Structure Of Elementary Particles Research Articles

Structure, classification, and conformal symmetry of elementary particles over non-archimedean space-time

It is well known that at distances shorter than Planck length, no length measurements are possible. The Volovich hypothesis asserts that at sub-Planckian distances and times, spacetime itself has a non-Archimedean geometry. We discuss the structure of elementary particles, their classification, and their conformal symmetry under this hypothesis. Specifically, we investigate the projective representations of the p-adic Poincaré and Galilean groups, using a new variant of the Mackey machine for projective unitary representations of semidirect products of locally compact and second countable (lcsc) groups. We construct the conformal spacetime over p-adic fields and discuss the imbedding of the p-adic Poincaré group into the p-adic conformal group. Finally, we show that the massive and the so called eventually masssive particles of the Poincaré group do not have conformal symmetry. The whole picture bears a close resemblance to what happens over the field of real numbers, but with some significant variations.

Physical interpretation of a curvilinear space with torsion

An extension of the general theory of relativity which makes it possible to incorporate into the geometric scheme the classical electromagnetic field based on the four-dimensional curvilinear metric space with torsion is proposed. This scheme is used to determine the structure of elementary particles, viewed as the characteristic states of the curvilinear space. The equations describing these states are derived, and the static spherically symmetric solution for the gravitational and electric fields that can be regarded as a stable single-particle state is found. It is shown that in order to describe correctly the structure of a stable elementary particle the magnetic field must be taken into account.

On the Nature of Superweak Energy Interactions

The work discloses the physical meaning of the "information" notion in terms of the laws of energy and matter conservation. It is proved that any material system represents a specifically organized photon ensemble (constellation), whereas information interactions represent low-energy metabolic processes changing the state of the system. It is shown that the energy atomic spectrum does not include the full energy minimum; hence, there exists natural and regular transformation of atoms of chemical elements to elementary particles, and vice versa. In conditions of gravitational collapse, relativistic structures of elementary particles disappear from the electromagnetic field of vision (but not from gravitational field of vision). The potential energy of an elementary particle in conditions of gravitational collapse is adequate to the temperature of materialization of "Higgs massless fields" of the grand unified theory. In this connection, this work discloses the concept of the unified matter theory, alternative to the unified field theory.

Composite Structure and Causality

We study the question of whether a composite structure of elementary particles, with a length scale 1/Λ, can leave observable effects of non-locality and causality violation at higher energies (but ≲Λ). We formulate a model-independent approach based on Bogoliubov-Shirkov formulation of causality. We analyze the relation between the fundamental theory (of finer constituents) and the derived theory (of composite particles). We assume that the fundamental theory is causal and formulate a condition which must be fulfilled for the derived theory to be causal. We analyze the condition and exhibit possibilities which fulfil and which violate the condition. We make comments on how causality violating amplitudes can arise.

Congenital Programs of the Behavior as the Unique Basis of the Brain Activity

The problem of adaptation of an organism to varying environmental conditions has been considered. It has been shown that an organism cannot learn if aprioristic information about an object is absent. The entire behavior of an organism is controlled by congenital programs. New programs of behavior do not appear during the lifetime of an organism. At the same time, the estimated quantity of information necessary for control of an organism shows that genes cannot contain all this information (the problem of the number of links between neurons and the problem of the number of antibodies). Models were proposed for the behavior control of organisms, in which the stores of the congenital information are (1) the complex internal structure of elementary particles and (2) conformational degrees of freedom of proteins (not coded by genes). In the first case, a particle may represent a quantum computer with many degrees of freedom. According to this model, biologically important molecules (DNA, nucleotides, and proteins) can change their state under the control of internal degrees of freedom of an elementary particle.

Generalized Lagrangians and Spinning Particles

We show that the spin structure of elementary particles can be naturally described by the generalized Ostrogradskii Lagrangians depending on higher-order derivatives. One component of a spin is related to the rotation of a particle and the other one, caused by the dependence of a Lagrangian on the acceleration, is known as a zitterbewegung component of spin.

What Should Sociology Look Like in the (Near) Future?

I've taken the editors' question seriously and literally. What should sociology look like? What form should it take? what it should be about, what topics we should be discussing, what problems addressing. None of that, just what it ought to look like. When I told Barbara Risman that I was going to take this approach, she correctly anticipated the first part of my answer. Not like a standard journal article, right? Right. The highly ritualized, formulaic journal article is an incredible impediment to thought and communication. These articles are written to satisfy an evergrowing list of increasingly complicated and arcane requirements: Mention all the right references, use the most up-to-date methods, link what you've done up to the approved canon of Big Thinkers, and so on. Since articles are almost always read by several readers and since editors have, for the most part and because of the scrutiny of the boards who appoint them, given up exercising independent editorial judgment, authors reasonably and ritualistically seek to satisfy all the complaints of all the readers. This almost endless task of revise and resubmit'' is usually impossible, and the result looks like it. But that's a common complaint, if not in print then certainly in the halls of conventions and departments. Its solution lies in the reform of the organizations in which articles get read and accepted or rejected, not in teaching sociologists more about writing. I won't pursue this further, but merely leave its implementation to the oppressed. I'm more interested in sociologists' avoidance of a multitude of other ways to communicate what we know or tKink we know the ways that are not the standard journal article. I have a number of recommendations, all of which go toward expanding the range of what sociologists do when they present their results, and suggesting other ways that sociology could, therefore, look. To start with, the visual. One of the marks of an advanced science is the use of photographic and cinematic methods of recording and analyzing data. I don't say that to be cute. It's obvious. Astronomers, for instance, work by making photographs of the sky. Nuclear physicists photograph the collisions that take place in particle accelerators and inspect those images for traces of the unusual events that give them clues to the structure of elementary particles. Biologists rely on photographs made through the electron microscope for their data and evidence. The social sciences have lagged behind the natural sciences in the use of visual materials. For a long time, sociologists viewed visual imagery as the mark of a reformist perspective that, they were taught, was not real science. Real scientists were objective and unsentimental, and photographs seemed to make people sympathetic to the (usually) down-and-out folks contained in the images found in the great social surveys of the early twentieth century, and even in the early volumes of the American Journal of Sociology. A brave band of sociologists, organized as the International Visual Sociology Association, have tried to counter this retrograde anti-visual tendency in sociology. Though their members have produced some wonderful work, and continued to put out the International Visual Sociology Review, they have not influenced the practices of most of the ASA membership. What's so good about visual materials for sociologists? For one thing, photographs, more aptly than words, display social phenomena in context. (Of course, they can be manipulated easily to get rid of context, and photojournalists often strive for that, but it's not built in. ) Displaying context visually can have important empirical and theoretical consequences. Here's a homely example: One of the students in a summer workshop on documentary photography I taught, wanting to combine her work for the course with tending her small children, decided to photograph the of at the beach. She complained that adults' legs kept getting in the way of her attempts to isolate the children's interactions. We finally decided that this apparently unavoidable contextual feature was not a problem. It was a finding: that small children do not, in our society and in that social class, have an independent society. They are always under the surveillance of adults, whose legs therefore always appear in photographs of the of children.

Extended wave-particle description of longitudinal photons

On the basis of the two-wave particle model, the nonlinear wave hypothesis and the tachyonic theory of elementary particle structure, the propagation of electromagnetic fields in phase-locked cavities and waveguides has been investigated. It is shown that in a pull-phase-locked cavity, a Doppler-shifted radiation may be considered as a nonlinear system of time-like and space-like waves which lock to form the plane photo-like wave. In the particle picture, it may be interpreted as photon conversion into a system composed of both bradyonic and tachyonic components which trap each other in a relativistically invariant way. The considerations are extended to include the case of radiation transmitted inside waveguides. The relativistic mechanics and field description of longitudinal massive photons associated with trapped radiation have been developed. The time-like Proca wave equation and its space-like counterpart are derived.

Maximal acceleration, maximal angular velocity, and causal influence

The upper bounds to acceleration and angular velocity which are suggested by quantum gravitational effects are described, together with the relativistic bound to velocity, by means of a cone ℐ+ in the Lie algebra of the Poincare group. The connection between these bounds and the existence of a minimal measurable length (of the order of Planck's length) is illustrated by means of a simple model. The geometric properties of the cone ℐ+ and of other related structures are examined in some detail. The new geometric background requires some modifications of the concepts of causal influence and of spacetime coincidence, which are analyzed and shown to lead to some nonlocal features of the theory. Due to the smallness of Planck's length, these modifications to the causal relations cannot be observed by means of available experimental methods, but they could have some influence on the structure of elementary particles and on the very early cosmology.

On the gravitational structure of elementary particles

Gravitational Bags are spherically symmetric solutions of higher dimensional Kaluza-Klein (K-K) theories, where the compact dimensions become very large near the center of the geometry, although they are small elsewhere. K-K excitations become therefore very light when located near the center of this geometry and this appears to affect drastically the naive tower of masses spectrum of K-K theories. In the context of string theories, string excitations can be enclosed by Gravitational Bags, making them not only lighter, but also localized as observed by somebody who does not probe the central regions. Strings however can still have divergent sizes, as quantum mechanics seems to demand, since the extra dimensions blow up at the center of the geometry.

Structure of elementary particles in a nonlinear field theory

Characteristics of nonlinear gauge-invariant singularity-free field theories of elementary particles are discussed. It is shown that the electromagnetic field, in conjunction with a scalar field which is required for gauge invariance, provides a potential mechanism for the creation of the spin and magnetic moment of the particle, in addition to its mass and charge.

Hyperfine interactions as clues to the structure of elementary particles

The history of hyperfine interactions in hadron physics is reviewed. The recent treatment of hyperfine splittings in meson spectroscopy by Frank and O'Donnell is generalized and applied to baryons as well as mesons by the use of techniques developed for treating hyperfine interactions in atomic physics. New relations between meson and baryon mass splittings are obtained following from the assumption that mesons and baryons are made of the same quarks and have the same color hyperfine interactions at the quark level, with corrections due to color factors and differences between baryon and meson wave functions.

Events as fundamental entities in physics

Bergson and Whitehead have proposed a point of view where events rather than particles are fundamental entities. We follow this point of view as developed further by Capek and by Stapp by suggesting a framework in which fundamental events are taken to be point-like entities which interact with other fundamental events. Different kinds of fundamental events are to be distinguished by the rules of interaction. Examples of simple rules of interaction are given which lead to propagating patterns of events that can be interpreted as particles. The particles exhibit a wave structure and possess invariants, quantum numbers and quarklike constituents. They can react with each other and decay to form other particles, including antiparticles. A relativistic space-time co-ordinate system appears to be a natural way of organizing the event pattern. We argue that this kind of framework can provide a basis for unifying the concepts of quantum mechanics, elementary-particle structure and relativity.

Geometrical aspects of magnetic monopoles

The possible topological structures of elementary particles have been investigated to explore the possibility of the existence of magnetic monopoles. It is pointed out that when an elementary charged particle is depicted as an extended body such that the orientation of the internal space (“internal helicity”) defines the fermion number, the global conservation of this does not allow the existence of a magnetic monopole. Again it is argued that when anisotropy is introduced in the microlocal space-time depicting the internal space of hadrons, this gives rise to the internal symmetry algebra and no non-Abelian gauge fields and Higgs scalars are necessary to have a grand unified scheme of interactions. This avoids theSU2 and GUT monopoles. Besides, in this formalism, baryon number corresponds to the orientation or internal helicity of the composite system and the global conservation of this quantum number is found to be a consequence of Lorentz invariance. This forbids the existence of any sort of cosmological monopole in this Lorentz invariant Universe.

A report on high-energy physics

A report on high-energy physics

Covariant chronogeometry and extreme distances. III. Macro-micro relations

A theory is proposed that provides a coherent, concise, and nonparametric analysis of major features of the fundamental physical structure of the universe, from micro- to macroscopic. In particular it indicates that gravity is essentially the transform of the aggregate of the basic microscopic forces under conformal inversion, and not a specific force in irself. The theory also suggests a natural form for elementary particle structure that implies a nonparametric cosmological effect and indicates an intrinsic hierarchy among the microscopic forces.

Structure of elementary particles and relationships between the different forces of nature

CONTENTS Classification of elementary particles and the composite quark model. Gauge theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking and unified description of weak and electromagnetic interactions.

Stroenie elementarnykh chastits i svyazi mezhdu razlichnymi silami prirody

Stroenie elementarnykh chastits i svyazi mezhdu razlichnymi silami prirody

The Second Class Current and Structure of Elementary Particles

We examine what is required for the structure of elementary particles by the second class nucleonic currents which was recently discovered by Sugimoto et al. The experiment strongly suggests that the quark has a radius of a few tenth of fermi and the partons are constituents of quarks. We discuss briefly a possible internal structure of the quark.

The theory of rest-mass quantisation

The general relativity concept of density-dependent space-curvature and the mass-energy relation of special relativity indicate a rest-mass quantisation rule which makes it possible to account for the interconversion of mass and energy in a simple manner and obtain the known quantum postulates as corollaries, thereby throwing new light on the nature of matter and radiation, the uncertainty principle, and the structure of elementary particles.