Electricity Generation Structure Research Articles

The assessment of the Bostanliq district (Uzbekistan Republic) based on the wind energy potential

The idea of achieving energy security and lowering the dependence on the global hydrocarbon market is at the top of the agenda in many countries. Most of them consider switching from traditional energy sources to renewable ones as one of the ways to reduce fuel import. This concept absolutely conforms to one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Goal no. 7, “Affordable and Clean Energy”). In May 2019, the Government of Uzbekistan Republic adopted the law on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). By 2030, Uzbekistan is going to increase the share of RES in the total structure of electricity generation up to 25 % (currently it is at 10 %), by building solar and wind farms with a total installed capacity of 5,000 MW and 3,000 MW, respectively. The energy-deficient Bostanliq district of the Tashkent region has become one of the places of interest, where transport infrastructure, recreation services, and renewable energy will be developed. The purpose of this study was a multivariate analysis, considering the meteorological, ecological, and socio-economic characteristics of the Bostanliq district, leading to the selection of the optimal location for the wind farm. The assessment map based on the results of this analysis made it possible to identify areas that are most suitable for the location of wind power plants. The assessment method, that was used in this work, is also applicable to other regions of the world.

ROAD MAP FOR CREATION OF NEW ENERGY NETWORKS USING SMART TECHNOLOGIES AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

Today large amounts of energy resources are needed to meet public needs. In the era of industrialization, when the solution of production problems, and the functioning of households was due to the active extraction of the Earth's interior, the level of reserves of non-renewable resources has decreased significantly, which led to the deterioration of the ecological state of the planet. This situation encourages the search for and transition to the energy production, which is based on a alternative sources as norms of social life. A promising direction to achieve this goal is the widespread introduction of smart grids. The article explores the idea, principles and components that are part of the structure of smart systems. The advantages of their introduction into the energy sphere of a country's economy are also highlighted. To study the prospects for renewal of the energy sector and productive implementation of intelligent technologies, it is necessary to study the experience of other countries on this issue. The index of energy infrastructure functionality was chosen as a criterion when measuring energy efficiency indicators. Among the list of countries, most leaders have high economic development and the right choice of resources, which was the reason for success. Despite the potential and need, the use of renewable resources in the creation of energy causes an increase in the amplitude of fluctuations in voltage levels and increase the probability of differences. The solution to this problem will be the use of smart meters. A number of countries have already decided to the introduction of this technology. A necessary element of the effective implementation of the experience of countries is the creation of the necessary conditions to change some points in energy policy. A key element in the development of smart grids should be the road map, which is a normative document with a set of actions, processes and stakeholders to agree on strategic and tactical components. The use of road maps is quite common and has certain advantages. The paper highlights the roadmap for the creation of smart energy networks in Ukraine, which was developed taking into account certain restrictions existing within the country. The problems that may arise in the implementation of this plan are indicated. Based on the planned structure of electricity generation for 2021, proposed by the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine, the sources of electricity production were considered and the factors. A promising way of development is the use and implementation of technologies used in the creation of smart energy supply networks.

Improved electricity generation, coulombic efficiency and microbial community structure of microbial fuel cells using sodium citrate as an effective additive

Cost-effective and easy-to-operate optimization strategies are always crucial for accelerating the practical application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, sodium citrate, a widely-used food and industrial additive with the properties of pH adjustment and microbial degradability, is applied as anolyte additive in MFCs to enhance the bioelectricity generation. The maximum power density and coulombic efficiency of MFC with 0.2 g L−1 sodium citrate addition (0.2-Cit MFC) is achieved as 784.05 mW m−2 and 56.17% respectively, increasing by 58.33% and 64.38% compared with that of the MFC without sodium citrate addition (0-Cit MFC). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and pH tests performed in each MFC cycle show that adding sodium citrate significantly improves the biocatalytic activity of anode, slows down the performance decline tendency and restrains the sharply-dropped pH as the operation cycle increases. Besides, microbial community analysis reveals that the electroactive biofilm in 0.2-Cit MFC has the obviously higher population abundance and diversity than that in 0-Cit MFC. This finding is important in that sodium citrate as the bi-functional and bio-degradable additive can help stimulate the activity of bioanode and regulate the pH in biofilm region simultaneously without causing secondary pollution.

Structure of electric power generation from different resources in Russia

The article is devoted to the research of the structure of electricity generation by different resources on the territory of Russia. The article describes the impact of the development of the energy industry on the economy and welfare of the country as a whole. The types of energy resources needed for generating various types of energy are considered. An overview of the current state of Russia’s energy balance is performed. Also considered is the degree of use in the fuel and energy complex of both non-renewable energy sources, which are traditional energy, and renewable sources that develop the direction of alternative energy, which aims to reduce the harmful impact on the environment. The analysis of the use of energy resources directly in the manufacture of electricity identified the share of use of each type of energy resource and comparison performed a number of advantages and disadvantages in the use of these resources.

ELECTRIC POWER AS A FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

The article is devoted to the study of the characteristics and role of the Russian electric power industry in the national economy in comparison with the countries of the world. The materials provide an empirical comprehensive analysis of the performance indicators of the electric power industry sectors in the context of the countries of the world, with the identification of Russia's place in the world electric power balance. The information base of the study was the parameters of electricity consumption and the volume of gross domestic product of various countries of the world, as well as the characteristics of the structure of electricity production and consumption. The methods of analysis and synthesis, mathematical and statistical analysis were used. Based on the indicators of the electric intensity of the gross domestic product and electricity consumption per capita, a comparative assessment of the characteristics of the energy efficiency of Russia is carried out in comparison with various countries of the world. The materials provide a comparative analysis of the indicators of the structure of electricity generation by type of sources, as well as by type of fossil fuel used, with the identification of characteristics of electricity production in Russia. Based on the analysis, the author draws conclusions about the main advantages of the electric power complex of Russia over the countries of the world, as well as about the advantages existing over electricity consumers operating within the country. The analysis made it possible to develop recommendations on the general directions of the implementation of the policy in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of electricity consumption on the scale of the Russian economy.

Economic Efficiency of the Spread of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources in Russia

Climate policy is becoming an important component of the global economic dynamics. The set of climate change control measures is wide but is predominantly reduced to an increased share of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RESs). For Russia, these measures are rational in terms of СО2 reduction; however, they lead to worsening of the macroeconomic indicators. The higher material intensity of low-carbon technologies ensures increased output, but their common drawback is the critical need for additional imports. In addition, the shift to RESs in the electricity generation structure will entail income shortfalls from the sale of our own natural gas or coal within the Russian economy. This distinguishes Russia fundamentally from countries that import hydrocarbon energy resources, because RESs for them are a way to economize on fuel purchases from external markets.

Sulfate-containing wastewater treatment, electricity generation and community structure in an anaerobic fluidized bed–microbial fuel cell

Sulfate-containing wastewater treatment, electricity generation and community structure in an anaerobic fluidized bed–microbial fuel cell

Changes in the Structure of Electricity Generation in Poland in View of the EU Climate Package

The fuel mix of electricity generation in Poland is currently based predominantly on solid fuels. In addition, the generation power base is outdated. Many of the generating units are inefficient, uneconomic, and do not comply ecological standards, so they should be withdrawn from use in the near future. Poland, which consumes approximately 170 TWh of electricity, needs to determine the direction of the further development of the energy sector. The concepts of covering domestic demand for electricity were outlined by the government in the draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040, where it was pointed out that the most important pillars of the Energy Policy should be the following: The energy security of the country, competitiveness, and the improvement of the energy efficiency of the economy, as well as limiting the impact on the environment. The article presents the current state of the Polish power sector and the directional changes planned by the government in the area of new capacities for the power industry. The authors present a critical evaluation of this document indicating the opportunities and threats in the area of its implementation. In contrast to many European countries, the Polish government is not considering coal phase-out.

EU Carbon Emissions Market Development and Its Impact on Penetration of Renewables in the Power Sector

This paper focuses on the analysis of the EU carbon trading scheme and its impacts on regional power system development and penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). The aim of the article is to analyze the forecasts of carbon dioxide (EUA) prices for the years 2019–2030 and to apply the results of this forecast in regional power system planning. The data employed in this paper come from many sources, including empirical data of the selected analytical companies, such as Thomson Reuters among others. The current low prices for carbon dioxide emission rights do not encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, in particular carbon dioxide, and do not have a significant impact on the penetration of renewables. This paper presents the results of two scenarios (for 2021 and 2030) developed after the analysis of the EUA price impact on penetration of renewable energy sources in West-Pomeranian region assuming different electricity production and the EUA price forecasts. The results of two regional energy development scenarios run for 2021 and 2030 indicate changes in the structure of renewables in West-Pomeranian region. The results also show that the increase of EUA price has a significant impact on the increase of costs for power production and increase of unit cost of the installed 1GWh. In addition, the forecasted EUA price in 2030 is 3% lower as compared with 2021, which has its impact on the increased share of electricity produced by co-firing biomass with other fossil—from 42% to 68% in the electricity generation structure of West-Pomeranian region.

On directions of improving the energy efficiency in Russia

AnnotationThe paper analyzes the structure of the energy balance of the Russian Federation for power systems, draws conclusions on the impact of HPPs in the structure of electricity generation on the price of electricity for ultimate customers. The influence of the construction of new hydropower stations on the development of waterways is considered.

Analysis of the change impact in the share of generation from HPPs in the structure of the unified power system energy balance to residential tariff

AnnotationThe paper analyzes the structure of the energy balance of the Russian Federation for power systems, draws conclusions on the impact of HPPs in the structure of electricity generation on the price of electricity for ultimate customers. The influence of the construction of new hydropower stations on the development of waterways is considered.

CUSTOMER EMPOWERMENT STRATEGY AND SHAPING MARKETS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

A large number of energy companies in the world today a faced with global transformative trends which devastatingly affect their business results. Therefore, energy companies in the world were very slow in investing and adopting renewable energy sources and become significantly overcapacitated by coal and gas fired power plants which are now unprofitabile due to low marginal costs of renewables and their priority dispatching into a power system. Also increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the structure of electricity generation, the decline in primary energy prices (fossil fuels) the stagnation of consuption and the surplus of supply in relation to electricity demand caused a drop in wholesale electricity prices by half compared to 2008. Furthemore, the operation of coal fired power plants is burdened with carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, there has been a significant reduction in revenues, falling stock values andthe collapse of credit rating of many energy companies in the world. This article analyzes the implementation of the strategy of empowering customers and shaping markets that the E.ON Group has carried out as a „response“ to global transformative trends in the energy market environment by which the former company was divided into two less dynamic and more focused companies into a new or conventional energy world. This strengthens the competitiveness of all previous business activities due to stronger focus on the development of necessary skills and process. Furthemore, from on investor perspective it has been shown that the risk profiles associated with conventional energy production differ from those related to the „new“ energy world, ie the activities covered by the business portfolio of the E.ON Group, and the activities covered by the business portfolio of the Uniper Group attract different types of investors.

Characterization of electricity generation and microbial community structure over long-term operation of a microbial fuel cell

In this study, a continuous-flow microbial fuel cell (MFC) system was constructed to treat azo dye wastewater for 400 days. The electrical properties of the MFC after 400-day operation and the removal efficiencies of the MFC after long- and short-term operation were analyzed with respect to co-substrate concentrations. The power output of the MFC system decreased from 586 to 330 mV with increasing operating time, and the removal efficiencies of the MFC remained stable after long-term operation in comparison to those after short-term operation, even when the co-substrate concentration was reduced. Analysis of the degradation products showed that products generated from long-term operation of the MFC were present at low concentrations. The microbial community analysis revealed that the relative abundance of microorganisms related to the degradation of organics in the MFC increased after long-term operation, and microorganisms related to electricity generation decreased.

Determinants of changes in electricity generation intensity among different power sectors

This study analyzes the determinants of changes in electricity generation intensity in China and further uncovers the reasons for the differences between the changes in electricity generation intensity in the thermal and sustainable power sectors. By developing a factorial-intertemporal nested decomposition technique using the refined Laspeyres index, we demonstrate the contributions of electricity generation structure, electricity generation-to-consumption ratio, production electricity consumption intensity, residential electricity consumption intensity, and electricity consumption loss intensity effects. Although the electricity generation intensity of the thermal power sector has been lower than that of the sustainable power sector, the latter has declined remarkably and has remained the key sector driving the overall changes in electricity generation intensity. Meanwhile, the effect of electricity consumption intensity is the main factor that reduces electricity generation intensity. Moreover, the impact of production electricity consumption intensity in the thermal power sector exceeds its impact in the sustainable power sector. Ultimately, we find that the differences between the changes in electricity generation intensity in the thermal and sustainable power sectors are mainly due to their differences in production electricity consumption intensity.

Model of medium-term forecasting of energy mix in Poland

The paper presents analyses based on data published by ARE S.A. (Energy Market Agency) concerning the balance and structure of electricity generation. The data include monthly amount of energy generated by main activity power plants (thermal, hydropower and wind), independent power producers and industrial combined heat and power plants. The forecasting method based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) provides a tool for making a short-term forecast of electricity generation, together with its structure, by means of which it is possible to analyze the energy mix. The results of estimation and verification of the above-mentioned model are presented as well as selected forecast results.

The economic and environmental impact analysis of replacing fossil energy with electricity in Guangxi—based on Input-Output model

The implementation of replacing fossil energy with electricity is an effective measure to prevent and control haze, and it plays an extremely important role in realizing the sustainable development of the economy. Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd. responds positively to the national call and proposes to promote the implementation of electricity substitution in Guangxi during the 13th Five-Year. This policy can reduce both the environmental pollution and Guangxi’s dependence on foreign fossil energy. Based on the plan of Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd., the effects of electricity substitution implementation are studied in this paper by using 2012 Input-Output (IO) table of Guangxi. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. electricity price increment will affect the prices of other sectors, CPI and GDP deflator, which means that the electricity sector occupies an important position in Guangxi’s economy; 2. electricity substitution reduces the use of coal and oil indeed, but the electricity generation structure has been dominated by thermal power so far, so the consumption of electricity still implies certain environmental costs.

Functional Features of National Thermal Power Plantsunder Sustainable Development Conditions

The paper is devoted to analysis of functional peculiarities of thermal power plants in Ukraine. In the course of the study, key determinants of the sustainable development of domestic electricity generation were identified in the context of transition to a new market model. The preconditions of activation and support of the sustainable development concept implementation process in the modern business practice of the energy sector enterprises within the Ukrainian economy are outlined. The theoretical and practical bases for ensuring the sustainable development of energy in relation to other United Nations Declarations of Sustainable Development are indicated. The comparative estimation of the efficiency level of state policy in scope of energy independence and resource conservation with the use of a complex indicator of GDP energy intensity is given. On the basis of international and domestic statistical data the dynamics of volumes of electricity production in Ukraine for the period of 1990-2017 as well as the structure of electricity generation by type of generation were analyzed. The dynamics of electric power generation in Ukraine by types of raw materials was presented in complex with the dynamics of coal consumption and production for the corresponding period. The peculiarities of thermal power plants functioning in comparison with other power generating enterprises in modern conditions are specified. The key element of Ukraine’s energy independence – the volume of proven coal reserves – is a prerequisite for the efficient functioning of domestic thermal power plants. The pricing features in the sphere of electricity production and sales are outlined, in particular, the structure of market rate and the price of electricity sales by producers to the Wholesale Market are presented. The significance of the innovation factor in the process of improving the efficiency of thermal power plants functioning has been substantiated, taking into account the economic, social and environmental aspects of their production and economic activity.

The Polish power industry in energy transformation process

The article presents the present state of the electricity sector and the hard coal mining sector in Poland. Priorities for the future structure of electricity generation have been determined in the context of trends in the EU climate policy. Poland has significant reserves of coal, which will be used to produce electricity in order to secure the country’s energy security and to make use of indigenous resources. Despite the current economic and financial difficulties of mining entities, the government has declared its support for hard coal mining industry. This is due to the fact that enormous investment outlays, exceeding the financial capabilities of the energy sector and the country, would be needed in order to fundamentally change the fuel structure of the sector. Due to the fact that coal-fired power plants, which now account for more than 46% of all power generation capacity, are deeply decapitalized and do not meet the EU emission requirements, the possibility of upgrading the existing units in order to improve their generation efficiency and extend their service life for the next several dozen years is explored. The Polish energy transition towards a low-carbon economy is largely based on energy-saving ideas and efforts to increase the energy efficiency. There has also been a great increase in the production of renewable energy, especially wind power, which, however, is the reason for problems with the stability of power grids and the balance of supply and demand. The development of renewable energy sources used in local energy clusters is the preferred option. The presented scenarios have not yet been confirmed in the official documents of the Polish government. The government faces the task of building the long-term energy policy and energy transformation strategy that should take into account internal and external determinants and priorities. At the same time, it is important to negotiate the path of development that is consistent with the direction of the changes proposed by the European Union and takes into account the capabilities of Poland.

A type-2 fuzzy chance-constrained programming method for planning Shanghai’s energy system

In this study, a type-2 fuzzy chance-constrained programming (TFCP) method is developed for supporting energy systems planning (ESP) under uncertainty. TFCP incorporates chance-constrained programming within a type-2 fuzzy programming framework to handle uncertainties (i.e. type-2 fuzzy sets and probabilistic distributions) in the objective and constraints, as well as to examine the reliability of satisfying (or risk of violating) system constraints. A TFCP-based energy system (TFCP-ES) model is then formulated for energy systems planning of Shanghai, where multi-energy resources, multi-processing technologies, multi-conversion technologies and multi-end users are considered. Solutions of energy supply, electricity generation, capacity expansion, and air-pollutant emission associated with different constraint-violation risks are obtained. Results reveal that (i) natural gas is one of the major energy-supply sources for the city in the future (increasing by 13.0%); (ii) the city’s electricity-generation structure tends to the transition from coal-dominated into clean energy-dominated (e.g., natural gas, onshore wind, offshore wind, and photovoltaic power); (iii) the city’s energy-supply security is enhanced by provoking the utilization of renewable energies (increasing by 1.0%). The results are helpful for managers to adjust the city’s current energy structure, enhance the energy supply security, as well as make tradeoff between system cost and constraint-violation risk.

Change in the structure of electricity generation in the USA, China, Japan and the EU, and a forecast of electricity consumption

Change in the structure of electricity generation in the USA, China, Japan and the EU, and a forecast of electricity consumption