation processing of fermented sea bass (FSB) under pressure (approximately 0.02 kg/cm2). Herein, we analyzed fish texture, protein structure, and muscle tissue structure. Results suggest that from the RW (fresh sea bass) to the FS6 (sea bass spontaneously fermented at 6–8 °C for 6 day) processing stage, the increase in hardness and chewiness resulted in firm FSB flesh. The space between the FSB muscle fibers increased and holes appeared in the muscle fiber structure of the FSB. After curing and fermentation of FSB, the stable β-sheet content in the secondary structure of fish meat protein was reduced from 17.1 % to 0 % and converted to an unstable β-turn structure (increased from 36.5 % to 69.5 %). The decrease in the collagen content of the FSB flesh resulted in unstable fish tissue structure. In addition, the FSB myofibrils broke down. Pressure and curing dehydration play a key role in the firmness and easy separation of FSB meat. This study provides a reference for high-value utilization of fermented fish.

DEEP PECTORAL MYOPATHY IN BROILER CHICKEN OBTAINED FROM SUPERMARKET - CASE REPORT, LITERATURE REVIEW AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES

The fast growth rates in commercially reared chickens could lead to the changes in their muscle tissue structure and cause breast muscle myopathies, including deep pectoral myopathy (DPM). The incidence of DPM depends on various factors including rearing conditions, age, sex, weight and genetic strain. The aims of the present paper were to report a case of DPM in broiler chickens bought in a supermarket and review important information regarding this disease from the available literature, especially its effect on meat quality parameters and consumer preferences.

PENGARUH LAMA MENGAJAR MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA LAPTOP TERHADAP TERJADINYA MYOFACIAL PAIN SINDROME REGIO UPPER BACK MUSCLES PADA DOSEN IKEST MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG


 Background: Myofascial pain syndrome (MTPS) is a condition with many collections of signs and symptoms caused by damage to the structure of fascia and muscle tissue. Some of the signs and symptoms include trigger points in the hyperirritated muscle region and hypersensitivity to the link bands in muscles with myofascial pain syndrome, which will feel painful when pressed, and there are specific characteristics, namely Referred Pain, Motor Dysfunction, and Autonomic Phenomena. . Purpose : This study aims to determine the effect of teaching time using laptop media on Myofascial pain syndrome Upper back muscles at IKesT Muhammadiyah Palembang lecturers. Methods: The research was conducted observationally using the Cross Sectional (Chi Square) analytic method with a Point Time Approach design. Results: The results of the study obtained p value = 0.004 it can be concluded that the difference in the proportion of the incidence of teaching time using a laptop on the occurrence of MTPS complaints. The conclusion of this research is that there is a relationship between the length of time teaching using a laptop to the occurrence of Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Recommendations for this research can be continued with research with treatment of respondents
 
 
 Keywords: Long Teaching Time, Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Elemental Composition of Skeletal Muscle Fibres Studied with Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (SR-XRF).

Diseases of the muscle tissue, particularly those disorders which result from the pathology of individual muscle cells, are often called myopathies. The diversity of the content of individual cells is of interest with regard to their role in both biochemical mechanisms and the structure of muscle tissue itself. These studies focus on the preliminary analysis of the differences that may occur between diseased tissues and tissues that have been recognised as a reference group. To do so, 13 samples of biopsied human muscle tissues were studied: 3 diagnosed as dystrophies, 6 as (non-dystrophic) myopathy and 4 regarded as references. From these sets of muscle biopsies, 135 completely measured muscle fibres were separated altogether, which were subjected to investigations using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF). Muscle fibres were analysed in terms of the composition of elements such as Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, S and Zn. The performed statistical tests indicate that all three groups (dystrophies—D; myopathies—M; references—R) show statistically significant differences in their elemental compositions, and the greatest impact, according to the multivariate discriminate analysis (MDA), comes from elements such as Ca, Cu, K, Cl and S.

Microfluidic generation of helical micromotors for muscle tissue engineering

Building units play an important and critical role in muscle tissue engineering, which has aroused increasing attention in recent decades. The current muscle units are suffering from over-simplified constructions and complicated fabrication approaches. Thus, we proposed a kind of helical micromotor with the technique of microfluidics to build tissue constructions for muscle tissue engineering. The desired micromotors were achieved by encapsulating muscle cells together with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) in helical microfibers with biocompatible materials. The helical structures and encapsulated Fe3O4 NPs imparted micromotors with the capacity of advancing in rotation under magnetic fields; while biocompatible components made it possible for cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. By adjusting the intensity of magnetic fields, the helical pitch of microfibers, or/and the concentration of Fe3O4 NPs, the movement speed of the achieved micromotors could be changed correspondingly. Benefiting from the controllable movement and sufficient cell cultivation, the generated micromotors were capable of assembling together to form a cell mass construction in a relatively safe and convenient environment. Furtherly, fibroblasts could be cultured on the surface of the assembled cell units to achieve complex muscle tissue structures, which would be more similar to in vivo tissue units. These characteristics indicated that the desired helical micromotors had a great application prospect in tissue regeneration, artificial muscle, cell cultured meat and other fields.

Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai causes myotoxicity through the metalloprotease component of venom

Jellyfish envenomation is a common medical problem in many countries. However, the myotoxicity and effector molecules of scyphozoan venoms remain uninvestigated. Here, we present the myotoxicity of nematocyst venom from Nemopilema nomurai (NnNV), a giant venomous scyphozoan from China, for the first time, using in vivo models with inhibitors. NnNV was able to induce remarkable myotoxicity including significant muscle swelling, increasing the content of CK and LDH in serum, stimulating inflammation of muscle tissue, and destroying the structure of muscle tissue. In addition, the metalloproteinase inhibitors BMT and EDTA significantly reduced the myotoxicity induced by NnNV. Moreover, BMT and EDTA could decrease the inflammatory stimulation and necrosis of muscle tissue caused by the venom. These observations suggest that the metalloproteinase components of NnNV make a considerable contribution to myotoxicity. This study contributes to understanding the effector molecules of muscle injury caused by jellyfish stings and suggests a new idea for the treatment of scyphozoan envenomation.

Label-free based proteomics revealed the specific changes of muscle proteins in pike eel (Muraenesox cinereus) under cold stress.

Chemical- and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based proteomics strategies were executed to investigate the alterations of protein profiles in pike eel (Muraenesox cinereus) muscle during chilling (CPE) and frozen (FPE) storage. Chemical results indicated that springiness and myofibrillar protein (MP) content of muscle tissues decreased significantly during 6days of chilled and 120days of frozen storage. LC-MS-based proteomics analysis suggested that great alterations occurred in muscle proteins mainly induced by cold stress. The differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) with low abundances in CPE and FPE samples included the annexins, fibronectin, ribosomal proteins, T-complex proteins, tubulin beta chain, and histones, which were mostly associated with the membrane structural constituents, cytoskeleton, and binding functional proteins. Results of eukaryotic cluster of orthologous group (KOG) verified that these identified DAPs were mainly converged in the cytoskeleton function resulting from cold conditions, which in turn affected the physical structure and chemical performances of muscle tissues.

Nandrolone supplementation does not improve functional recovery in an aged animal model of volumetric muscle loss injury.

Aging hinders the effectiveness of regenerative medicine strategies targeting the repair of volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury. Anabolic steroids have been shown to improve several factors which contribute to the age-related decline in muscle's regenerative capacity. In this study, the impact of exogenous nandrolone decanoate (ND) administration on the effectiveness of a VML regenerative repair strategy was explored using an aged animal model. Unilateral tibialis anterior VML injuries were repaired in 18-month-aged animal models (male Fischer 344 rat) using decellularized human skeletal muscle scaffolds supplemented with autologous minced muscle. The contralateral limb was left untreated/uninjured. Following repair, ND(+) or a carrier control (ND-) was delivered via weekly injection for a period of 8weeks. At 8weeks, muscle isometric torque, gene expression, and tissue structure were assessed. ND(+) treatment did not improve contractile torque recovery following VML repair when compared to carrier only ND(-) injection controls. Peak isometric torque in the ND(+) VML repair group remained significantly below contralateral uninjured control values (4.69±1.18vs. 7.46±1.53N mm/kg) and was statistically indistinguishable from carrier only ND(-) VML repair controls (4.47±1.18N mm/kg). Gene expression for key myogenic genes (Pax7, MyoD, MyoG, IGF-1) were not significantly elevated in response to ND injection, suggesting continued age related myogenic impairment even in the presence of ND(+) treatment. ND injection did reduce the histological appearance of fibrosis at the site of VML repair, and increased expression of the collagen III gene, suggesting some positive effects on repair site matrix regulation. Overall, the results presented in this study suggest that a decline in regenerative capacity with aging may present an obstacle to regenerative medicine strategies targeting VML injury and that the delivery of anabolic stimuli via ND administration was unable to overcome this decline.

Evaluation of the result of total knee replacement in various arthritic condition of knee

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of the arthritis and is a leading cause of disability in older adults. The management of knee arthritis depends upon severity of arthritis. It starts from conservative management in earlier stage and goes upto the total knee replacement (TKR) in severely advance stage. TKR is an operation to restore pain-free motion to a joint, muscle, ligament, and other soft tissue structures that control joint. The goal of total knee arthroplasty is as simple as to relieve pain, provide motion, maintain stability, and simultaneously correcting deformity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate pain, mobility, stability after TKR in arthritis and to evaluate functional outcome. Materials and Methods: The case material for present study was selected from the out patient Department of Orthopaedics, S.N. Medical College and Hospital, Agra. Each patient would be subjected to detailed clinical history and examination and necessary radiological and pathological investigation. Data was collected by interviews, observation of clinical and radiological findings and assessment of function done using knee society knee score (having 100 points). Results: In this study, evaluation of 10 total knee arthroplasty was performed in S.N. Medical College and Hospital, Agra. In our study most of cases (70%) have age ≥60 years and most of (70%) cases are female in whom TKR was performed. The pre-operative ROM at knee were between 51⁰ and 80⁰ in all the cases (100%). But post-operative after 6 months all the cases have their range of motion between 91⁰ and 110⁰. Maximum number of the cases (80%) have moderate continuous pain at knee before the operation and rest 20% have moderate occasional pain at their knee preoperatively. After the operation, maximum number of cases (90%) have no pain or mild occasional pain after the operation. Maximum number of cases (90%) have ≥30⁰ increase in their range of motion, after operation. Similarly after TKR, there is an increase in post-operative functional knee scores at 6 months (86.5%) as compared preoperative scores (21%). Though there is an initial fall (16.5%) in the functional score in initial 15 days after operation, it then starts increasing at 1 month and ultimately at 6 month. Conclusions: Total knee arthroplasty should definitely be performed over 60 years of age having pain at knee not responding to analgesics with or without any significant deformity at knee. As we found that is no or occasional pain with good range of movement after 6 month of operation so that patient satisfaction level is very high. But large number of patient and ling follow-up is required for long-term result.

The Effectiveness Combination of Maggot with Commercial Feed on Growth, Structure of Intestine and Skeletal Muscle Mutiara Catfish

Maggot (Black soldier fly larvae) as an alternative source of protein on feed can increase fish productivity. The research aims to study maggot flour as an alternative source of protein in feed on the growth, structure of the intestine organs and skeletal muscles of Mutiara catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). The research used 144 Mutiara catfish that were kept for 21 days. The research used a completely randomized design consisting of 4 groups, namely 0% maggot in feed (Control), 25% maggot in feed (P1), 50% maggot in feed (P2), 75% maggot in feed (P3). The parameters consist of the growth, the structure of intestine and skeletal muscle of Mutiara catfish. Growth observations consist of measurements of the absolute length and weight of the fish. Intestine observations consisted of length and weight, as well as tissue structure consisting of villi height, crypt depth, villi / crypt ratio and villi area area. Skeletal muscle observations consist of muscle weight and tissue structure consisting of the diameter and area of muscle fibers. Data analysis was performed with one-way anova, followed by the Duncan Test. The results showed that 75% maggot feed gave significant results on absolute weight, structure of intestine and muscle organs compared to other treatments (P <0.05). The absolute length did not provide a significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05). The conclusion shows that 75% maggot feed can be used as an alternative source of feed protein because it can increase the growth, structure of the intestine organs and skeletal muscles of the Mutiara catfish.

Effects of apple polyphenols and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes on the oxidation of myofibrillar proteins and microstructures in lamb during frozen storage

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion complexes (ICs) on the oxidative stability of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and microstructures in lamb during frozen storage. The inclusion process between apple polyphenols (APs) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and the antioxidant activity of APs. Results showed that the sensitivity of MPs to oxidation improved after 40 weeks. The ICs (0.2–1.6 mg/mL) significantly reduced the carbonyl content, particle size aggregation, protein degradation, fluorescence quenching effect, and decreased the α-helix contents loss of MPs. Additionally, the changes in protein oxidation showed a correlation with the microstructure of muscles, and the addition of 1.6 mg/mL IC remarkably improved the structure of muscle tissues while that of 3.2 mg/mL IC was detrimental to the structural properties. Overall, the exertion of antioxidant activity significantly influenced the cryoprotective effect of ICs on frozen lamb meat.

A Bioprinting Process Supplemented with In Situ Electrical Stimulation Directly Induces Significant Myotube Formation and Myogenesis (Adv. Funct. Mater. 51/2021)

Bioprinting In article number 2105170, In-Bo Han, Geun Hyung Kim, and co-workers propose a bioprinting process, in situ electrical stimulation-enforced printing, and the approach is used to successfully align muscle tissue structures. The in situ stimulated adipose stem cells in the constructs fully remodel, restoring myofibers and muscle function with accelerated innervation/vascularization in the VML model. The biofabrication method could provide valuable insights into the current directions of 3D bioprinting.

Stem Cell and Macrophage Roles in Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine.

In severe muscle injury, skeletal muscle tissue structure and functionality can be repaired through the involvement of several cell types, such as muscle stem cells, and innate immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms behind muscle tissue regeneration, homeostasis, and plasticity are still under investigation, and the discovery of pathways and cell types involved in muscle repair can open the way for novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies involving stem cells and peripheral blood mononucleate cells. Indeed, peripheral cell infusions are a new therapy for muscle healing, likely because autologous peripheral blood infusion at the site of injury might enhance innate immune responses, especially those driven by macrophages. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on functions of stem cells and macrophages in skeletal muscle repairs and their roles as components of a promising cell-based therapies for muscle repair and regeneration.

Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation by Topologically Microgrooved Surfaces for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering.

Inspired by the natural topological structure of skeletal muscle tissue, the topological surface construction of bionic scaffolds for skeletal muscle repair has attracted great interest. Many previous studies have focused on the effects of the topological structure on myoblasts. However, these studies used only specific repeating sizes and shapes to achieve the myoblast alignment and myotube formation; moreover, the regulatory effects of the size of a topological structure on myogenic differentiation are often neglected, leading to a lack of guidance for the design of scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. In this study, we fabricated a series of microgroove topographies with various widths and depths via a combination of soft lithography and melt-casting and studied their effects on the behaviors of skeletal muscle cells, especially myogenic differentiation, in detail. Microgrooved poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) substrates were found to effectively regulate the proliferation, myogenic differentiation, and myotube formation of C2C12 cells, and the degree of myogenic differentiation was significantly dependent on signals in response to the size of the microgroove structure. Compared with their depth, the width of the microgroove structures can more strongly affect the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells, and the degree of myoblast differentiation was enhanced with increasing groove width. Microgroove structures with relatively large groove widths and small groove depths promoted the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. In addition, the integrin-mediated focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway were activated in cells in response to the external topological structure, and the size of the topological structure of the material surface effectively regulated the degree of the cellular response to the external topological structure. These results can guide the design of scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering and the construction of effective bionic scaffold surfaces for skeletal muscle regeneration.