Structure Of Accretion Disk Research Articles

Discovery and characterization of ZTF J0112+5827: An 80.9-minute polar with strong cyclotron features

A new X-ray Cataclysmic variable (CV) candidate exhibits distinct light-curve characteristics in the ZTF's g, r, and i bands. The paper includes the optical identification and multiwavelength analysis of this CV candidate. This work aims to determine if a previously identified CV candidate, ZTF J0112+5827, is a polar system by examining its X-ray and cyclotron radiation characteristics. We characterized the X-ray emission of ZTF J0112+5827 using the ROSAT observations. The gri-band optical light curves were obtained from the Zwicky Transient Facility. After two nights of time-domain spectroscopic observations with the Palomar 200-inch telescope, we mapped the accretion structures using Doppler tomography. ZTF J0112+5827 exhibits an orbital period of 80.9 minutes, determined from the ZTF light curves, and an average X-ray flux of $(68.4 ± 15.7) $ erg s^-1 cm^-2 in the 0.1–2.4 keV range. It shows an ellipsoidal-like variability curve in the g band, with two prominent humps around phases of ∼0.0 and ∼0.7 in the i and r bands. In the spectra corresponding to these phases, a redward-increasing power-law continuum appears, which is accompanied by prominent features of cyclotron emission humps. Emission lines of He II and Balmer series were observed. The magnetic field strength of ZTF J0112+5827 was determined from the cyclotron harmonics. Its tomography map revealed the presence of accretion streams, but there was no evidence of an accretion disk structure. The line-of-sight velocity of the Balmer emission was measured at about 500 km s^-1, the majority of which was contributed by accretion streams and accretion spots. Our result confirms that ZTF J0112+5827 is a polar system. It contains a magnetic white dwarf with a magnetic field strength of $ 38.7_ MG$.

Fast and Flexible Inference Framework for Continuum Reverberation Mapping Using Simulation-based Inference with Deep Learning

Continuum reverberation mapping (CRM) of active galactic nuclei (AGN) monitors multiwavelength variability signatures to constrain accretion disk structure and supermassive black hole (SMBH) properties. The upcoming Vera Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time will survey tens of millions of AGN over the next decade, with thousands of AGN monitored with almost daily cadence in the deep drilling fields. However, existing CRM methodologies often require long computation time and are not designed to handle such large amounts of data. In this paper, we present a fast and flexible inference framework for CRM using simulation-based inference (SBI) with deep learning to estimate SMBH properties from AGN light curves. We use a long short-term memory summary network to reduce the high dimensionality of the light curve data and then use a neural density estimator to estimate the posterior of SMBH parameters. Using simulated light curves, we find SBI can produce more accurate SMBH parameter estimation with 103–105 times speed up in inference efficiency compared to traditional methods. The SBI framework is particularly suitable for wide-field CRM surveys as the light curves will have identical observing patterns, which can be incorporated into the SBI simulation. We explore the performance of our SBI model on light curves with irregular-sampled, realistic observing cadence and alternative variability characteristics to demonstrate the flexibility and limitation of the SBI framework.

GRMHD Simulations of Accretion Structures with Different Angular Momentum Profiles

In this article, we explore the dynamics of accretion structures encircling spherically symmetric black holes, comparing three accretion disk models with distinct angular momentum profiles: (i) the geometrically thin Keplerian disk, (ii) the Fishbone–Moncrief torus; and (iii) the Polish Doughnut. Employing general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations with the High Accuracy Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics code, we investigate these three models, considering the magnetic field’s influence on the accretion disk angular momentum redistribution. We show that the magnetic field is a key factor in accretion disk structures, especially in regions with lower mass density. Our investigation verifies the well-established fact that the presence of a magnetic field significantly influences the accretion rate and its temporal variability.

The bright black hole X-ray binary 4U 1543–47 during the 2021 outburst: A thick accretion disk inflated by high luminosity

The black hole X-ray binary source 4U 1543–47 experienced a super-Eddington outburst in 2021, reaching a peak flux of up to ∼1.96 × 10−7 erg cm−2 s−1 (∼8.2 Crab) in the 2−10 keV band. Soon after the outburst began, it rapidly transitioned into the soft state. Our goal is to understand how the accretion disk structure deviates from a standard thin disk when the accretion rate is near Eddington. To do so, we analyzed spectra obtained from quasi-simultaneous observations conducted by the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT), the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift). These spectra are well fitted by a model comprising a disk, a weak corona, and a reflection component. We suggest that the reflection component is caused by disk self-irradiation, that is by photons emitted from the inner disk that return to the accretion disk surface as their trajectories are bent by the strong gravity field. In this scenario, the best-fitting parameters imply that the reflected flux represents more than half of the total flux. Using general relativistic ray-tracing simulations, we show that this scenario is viable when the disk becomes geometrically thick, with a funnel-like shape, as the accretion rate is near or above the Eddington limit. In the specific case of 4U 1543–47, an angle ≳45 deg between the disk surface and the equatorial plane can explain the required amount of self-irradiation.

Simulating X-Ray Reverberation in the Ultraviolet-emitting Regions of Active Galactic Nuclei Accretion Disks with Three-dimensional Multifrequency Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) light curves observed with different wave bands show that the variability in longer wavelength bands lags the variability in shorter wavelength bands. Measuring these lags, or reverberation mapping, is used to measure the radial temperature profile and extent of AGN disks, typically with a reprocessing model that assumes X-rays are the main driver of the variability in other wavelength bands. To demonstrate how this reprocessing works with realistic accretion disk structures, we use 3D local shearing box multifrequency radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations to model the UV-emitting region of an AGN disk, which is unstable to the magnetorotational instability and convection. At the same time, we inject hard X-rays (>1 keV) into the simulation box to study the effects of X-ray irradiation on the local properties of the turbulence and the resulting variability of the emitted UV light curve. We find that disk turbulence is sufficient to drive intrinsic variability in emitted UV light curves and that a damped random walk model is a good fit to this UV light curve for timescales >5 days. Meanwhile, X-ray irradiation has negligible impact on the power spectrum of the emitted UV light curve. Furthermore, the injected X-ray and emitted UV light curves are only correlated if there is X-ray variability on timescales >1 day, in which case we find a correlation coefficient r = 0.34. These results suggest that if the opacity for hard X-rays is scattering dominated as in the standard disk model, hard X-rays are not the main driver of reverberation signals.

FORGE'd in FIRE: Resolving the End of Star Formation and Structure of AGN Accretion Disks from Cosmological Initial Conditions

FORGE'd in FIRE: Resolving the End of Star Formation and Structure of AGN Accretion Disks from Cosmological Initial Conditions

Evolution of accretion disk structure of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 during the rebrightening phase

Abstract To understand the evolution of global accretion disk structure in the “rebrightening” phase of MAXI J1820+070, we perform a comprehensive analysis of its near infrared/optical/UV to X-ray spectral energy distribution (SED) utilizing data obtained by OISTER, Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO), Swift, NICER, and NuSTAR in 2019. Optical spectra observed with Seimei telescope in 2019 and 2020 are also analyzed. On the basis of the optical and X-ray light curves and their flux ratios, we divide the whole phase into three periods, Periods I (flux rise), II (decay), and III (dim). In the first two periods, the source stayed in the low/hard state (LHS), where the X-ray (0.3–30 keV) and optical/UV SED can both be fitted with power-law models. We interpret that the X-ray emission arises from hot corona via Comptonization, whereas the optical/UV flux is dominated by synchrotron radiation from the jets, with a partial contribution from the irradiated disk. The optical/UV power-law component smoothly connects to a simultaneous radio flux, supporting its jet origin. Balmer line profiles in the optical spectra indicate that the inner radius of an irradiated disk slightly decreased from ∼2 × 105rg (Period I) to ∼1 × 105rg (Period II), where rg is the gravitational radius, implying a change of the hot corona geometry. In Period III, the SED can be reproduced by an advection-dominated accretion flow and jet emission. However, the double-peaked Hα emission line indicates that a cool disk remained at large radii.

Exploring the AGN Accretion Disks Using Continuum Reverberation Mapping

In the innermost regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), matter is understood to be flowing onto the Supermassive black hole (SMBH), which forms an accretion disk. This disk is responsible for the optical/UV continuum emission observed in the spectra of AGN. Reverberation Mapping of the accretion disk using multiple bands can yield the structure of the disk. The emission is expected to be of the black body type peaking at different wavelengths. Hence, depending on the temperature of the disk, continuous, simultaneous monitoring in multiple wavelength ranges to cover hotter inner regions and cooler outer regions can yield the structure and temperature profile of the accretion disk itself. In this study, we present initial results from our accretion disk reverberation mapping campaign targeting AGN with Super High Eddington Accreting Black Holes (SEAMBH). Our analysis on one of the sources, IRAS 04416+1215, based on the broadband observations using the Growth India telescope (GIT), reveals that the size of the accretion disk for this source, calculated by cross-correlating the continuum light curves is larger than expected from the theoretical model. We fit the light curves directly using the thin disk model available in JAVELIN and find that the disk sizes are approximately four times larger than expected from the Shakura Sunyaev (SS) disk model. Further studies are needed to understand better the structure and physics of AGN accretion disks and their role in the evolution of galaxies.

Solution of AGN accretion disk structure across a wide range of parameter space

Through the study of astrophysical accretion disks, considering the central role of angular momentum transport and energy conservation in determining the structure and evolution of accretion flow, we have constructed a comprehensive set of descriptions for the structure of accretion disks around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The equation sets take into account various possible situations (gas pressure dominance, radiation pressure dominance, different heat production mechanisms, especially considering the latest research results on the turbulent heat production mechanism caused by gravity instability, etc.). By solving this system of equations, we give a general solution that covers multiple regions of a black hole's accretion disk. This will become an important tool for the community to effectively study other physical processes in the disk (such as the birth and evolution of stars, the diffusion of heavy elements, and the dynamical interactions of compact objects embedded in the disk).

An empirical connection between line-emitting regions and X-rays heating the accretion disc in BH-LMXB MAXI J1820+070

ABSTRACT The recurring transient outbursts in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) provide ideal laboratories to study the accretion process. Unlike their supermassive relatives, LMXBs are far too small and distant to be imaged directly. Fortunately, phase-resolved spectroscopy can provide an alternative diagnostic to study their highly complex, time-dependent accretion discs. The primary spectral signature of LMXBs are strong, disc-formed emission lines detected at optical wavelengths. The shape, profile, and appearance/disappearance of these lines change throughout a binary orbit, and thus, can be used to trace how matter in these discs behaves and evolves over time. By combining a Swift multiwavelength monitoring campaign, phase-resolved spectroscopy from the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) and Liverpool Telescope, and modern astrotomography techniques, we find a clear empirical connection between the line emitting regions and physical properties of the X-rays heating the disc in the black hole LMXB MAXI J1820+070 during its 2018 outburst. In this paper, we show how these empirical correlations can be used as an effective observational tool for understanding the geometry and structure of a LMXB accretion disc and present further evidence for an irradiation-driven warped accretion disc present in this system.

The period bouncer system SDSS J105754.25+275947.5: First radial velocity study

Abstract We report the first radial velocity spectroscopic study of the eclipsing period bouncer SDSS J105754.25+275947.5. Together with eclipse light curve modeling, we redetermined the system parameters and studied the accretion disk structure. We confirm that the system contains a white dwarf with MWD = 0.83(3) M⊙ and an effective temperature of 11 500(400) K. The mass of the secondary is M2 = 0.056 M⊙ with an effective temperature of T2 = 2100 K or below. The system inclination is i = 84$fdg$3(6). The data is in good agreement with our determination of K1 = 33(4) km s−1. We estimate the mass transfer rate as $\dot{M}=1.9(2)\times 10^{-11}$M⊙yr −1. Based on an analysis of the SDSS and OSIRIS spectra, we conclude that the optical continuum is formed predominantly by the radiation from the white dwarf. The contribution of the accretion disk is low and originates from the outer part of the disk. The Balmer emission lines are formed in a plasma with log N0 = 12.7 [cm−1] and a kinetic temperature of T∼ 10,000 K. The size of the disk, where the emission lines are formed, expands up to Rd, out = 0.29 R⊙. The inner part of the emission line forming region goes down to Rd, in ≈ 2RWD . The Doppler tomography and trailed spectra shows the presence of a hot spot and a clumpy structure in the disk, with variable intensity along the disk position angle. There is an extended region at the side opposite the hot spot with two bright clumps caused more probably by non-Keplerian motion there.

Negative Lags on the Viscous Timescale in Quasar Photometry and Prospects for Detecting More with LSST

The variability of quasar light curves can be used to study the structure of quasar accretion disks. For example, continuum reverberation mapping uses delays between variability in short and long wavelength bands (short lags) to measure the radial extent and temperature profile of the disk. Recently, a potential reverse lag, where variations in shorter wavelength bands lag the longer wavelength bands at the much longer viscous timescale, was detected for Fairall 9. Inspired by this detection, we derive a timescale for these long negative lags from fluctuation propagation models and recent simulations. We use this timescale to forecast our ability to detect long lags using the Vera Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). After exploring several methods, including the interpolated cross-correlation function, a Von-Neumann estimator, javelin, and a maximum-likelihood Fourier method, we find that our two main methods, javelin and the maximum-likelihood method, can together detect long lags of up to several hundred days in mock LSST light curves. Our methods work best on proposed LSST cadences with long season lengths, but can also work for the current baseline LSST cadence, especially if we add observations from other optical telescopes during seasonal gaps. We find that LSST has the potential to detect dozens to hundreds of additional long lags. Detecting these long lags can teach us about the vertical structure of quasar disks and how it scales with different quasar properties.

A Negative Long Lag from the Optical to the UV Continuum in Fairall 9

We report the detection of a long-timescale negative lag, where the blue bands lag the red bands, in the nearby Seyfert 1 galaxy Fairall 9, with two independent methods. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) light curves show variability over a wide range of timescales. By measuring time lags between different wavelengths, the otherwise inaccessible structure and kinematics of the accretion disk can be studied. One common approach, reverberation mapping, quantifies the continuum and line lags moving outward through the disk at the light-travel time, revealing the size and temperature profile of the disk. Inspired by numerical simulations, we expect longer lags to exist in AGN light curves that travel inward on longer timescales, tracing the accretion process itself. By analyzing AGN light curves in both temporal and frequency space, we report the detection of long-timescale lags (∼−70 days) in Fairall 9 that propagate in the opposite direction to the reverberation lag. The short continuum lag (<10 days) is also detected and is consistent with reverberation lags reported in the literature. When fitting the longer lag as a function of frequency with a model motivated by the thin disk model, we find that the disk scale height likely increases outward in the disk. This detection raises the exciting prospect of mapping accretion disk structures across a wide range of AGN parameters.

Density streams in the disc winds of Classical T Tauri stars

ABSTRACT Spectral and photometric variability of the Classical T Tauri stars RY Tau and SU Aur from 2013 to 2022 is analysed. We find that in SU Aur the H α line’s flux at radial velocity RV = −50 ± 7 km s−1 varies with a period P = 255 ± 5 d. A similar effect previously discovered in RY Tau is confirmed with these new data: P = 21.6 d at RV = −95 ± 5 km s. In both stars, the radial velocity of these variations, the period, and the mass of the star turn out to be related by Kepler’s law, suggesting structural features on the disc plane orbiting at radii of 0.2 au in RY Tau and 0.9 au in SU Aur, respectively. Both stars have a large inclination of the accretion disc to the line of sight – so that the line of sight passes through the region of the disc wind. We propose there is an azimuthal asymmetry in the disc wind, presumably in the form of ‘density streams,’ caused by substructures of the accretion disc surface. These streams cannot dissipate until they go beyond the Alfven surface in the disc’s magnetic field. These findings open up the possibility to learn about the structure of the inner accretion disc of CTTS on scales less than 1 au and to reveal the orbital distances related to the planet’s formation.

Analysis of accretion disc structure and stability using open code for vertical structure

ABSTRACT Radial structure of accretion discs around compact objects is often described using analytic approximations which are derived from averaging or integrating vertical structure equations. For non-solar chemical composition, partial ionization, or for supermassive black holes, this approach is not accurate. Additionally, radial extension of ‘analytically-described’ disc zones is not evident in many cases. We calculate vertical structure of accretion discs around compact objects, with and without external irradiation, with radiative and convective energy transport taken into account. For this, we introduce a new open Python code, allowing different equations of state and opacity laws, including tabular values. As a result, radial structure and stability ‘S-curves’ are calculated for specific disc parameters and chemical composition. In particular, based on more accurate power-law approximations for opacity in the disc, we supply new analytic formulas for the farthest regions of the hot disc around stellar-mass object. On calculating vertical structure of a self-irradiated disc, we calculate a self-consistent value of the irradiation parameter Cirr for stationary α-disc. We find that, for a fixed shape of the X-ray spectrum, Cirr depends weakly on the accretion rate but changes with radius, and the dependence is driven by the conditions in the photosphere and disc opening angle. The hot zone extent depends on the ratio between irradiating and intrinsic flux: corresponding relation for $T_{\rm irr,\, crit}$ is obtained.

GRMHD Evolution of Interacting Double Accretion Tori Orbiting a Central Black Hole

The matter orbiting black holes (BHs) in microquasars or active galactic nuclei forms toroidal accretion disk structures, and multiple torus structures have been recently described as ringed accretion disks (RADs) in a full general relativistic approach. Here we realize full general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) numerical simulations related to double toroidal structure immersed in the equatorial plane of the gravitomagnetic field of a central Schwarzschild BH in an asymptotically uniform magnetic field. We study the merging dynamics of an initial RAD structure constructed by two corotating or counterrotating tori, where accretion of matter from the outer torus is assumed onto the inner torus, using the 2.5D GRMHD simulation schemes with the HARM numerical code. We study the dynamics of the system assuming various initial conditions, and we have demonstrated that the initial matter density is the relevant factor governing the system evolution.

Exploring the Accretion Disk Structure and X-ray Radiation of GX 17+2 Based on kHz QPOs and Cross-correlations

Applying the timing tools of kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) and cross-correlations, we study the influence of the magnetosphere-disk relation on the X-ray radiation process of GX 17+2. First, as the spectral state track of X-ray emission evolves along the horizontal branch (HB), the magnetosphere-disk radii of the source derived by kHz QPOs shrink from r ∼ 24 km to r ∼ 18 km, while its average X-ray intensities in ≤10 keV and in ≥10 keV show the opposite evolutional trends. Moreover, this branch has been detected with the anti-correlations between the low-/high-energy (e.g., 2–5 keV/16–30 keV) X-rays. We suggest that in HB there may exist an X-ray radiation transfer process at the disk radii near the neutron star (NS), i.e., ∼5–10 km away from the surface, which probably originates from the interaction between the corona or jet with high-energy X-rays and accretion disk with low-energy X-rays. Second, as the source evolves along the normal branch (NB) and along the flaring branch (FB), their average X-ray intensities in all ∼2–30 keV show the monotonously decreasing and monotonously increasing trends, respectively. In addition, these two branches are both dominated by the positive correlations between the low- and high-energy (e.g., 2–5 keV/16–30 keV) X-rays. Moreover, the evolution along NB is accompanied by the shrinking of the magnetosphere-disk radii from r ∼ 18 km to r ∼ 16 km. We ascribe these phenomena to that as the shrinking of the accretion disk radius, the piled up accretion matter around the NS surface may trigger the radiation that produces both the low- and high-energy X-rays simultaneously, and then form the branches of NB and FB.

A Supercritical Accretion Disk with Radiation-driven Outflows

Outflows are inevitably driven from the disk if the vertical component of the black hole (BH) gravity cannot resist the radiation force. We derive the mass-loss rate in the outflows by solving a dynamical equation for the vertical gas motion in the disk. The structure of a supercritical accretion disk is calculated with the radial energy advection included. We find that most inflowing gas is driven into outflows if the disk is accreting at a moderate Eddington-scaled rate (up to ∼100) at its outer edge, i.e., only a small fraction of gas is accreted by the BH, which is radiating at several Eddington luminosities, while it reaches around ten for extremely high accretion rate cases (). Compared with a normal slim disk, the disk luminosity is substantially suppressed due to the mass loss in the outflows. We apply the model to the light curves of the tidal disruption events (TDEs) and find that the disk luminosity declines very slowly with time even if a typical accretion rate is assumed at the outer edge of the disk, which is qualitatively consistent with the observed light curves in some TDEs and helps us to understand the energy deficient phenomenon observed in the TDEs. Strong outflows from supercritical accretion disks surrounding supermassive BHs may play crucial roles in their host galaxies, which can be taken as an ingredient in the mechanical feedback models. The implications of the results on the growth of supermassive BHs are also discussed.

Revisiting the high-mass transfer close binary star system AU Monocerotis

Context. AU Monocerotis is an eclipsing, double-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 11 days that is in a state of extreme mass transfer, consisting of a main sequence B-type embedded in a thick accretion disk fed by a Roche lobe overflowing evolved G-type companion. It is also one of the double periodic variable Algol-type binaries. Aims. Our aim is to study the accretion environment and the origin of the long cycle in the system. We present revised properties of the gainer by including contributions from the accretion disk and its boundary layer, because the absorption lines used in previous works to estimate the parameters were contaminated by the disk absorption. Methods. We performed a multiwavelength spectroscopic study using archival high-resolution IUE ultraviolet (1200–3200 Å) spectra and optical spectra (from about 3700–9000 Å) from FEROS, HARPS, and SOPHIE. Results. Using the optical He I lines and the UV Si III, C II, Si IV lines, we derived new parameters for the temperature, gravity, and rotational velocity of the B star. The IUE spectra delineate a stratified environment around the gainer, with spectral lines such as O I, Mg II, Al II, and Si II formed in the outer accretion disk and a pseudo-photospheric boundary layer that alters the spectrum. Phase-limited discrete outflows, detected in the time-dependent absorption, trace the stream impact site and the disturbance it creates downstream in the disk. The long-term variability is due to changes in the accretion disk structure and circumstellar environment. Enhanced systemic mass outflow is observed at long cycle maximum, reaching at least 1000 km s−1. Conclusions. These results highlight the complex interplay between physical mechanisms that regulate the evolution of strongly interacting mass-exchanging binary stars.

Exploring Changes in Quasar Spectral Energy Distributions across C iv Parameter Space

We examine the UV/X-ray properties of 1378 quasars in order to link empirical correlations to theoretical models of the physical mechanisms dominating quasars as a function of mass and accretion rate. The clarity of these correlations is improved when (1) using C iv broad emission line equivalent width (EQW) and blueshift (relative to systemic) values calculated from high signal-to-noise ratio reconstructions of optical/UV spectra and (2) removing quasars expected to be absorbed based on their UV/X-ray spectral slopes. In addition to using the traditional C iv parameter space measures of C iv EQW and blueshift, we define a “C iv ∥ distance” along a best-fit polynomial curve that incorporates information from both C iv parameters. We find that the C iv ∥ distance is linearly correlated with both the optical-to-X-ray slope, α ox, and broad-line He ii EQW, which are known spectral energy distribution indicators, but does not require X-ray or high spectral resolution UV observations to compute. The C iv ∥ distance may be a better indicator of the mass-weighted accretion rate, parameterized by L/L Edd, than the C iv EQW or blueshift alone, as those relationships are known to break down at the extrema. Conversely, there is only a weak correlation with the X-ray energy index (Γ), an alternate L/L Edd indicator. We find no X-ray or optical trends in the direction perpendicular to the C iv distance that could be used to reveal differences in accretion disk, wind, or corona structure that could be widening the C iv EQW–blueshift distribution. A different parameter (such as metallicity) not traced by these data must come into play.