Structure Of Materials Research Articles

Development of a transverse-feeding vibration chiseling process for ultrafast and flexible texturing of metallic micropillars

Micropillar structures exhibit significant potential for various applications, including enhanced heat transfer to anti-icing, corrosion resistance, oil-water separation, and droplet manipulation. There is still a lack of high-efficiency and high-flexibility methods for the texturing of micropillars on metallic surfaces. Elliptical vibration chiseling has emerged as a novel process for fabricating high-aspect-ratio microstructures on metals. Nevertheless, the achievable structural shapes are primarily limited to microribs. This study proposes a transverse-feeding vibration chiseling (TFVC) process for the ultrafast and flexible fabrication of micropillars. In TFVC, an inclined 1D vibration trajectory is in the cutting plane, and a triangular-shaped tool moves perpendicularly to the cutting plane, which differs from conventional vibration cutting. As a result, a chip is generated but left on the surface in each vibration cycle, forming a micropillar structure. Due to the shear deformation in the chip, the grain of the micropillar structure material can be modified to present different contact properties from the substrate material. A finite element simulation is performed to explore the underlying mechanics and predict the surface generation of micropillar structures. Then, surface experiments are conducted on aluminum to verify the efficacy of the TFVC and explore its deterministic process parameters. The experimental results show a successful fabrication of micropillars by the TFVC. Finally, fish-scale-type microstructures and hierarchical grooves have been fabricated to demonstrate process flexibility. Furthermore, lotus leaf-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces and structurally colored surfaces with self-cleaning functions have been developed to illustrate the application potential of the TFVC.

Metal-organic framework/layered double hydroxide (MOF/LDH) hetero-nanosheet array for capacitive deionization

Achieving rational and precise tuning of the structure and composition of electrode materials represents a promising strategy for enhancing the performance of capacitive deionization (CDI). However, this endeavor encounters significant challenges. Herein, we present an elaborately designed hierarchical porous MOF/LDH Hetero-Nanosheet array (NiCoMn-HNA) which could be used as anode for the efficient Cl− capture. The unique hierarchical and permeable configuration of NiCoMn-HNA offers extensive accessibility to active sites and facilitates rapid electrolyte diffusion, thereby establishing a convenient pathway for efficient charge and ion transfer. Consequently, this enhances both the overall efficiency and respective rates. Furthermore, the synergistic effect between NiCo-ZIF-L and NiCoMn-LDH hollow pseudocapacitive materials significantly contributes to the enhancement of both electrochemical performance and desalination capabilities in NiCoMn-HNA. Accordingly, the NiCoMn-HNA electrode demonstrated larger electrochemical capacitym outstanding salt adsorption capacity (103.1 mg g−1), and remarkable cyclic desalination stability (90.47 % retention rate). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the hollow structure of NiCoMn-HNA promotes efficient the interfacial charge transfer from NiCo-ZIF-L and NiCoMn-LDH, leading to enhanced ion transfer rate and decreased energy required for ion migration. This research introduces a novel strategy for the purposeful design of high-performance electrode materials to advance CDI technology.

Recent advances in heteroatom doped transition metal sulfides for high-performance supercapacitors

Supercapacitors have been well focused on, due to the advantages of fast charging/discharging, high power density, long service time and safety. Electrode materials determine the performance of supercapacitors. Serving as a kind of battery-type materials, transition metal sulfides have been received more attentions for high redox activity and high specific capacity. Controllable synthesis of metal sulfides determines their microstructure and composition, which is the basis for developing new materials. Therefore, this review firstly introduces existing synthetic methods of transition metal sulfides, including hydrothermal/solvothermal method, template method, electrodeposition method, sol-gel method, co-precipitation method, exfoliation/intercalation method and solid state method. The preparation process, principle, advantages/shortages of each method and related examples are highlighted. Taking controllable synthesis as the main line, recent advances of heteroatom doped metal sulfides and their application in supercapacitors are introduced in the second section. According to the type of dopants, all doped metal sulfides are divided into two parts: nonmetal doped metal sulfides, including B, N, F, O, P and Se, and metal doped sulfides, including alkali metal, precious metal, rare earth metal and transition metal. The research progresses about materials preparation, structure feature and supercapacitance performance are summarized. At last, current issues and future prospects in the field of heteroatom doped metal sulfides are proposed. It is anticipated that the review will provide guiding ideas or strategies for developing high-performance metal sulfides electrode materials.

A non-destructive measurement method for axial force using torque in connecting bar with joint bearing ends

ABSTRACT The measurement of axial force in connecting bar is widely used in scenarios such as condition monitoring, motion controlling and fatigue analysing of mechanisms. By measuring the torque applied to the bar, this paper proposes an innovative method for non-destructive obtaining axial force in connecting bar with joint bearing ends. A mechanical analysis of joint bearing is conducted, and a theoretical model of axial force and torque is established. An experimental setup for measuring axial force and torque is constructed, and then the theoretical model is refined. The bar axial force and torque formula is calibrated at different torsional speeds, and the method correctness and reliability are verified experimentally. In summary, in a non-destructive way, this method is innovative and practical, addressing issues like inaccuracies in measuring bars with variable cross-section, even unknown material and inside structure, achieving relatively accurate measurement of axial force in connecting bar without damage.

Research on thermal resistance Performance: Broadband solar absorber based on laminated circular ring − disk microstructure

This paper presents a laminated circular-ring-disk (CRDS) solar microstructure absorber constructed based on heat-resistant metals. This absorber achieves an ultra-broadband absorption with a bandwidth of 2171.68 nm in the near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared band, and has three absorption peaks with absorption rates exceeding 96 %, with peak wavelengths of 342.09 nm, 1215.40 nm, and 2032.86 nm respectively. With the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), we detected that the average absorption efficiency of this absorber under Atmospheric mass of 1.5(AM 1.5) conditions is as high as 96.05 %, and the average energy loss is only 3.95 %. Meanwhile, the research results of the electric field distribution of the CRDS microstructure show that CRDS effectively promotes the surface plasmon resonance effect between the laminated metal materials. Combined with the research on the top micro-absorption structure materials, we finally determined the structural parameters of the CRDS structure absorber and selected heat-resistant metals nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and titanium (Ti). On this basis,we focused on the thermal radiation performance of the absorber and found that it has good adaptability to high-temperature environments. Finally, by comparing the Transverse Electric Wave(TE) and Transverse Magnetic Wave(TM) polarization conditions with the sweep parameter diagrams of 0°-60°, we found that the absorber has excellent angle insensitivity. In view of the above discussions, the CRDS microstructure absorber has good thermal stability, angle insensitivity, and can achieve ultra-broadband perfect absorption from the near-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared band, and has broad application prospects.

Preparation and characterization of functionally antibacterial multi-layer lignin core-shell structure material with adsorption and high efficiency of photocatalysis for Cr(Ⅵ)

Wastewater with chromium is a common heavy metal pollution in industrial pollution, affecting health of human seriously, while adsorption and photocatalysis are efficient for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The multi-layer lignin core-shell structure materials were prepared with kraft lignin/polydopamine core-shell structure material, using non-covalent bonding to induce the in-situ induction of TiO2. The hydroxyl group of kraft lignin and the amino group of polydopamine provided abundant adsorption active sites with adsorption capacity being 299mg/g at pH of 2. The adsorption process conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ) reached more than 99.9% within 10min under simulated solar light with influence of adsorption and photocatalysis. The multi-layer lignin core-shell structure materials presented excellent antibacterial activity, with the inhibition rate against S.aureus and E.coli being 40% under dark conditions and 99% under simulated solar light because h+ or ·OH producing by TiO2. The antibacterial multi-layer lignin core-shell structure materials showed good universality in water pollution treatment.

Exploring vacuum foam drying as an alternative to freeze-drying and spray drying for a human lipase

This article compares and explores vacuum foam-drying as an alternative drying technology to freeze-drying and spray drying for a recombinant human lipase as the model protein. Materials characteristics such as structure, surface composition and the solid-state properties of the dry materials were compared and investigated. Moreover, the technical functionality in terms of reconstitution characteristics and the lipase stability were also investigated. The stability of the lipase was evaluated through activity measurements. Sucrose and dextran D40 (40 kDa) were used as matrix former and the surfactant α-dodecyl maltoside was used as surface active additive. The study demonstrated that the drying technique greatly influenced the material structure and composition which in turn affected the reconstitution characteristics. The lipase was overrepresented at the material surface in declining order spray-dried > vacuum foam-dried > freeze-dried. The lipase activity was retained up to 10 % lipase content in solids, but at 20 % lipase a loss of activity was observed for all drying techniques. Phase separation in the solid material may be an explanation. Vacuum foam-drying shows promise as an alternative drying technique for the lipase, and potentially other proteins.

Nitrogen-doped carbon coated Na3V2O2(PO4)2F as a cathode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Na3V2O2(PO4)2F (NVOPF), a cathode known for the advantages of high voltage, exceptional energy density, and thermal stability, is seen as a promising candidate for sodium-ion battery cathodes. However, the NVOPF exhibits poor performance in sodium storage. Here, we report a NVOPF composite cathode with a nitrogen-doped carbon produced from dopamine hydrochloride at an elevated temperature. Firstly, neutron power diffraction (NPD) is employed to determine the structure of pure NVOPF at different temperatures, including oxygen coordination and the mobility of Na+. The nitrogen-doped carbon layer facilitates electron conduction, prevents NVOPF nanoparticle agglomeration, and thus promotes efficient electron and ion transfer during sodium ion insertion/extraction processes, thereby improving the stability of the material structure. These results indicate that the N doped carbon@NVOPF cathode material exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance (111mAh/g at 0.1C and 85mAh/g at 1C), while maintaining 91.06 % capacity retention after 500 cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performance attributes to efficient charge transfer kinetics offer novel perspectives, and the methodology can be effectively adapted to other cathode materials.

Non-thermal shearing effect on gluten conformation for plant-based anisotropic structures

Wheat gluten manipulation to obtain fibrillar structures is a promising approach for elaborating meat analogs on large or small scales. Alternatively to extrusion, mild methods can save energy and avoid sensory attributes/protein degradation. This study aimed to evaluate low-temperature shearing to create gluten-based fibers, assessing the material structure as a function of processing intensity. The effect of the non-thermal shearing length (up to 10 min) and added mechanical energy (up to 565.5 J/g) applied on a highly hydrated wheat gluten-based matrix was investigated in terms of density, exudation, secondary protein structure (FTIR), protein network attributes (confocal laser scanning microscopy), elongation attributes, morphology (SEM), and anisotropicity of cooked matrices. The progression of the shearing process was associated with the development of β-sheet secondary structures (26 % to 50 % predominancy), higher elongation attributes, raw matrix density, and anisotropicity of cooked matrices. Higher protein vessel length and width were associated with the formation and stacking of β-sheets. Exudation, cooked matrix density, and endpoint rate were associated with higher α-helices content (lowered from 39 % to 11 % of predominancy) and lower shearing-added energies. A principal component analysis of the entire dataset confirmed these observations, and the morphology revealed the evolution of the matrix organization during the shearing process. These results underscore the potential of mild-temperature shearing of a highly hydrated gluten-enriched matrix to alter the protein conformation, opening possibilities for controlling fiber structure development, valid for new foods such as meat analogs.

Bioavailability of encapsulated rosmarinic acid and β-Carotene in beef Sausages: A Caco-2 cell study

In this study, we examined the bioavailability and functionality of rosmarinic acid and β-carotene in beef sausages using Caco-2 cell models. Digesta from enriched sausages showed high antioxidant activity, with 89.2% DPPH and 87.65% ABTS inhibition. Micrographs revealed the impact of co-delivery during digestion, with significantly higher levels of rosmarinic acid in sample B (80% rice starch & 20% rice protein) and β-carotene in sample C (60% rice starch & 40% rice protein) compared to the control digesta, attributed to the rice-starch network ensuring targeted release. During the total absorption of sample C, rosmarinic acid was more bioavailable than β-carotene. The carrier material structure plays a crucial role in the release of bioactive compounds into the mixed micellar phase. Encapsulation and incorporation into suitable food matrices such as meat can enhance the bioavailability of rosmarinic acid and β-carotene, potentially leading to the production of healthier meat products. Caco-2 cells, which resemble human intestinal cells, were used to study the absorption and transport of bioactive compounds post-gastrointestinal digestion. In-depth knowledge of the digestibility of specific dietary matrices is required to understand the metabolic dynamics of these substrates, which ultimately affect their bioavailability. The creation of functional meat products using rosmarinic acid and β-carotene ensures their complete utilisation.

Understanding Rate and Capacity Limitations in Li-S Batteries Based on Solid-State Sulfur Conversion in Confinement.

Li-S batteries with an improved cycle life of over 1000 cycles have been achieved using cathodes of sulfur-infiltrated nanoporous carbon with carbonate-based electrolytes. In these cells, a protective cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) is formed, leading to solid-state conversion of S to Li2S in the nanopores. This prevents the dissolution of polysulfides and slows capacity fade. However, there is currently little understanding of what limits the capacity and rate performance of these Li-S batteries. Here, we aim to deepen our understanding of the capacity and rate limitation using a variety of structure-sensitive and electrochemical techniques, such as operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), operando X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge. Operando SANS and XRD data give direct evidence of CEI formation and solid-state sulfur conversion occurring inside the nanopores. Electrochemical measurements using two nanoporous carbons with different pore sizes suggest that charge transfer at the active material interfaces and the specific CEI/active material structure in the nanopores play the dominant role in defining capacity and rate performance. This work helps define strategies to increase the sulfur loading while maximizing sulfur usage, rate performance, and cycle life.

Electronic properties, optical transparency and transport properties of the p-type transparent conductive oxide family Sn2-xPbxNb2O7 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0): a density functional theory study.

Based on density functional theory, we introduce a novel family of p-type transparent conductive oxides, Sn2-xPbxNb2O7 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0), and confirm their thermodynamic and mechanical stabilities through detailed calculations of free energy, mixing enthalpy and elastic constant. We discuss how Pb atom substitution affects the lattice structure, band structure, electronic properties, optical properties, and transport properties of materials in this family and reveal the regulatory mechanisms. The antibonding coupling of Sn-O1 and Pb-O1 contributes to the formation of p-type characteristics. The highly dispersive Sn(Pb)5s(6s) band is formed when the O2-Sn(Pb)-O2 bonding angle is close to 180°, and the large elastic constant and small deformation potential energy all contribute to the high mobility in the system. Based on the evaluation of three empirical criteria, and incorporating the computational analysis of optical and transport properties, we determined that compounds with x = 1.0 and 1.5 are excellent intrinsic p-type transparent conductive materials with high valence band maximum (VBM) positions. The elevated VBM positions in these materials pave the way for significant enhancements in p-type conductivity via acceptor doping techniques.

A Comprehensive Systematic Review of CO2 Reduction Technologies in China’s Iron and Steel Industry: Advancing Towards Carbon Neutrality

The iron and steel industry, a major energy consumer, faces significant pressure to reduce CO2 emissions. As the world’s largest steel producer, China must prioritize this sector to meet its carbon neutrality goals. This study provides a comprehensive review of various carbon reduction technologies to drive decarbonization in the steel industry. China’s iron and steel sector, which accounted for approximately 15% of the country’s total CO2 emissions in 2022, predominantly relies on coke and coal combustion. This study provides a comprehensive review of a variety of carbon reduction technologies to advance decarbonization in the iron and steel industry. This study categorizes carbon reduction technologies in the steel sector into low-carbon, zero-carbon, and negative-carbon technologies. Low-carbon technologies, which are the most widely implemented, are further divided into energy structure adjustment, material structure adjustment, energy efficiency improvement technologies, etc. This study specifically reviews dry quenching technology, high-scale pellet technology for blast furnace, and top pressure recovery turbine power generation technology. As a zero-carbon technology, hydrometallurgy is a central focus of this study and a key area of research within China’s iron and steel industry. While negative-carbon technologies are primarily centered around carbon capture, utilization technologies are still in early stages. By presenting the latest advancements, this study offers valuable insights and guidance to facilitate the iron and steel industry’s transition to a low-carbon future, crucial for mitigating global climate change.

Characterization of Direct Ink Writing carbon fiber composite structures with serial sectioning and DREAM.3D

Direct Ink Writing (DIW) combines the flexibility of 3D printing with increased material applications such as thermoset carbon fiber composites, ceramic composites, and metals. The usefulness of direct ink writing, like many additive manufacturing (AM) processes, remains limited for reasons ranging from quality control to lack of process parameter optimization. This study looks to introduce a methodology for characterizing direct ink written carbon fiber composites to facilitate exploration into the relationships between process parameters and material structure. The presented study utilized nine 3D specimens of direct ink writing carbon fiber composites printed with varying process parameters – speed differential, layer height, step-over distance, and nozzle diameter – as the data set. The data was collected with an automatic serial sectioning system, LEROY, from the Air Force Research Laboratory. The collected data was processed in DREAM.3D and analyzed with statistical comparisons of 2D orientation distributions of the fibers, 2D size distributions of the voids, and 2D shape distributions of the voids.

Solvent-modified carbon nitride integrated with SiO2 for enhanced photocatalytic activity: Microstructural modification and catalytic mechanisms

The photocatalytic activity of carbon nitride (CN) materials is primarily limited by low photogenerated carrier separation and mobility. The solvothermal method can regulate the molecular structure of materials to enhance charge separation and transport. In this study, we used ethanol (EtOH), DMF, and deionized water (H2O) as solvents to customize the microstructure of CN through a one-step solvothermal method and loaded SiO2 onto CN, ultimately synthesizing SiO2/CN composites (SiCNX, where X = E, D, H) with significantly improved photocatalytic efficiency. The modification with these three solvents led to noticeable changes in the basic structure of CN, reflected in the number of carbon vacancies, the integrity of the tri-s-triazine ring framework, the degree of polymerization, and the presence of C–C/CC bonds. The SiCNE composite, synthesized with ethanol modification, stood out by demonstrating exceptional photocatalytic degradation ability for Rhodamine B (RhB), achieving 99 % decolorization of a high-concentration RhB solution (300 mg/L) in 35 min. Additionally, the performance of SiCNE is 6.24 times that of CN and 224 times that of SiO2. This study not only exhibits the potential of solvent-modified SiCNX in constructing efficient electron transfer pathways but also highlights its capability in remarkably improving photocatalytic performance, providing a promising avenue for the development of future photocatalytic materials.

Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Building Frames Based on Interval Assessment of the Coefficient of Permissible Damage

The main method for assessing the seismic resistance of buildings in the standards of most countries is the linear-spectral method. This method allows for the calculation of the spatial model of a building for seismic load in the elastic range without resorting to direct integration of the equations of motion. Nonlinear characteristics of reinforced concrete structure materials are usually considered integrally using the reduction factor. However, the values of this factor in the Russian standards are not sufficiently substantiated, as the later studies show. To determine the coefficient of permissible damage (reduction factor), six reinforced concrete frames were considered, with different parameters such as span length, number of spans, and number of floors. The design parameters of beams and columns (section sizes, reinforcement, etc.) were preliminarily selected based on the calculation using the linear-spectral method. In the second stage, numerical modeling was carried out in the OpenSEES PC to implement the pushover analysis procedure. Then, the coefficient of permissible damage was estimated by processing the capacity curves obtained on the basis of nonlinear static calculation. The value of the sought coefficients is practically not affected by the number of stores of the frame; however, with an increase in the number of spans, the coefficient K1 increases, which is explained by a decrease in the plasticity of the system. On average, for the frames under consideration, the coefficient K1 was 0.526, which is 1.5 times greater than the coefficient proposed in modern Russian standards, K1 = 0.35. The results obtained on the basis of pushover analysis are compared with the coefficients K1 determined through the values of the average degree of damage (d) of the buildings according to the modified seismic scale MMSK-86. For various types of reinforced concrete frame buildings, K1 = 0.51 was obtained. It is recommended that the coefficient K1 for reinforced concrete frame buildings should be increased to a value of at least K1 = 0.5 in the Russian standard.

Eliminating chemo-mechanical degradation of lithium solid-state battery cathodes during >4.5 V cycling using amorphous Nb2O5 coatings.

Lithium solid-state batteries offer improved safety and energy density. However, the limited stability of solid electrolytes (SEs), as well as irreversible structural and chemical changes in the cathode active material, can result in inferior electrochemical performance, particularly during high-voltage cycling (>4.3 V vs Li/Li+). Therefore, new materials and strategies are needed to stabilize the cathode/SE interface and preserve the cathode material structure during high-voltage cycling. Here, we introduce a thin (~5 nm) conformal coating of amorphous Nb2O5 on single-crystal LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 cathode particles using rotary-bed atomic layer deposition (ALD). Full cells with Li4Ti5O12 anodes and Nb2O5-coated cathodes demonstrate a higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.6% ± 0.5% compared to 82.2% ± 0.3% for the uncoated samples, along with improved rate capability (10x higher accessible capacity at 2C rate) and remarkable capacity retention during extended cycling (99.4% after 500 cycles at 4.7 V vs Li/Li+). These improvements are associated with reduced cell polarization and interfacial impedance for the coated samples. Post-cycling electron microscopy analysis reveals that the Nb2O5 coating remains intact and prevents the formation of spinel and rock-salt phases, which eliminates intra-particle cracking of the single-crystal cathode material. These findings demonstrate a potential pathway towards stable and high-performance solid-state batteries during high-voltage operation.

Deep P‐C Interface Reconstruction for High‐Performance Potassium Storage

AbstractPotassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) capable of achieving full charge in minutes, or even in seconds, while maintaining high energy densities, are highly desirable for practical applications. However, significant challenges exist in developing electrodes that can sustain both high capacity and rapid charging rates. Conventional phosphorus‐carbon composites, limited by the intrinsic common carbon materials structure, often fail to prevent the edges reconstruction of black phosphorus (BP), thereby limiting its potential advantages as a high‐capacity, high‐rate anode. This study addresses these challenges by grafting BP onto a super‐porous carbon (SPC) framework to serve as an anode for potassium storage. The large number of open pores in SPC ensures the uniform distribution of BP nanoparticles in this carbon matrix, realizing the complete potassiation reactions and uniform volumetric strain dispersion. The abundant defects significantly promote the phosphorus‐carbon reconstruction between edge carbon atoms and edge phosphorus atoms, effectively inhibiting the P‐P edge reconstruction of BP to ensure open edges for rapid K+ diffusion. As a result, the composite exhibits excellent performance in potassium storage, demonstrating superior capacity, charging rates, and cycling durability. This research provides a new insight into enhancing BP‐base anodes, offering favorable guidance for the development of high‐performance materials.

Chiral Propagation of Plasmon Polaritons due to Competing Anisotropies in a Twisted Photonic Heterostructure.

We theoretically demonstrate chiral propagation of plasmon polaritons and show that it is more efficient and easier to control than the recently observed chiral shear phonon polaritons. We consider plasmon polaritons created in an anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) material twisted with respect to an anisotropic substrate to best exploit the competition between anisotropic electron-electron interactions and the anisotropic electronic structure of the host material. Gate voltage and twist angle are then used for precise control of the chiral plasmon polaritons, overcoming the existing restrictions with chiral phonon polaritons. These findings open feasible opportunities for efficient and tunable plasmon-based nanophotonics and compact, high-performance on-chip optical devices.

Utilizing Animaker in Producing Interactive Chemistry Learning Media on the Topic of Atomic Structure

Today’s learning process utilizes technological-based interactive learning media that improve students’ understanding of chemistry. Animaker is one of the AI-powered platforms to create animation and live-action videos. Therefore, this research tried to utilize Animaker to produce interactive learning media on atomic structure material, analyze the quality of the media based on material and media experts, as well as teachers, and determine students’ responses to the media. ADDIE model of research and development was used as the guideline in producing the media. First, needs analysis was carried out through literature reviews and preliminary studies. Second, the initial design was proposed, consisting of opening, main, and closing. Third, the design was then developed using Animaker website. In this stage, the media draft was validated by material and media experts. Two experts said that the media was excellent, although they provided feedback to improve the media. Some revisions were made before the media was delivered to teachers for quality testing. All teachers agreed that the media is of excellent quality (96.36%). The final media was then handed over to the student participants and they provided positive responses to the media. The Animaker is suitable for creating media that is interactive, interesting, and fun.