Structure Of Turkey Research Articles

REFLECTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC GAINS ON MERSIN

After the victory, reforms were made in many areas in order to complete the social and political structures in Turkey and to reach the levels of the powerful states that are contemporary. The modernization model of the Republic of Turkey, which adopted the Kemalist thought system, covers all social, political, economic and cultural areas. In the practice that occurred the revolutions; every decision, every practice, every thought was handled on a national scale and considered as national solutions. Another feature of the reforms is that; it is inclusive of all parts of the country rather than being regional. Considering Anatolia as a whole, reforms in all cities were developed as the achievements of the republic. One of these cities was Mersin. Especially the practices of the reforms which are about in the field of education in Mersin, are at a level that can set an example for other provinces. In addition, the fact that the first female Mayor and educator Müfide İlhan, who represented the image of a modern Turkish woman in Mersin and also who was trying to be built together with the republic, shows an important step towards the achievements of the Republic. The aim of the study is to examine the reflections of the achievements of the "Modern Turkish Republic", which is being tried to be establish, in Mersin.

DOES THE INCLUSION OF WOMEN ON THE BOARD ADD PROFIT AND VALUE ADDED TO FIRMS?

Based on the idea that the majority of family companies and the dominance of patriarchy in the social structure in Turkey may reduce the effectiveness of female managers in company management, this study aims to examine the effect of female managers on firm performance in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) companies. We limited our study to 126 manufacturing companies that were continuously traded in the BIST in the 2010-2017 periods. In general, the following results were obtained in the multiple regression analyzes. The ratio of women in the board of directors and the presence of at least 1 woman in the board of directors were not found to have a significant effect on performance criteria. While the effect of having 2 or more women in the board of directors on ROE and having 3 or more women on EVA/TA was significant, the effects on other performance criteria were not found to be significant.

Spherical fuzzy extension of AHP‐ARAS methods integrated with modified k‐means clustering for logistics hub location problem

AbstractLike most other industries, logistics services are currently encountering enormous transformation. Many companies worldwide are applying big data analytics to implement operational strategies and facilitate location selection. Logistics companies need to focus on now and explore some futures of logistics hub location problems. Creating a profitable logistic network is a crucial task for airline and postal services. To establish a cost‐effective network, transportation expenses should be decreased, and networks should be simplified. Hub location problem is born out of these needs. The concept of hub cumulates the flows and makes networks more reliable. In this article, a novel hub location selection approach is introduced in a group decision making (GDM) environment with uncertainty by integrating a modified weighted k‐means clustering algorithm with multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) tools. The combined MCDM method integrates analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to measure criteria weights and Additive Ratio Assessment technique to measure the performance of hub location alternatives in a spherical fuzzy set (SFS) environment. The SFS has shown definite advantages in handling vagueness and uncertainty over crisp, fuzzy, or intuitionistic fuzzy sets to depict experts' evaluations with a richer structure, allowing for more representative decision making. Using Turkish logistics data, big data algorithm facilitates 15 possible locations, and these sites are ranked in order by the integrated GDM methodology. The validation of the proposed evaluation model is illustrated in an application of the network structure in Turkey. Finally, sensitivity and comparison evaluations are introduced to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A Study on Conservation of Church Buildings in Turkey: The Example of Yalova/Esenköy Azize Paraskevi Church

Turkey, with its strategic location and deep-rooted past, has been a settlement area that has attracted the attention of many civilizations in the process that has reached the present day. In many parts of Anatolia, great civilizations ruled and artifacts reflecting the cultural characteristics of the period remained. At the forefront of these works are the places of worship that date back to almost as old as the history of humanity. Worship has been considered as a vital need for humanity since ancient times. In this context, the act of worshiping continued for many years, both in the open area and inside the structures designed and built specifically for the faith. Although each belief brings its own requirements in terms of places of worship, it is possible to state that there are many common points, especially in terms of architecture. In this sense, the documentation and examination of the worship structures that have survived from the past and stand out with their qualities worth conserving are also of great importance in terms of providing inspiration for the designs of the places of worship that will be built in the future. The aim of the study is to examine the conservation status of church buildings, which are widely seen all over the world and have important examples in Turkey, and in this context; To contribute to the conservation of Esenköy Azize Paraskevi Church, about which there is not enough information in the literature. Within the scope of the study, various church structures in Turkey that are under conservation were examined in the light of the relevant literature. Then, the present situation of the Esenköy Azize Paraskevi church was discussed and evaluations were made on the state of conservation. The study method consists of examining the sources and on-site observations. As a result, it is thought that the study will draw attention to the problems of church buildings in Turkey in the context of the conservation of all worship buildings and the importance of Esenköy Azize Paraskevi Church in terms of conservation.

An Application for the Impact of the Agricultural Labor Force and Employment Structure on the Economic Growth in Turkey

In this research, agricultural employment and labor structure in Turkey between the years 1991-2019 aimed to investigate the impact on economic growth. In this framework, the relationship between agricultural employment (TI), agricultural male employment (TEI) and agricultural value added (TKD) and growth was analyzed using the World Bank Country Report. According to the results obtained in the study, the relationship of all three parameters with GDP is statistically highly significant (p <0.05). However, when the analysis is repeated as year-controlled, the effect of agricultural added value on GDP becomes statistically insignificant (p> 0.05). The regression analysis results showed that only the TI variable, that is, the agricultural employment variable, had a significant effect on growth (p <0.05). Apart from this, there is no statistically significant effect of male employment and agricultural value added parameters on growth in agriculture (p> 0.05). Increased employment in agricultural production in Turkey, has a negative effect on growth. It can be stated that the main reasons for this are that there are not enough agricultural innovations, modernization and technological developments.

Türkiye'deki ortaöğretim tarih ders kitaplarında Afrika

The early republican era official historiography in Turkey was affected by Eurocentrism, while at the same time criticizing it. This study scrutinizes the knowledge structures in Turkey about Africa by examining the secondary level national education in Turkey. This article analyzes the secondary level history textbooks of the Turkish education system and the university entrance exams. In the article, the effect of the Eurocentric approach on secondary education history textbooks in Turkey is discussed. In this context, the ways in which the African geography, peoples, and societies are included and not included in these books are evaluated. The narrative created by the Eurocentric perspective on the African geography, in which history textbooks are influenced, is discussed. This study shows the connections between the contents of the history textbooks and the Official Turkish History Thesis and argues that Africa is given not enough importance in the secondary level history textbooks published in Turkey.

A comparative examination of social perception, network structure, important nodes, and discourses regarding ASD awareness over online networks: A social network and content analysis

The purpose of this research is to examine activities carried out on Twitter, which is a social media platform, on April 2 Autism Awareness Day; network structure in Turkey and in a global context, interaction patterns, the important nodes, user profiles, hashtag usage, and social mode within the context of the Twitter messages and discourses. In the research, mixed research method was adopted, and social network analysis and content analysis methods were used. The sample constitutes a total of 16565 people with 2790 people from Turkey and 13775 people from all over the world. According to the findings in the sample and Turkey as well as the global clustered-community group structures has been observed that the structure of the network. When compared with global examples of effective institutions related to the ASD in Turkey in the global context, the process of institutions and corporate entities has been determined to be more effective. It is seen that especially famous people who are known in the global context are involved in the process in order to reach more audiences. It is found that hashtag use in Turkey is limited, for example, on the other hand, in a global context hashtag use is more diverse to reach different target groups Comparative concept maps revealed that fewer themes were issued in Turkey while there was a wide range of themes in the global context. Social mode is positive in both samples.

SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN OSMAN HAMDI’S PAINTINGS

Painter Osman Hamdi Bey, who lived in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, is a successful painter, sculptor, archaeologist, art historian, educator and statesman. He has taken the early modernization steps of Turkish painting. His contributions to Turkish art and culture cannot be denied. He was the first painter to do figüre and portrait works in his period. Osman Hamdi Bey tried to explain the East in the most accurate way with his Orientalist-style paintings on the subject of important historical structures in Turkey and tried to break the prejudices of the West over the East. In his Works, he included in particular the splendor of the East. Because he uses sections of historical sites one-on-one in some of his Works, these Works are document. In some of his Works, he also provides information about Turkish culture and life through fiction. The artist often included masques, shrines and mansions in his paintings. In his figüre studies, he glorified women in everyday and social life by using women. He tried to emphasize the place of women in society. In his female figures, he portrayed the woman as cultural, social and well- groomed, reading rather than being meta. He used his wife and daughter as models in the female figures he used. In this study, four paintings of Osman Hamdi Bey’s women- themed Works were examined through semiotic analysis and an attempt was made to determine the unity of language, suject and style used in the paintings. Keywords: Semiotics, Osman Hamdi Bey, art of painting, female image, Orientalism

Stochastic assessment of concrete core strength in fire exposed specimens simulating non-engineered RC structures in Turkey

The spatial variability of concrete compressive strength over the specific region is simulated by the stochastic approach. The compressive strength of cores taken from fire-exposed beams simulating non-engineered structures in Turkey is obtained. Therefore, improper mix-design and low strength concrete are targeted. Then, the uneven distribution of the concrete compressive strength along the fire exposed specimens is handled by the random fields approach. Thus, the adverse effect of the fire is not only established by the compressive test results but also the scatter in the core results is estimated by the stochastic method. The stochastic model accounting for the scatter in the core results is generated from the given distribution and mean cylindrical compressive strength values. The concrete compressive strength is not distributed evenly but established stronger and weaker regions over the specimen in the stochastic models. The statistical samples are generated by the Monte Carlo-type stratified sampling method, which is Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). A total of 500 random samples closely predicts the scatter in the compressive strength at each temperature level with a range of 25–700 °C. The variability at different geometrical positions on the fire-exposed beam specimens with low strength concrete is characterized as well. Overall, the experimentally observed uncertainties arising from uneven distribution of concrete compressive strength over the fire-exposed beams simulating non-engineered structures in Turkey are accurately reproduced by the random fields approach.

TÜRKİYE'DE TARIMSAL KOOPERATİF ÖRNEĞİ: KONYA ŞEKER A.Ş.'NİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ

Cooperatives, which have their roots in the Ottoman Empire period, are an important and frequently seen organizational structure in Turkey, especially in the agricultural sector. It is possible to say that the importance of cooperatives, which lost their importance from time to time, has increased again today. Konya Seker A.S., which constitutes the case study of this study. It is a cooperative-based company founded in 1954 by its major partner, Konya Pancar Planters Cooperative, and other partners. In this study, the return of Konya Seker A.S., which was established by the cooperative in 1954 with the oral history method, to a business group was investigated in the historical process with the oral history method.

An application of the behavioral model to the utilization of health care services in Turkey: A focus on equity

The aim of this study is to investigate the equity phenomenon, which can be defined as an equal treatment for equal need irrespective of socio-economic status, in the utilization of health care services in Turkey (for out-patient and in-patient treatment services, separately) in the context of the behavioral model. We have used the ?Health Surveys? obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute for 2010, 2012 and 2014. The equity phenomenon and the determinants of the health care utilization are investigated by using the probit model. The findings indicate that the need variable has the largest marginal effect in magnitude for all types of health care. This implies that the health system structure in Turkey is based on need and, therefore, equity exists in the utilization of health care services. We have also found that health insurance has the second largest marginal effect after the need variable. This means that policy makers should focus on enabling factors, especially the coverage of health insurance and the level of income to increase health care utilization of the disadvantaged segments of the population.

THE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS IN TURKEY AND SELECTION OF THE STRUCTURE

Aim Building structures are assessed with several parameters such as cost, construction time, fire resistance, life cycle, maintenance and repair frequency, and environmental impacts. Building structures are reviewed as masonry, steel framed, wood framed, reinforced concrete framed, composite and prefabricated structures. This study aims to analyze the existing building stock of Turkey and assess the existing buildings in terms of their structural system decisions. Method: Following the comparative assessment of the types of structures based on literature review, assessment criteria for the selection of structural system are determined and a statistical analysis of the existing building stock in Turkey has been made in terms of the use of different structures. A questionnaire was prepared for the architects who decided the structural system in the design phase. Respondents evaluate the structural systems and selection criteria. Statistical analysis is made with the results of the survey. Findings: There is a clear preference for reinforced concrete framed structures in Turkey. A quantitative assessment of the structural systems in the existing buildings in Turkey by 2018 shows that 93.13% of the building stock has reinforced concrete framed. Looking at the individual years in the 2009 to 2018 period, the rate of preference of using reinforced concrete framed structures never went below 89% among all types of structures, but steel framed structure is the most preferred structural system at the end of the survey. Conclusion: It is thought-provoking that although different structures have different comparative advantages, structures other than reinforced concrete framed are preferred so little. The findings will contribute to making the right decision in building structure with the assessment of different structures in different aspects.

The Changing Household Structure in Turkey: How are the Single-person Households Doing?

Bu makalede Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun yayınladığı veriler kullanılarak Türkiye’de 2006 yılından bu yana hanehalkı yapısında yaşanan değişim gözlemlenmekte ve bu değişimin konut talebinde ve işgücüne katılımda artış ve gelir dağılımında bozulma gibi olası ekonomik etkilerine dair bir yazın taramasına yer verilmektedir. Farklı yapılara sahip hanehalkları yaygınlık ve gelir düzeyi bakımından karşılaştırıldığında, ortalama hanehalkı büyüklüğündeki azalmayla tutarlı olarak, tek kişilik hanehalklarının sayısının zaman içinde hızla arttığı, ancak bu artışa bu tip hanelerin gelir durumlarındaki – en az iki yetişkinin olduğu, bağımlı çocuksuz hanelere nazaran – gerilemenin eşlik ettiği görülmektedir. Bu trendin nedenini daha iyi anlayabilmek için tek kişilik hanelere odaklanan ve Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması’na ait mikro verileri kullanan bir ampirik çalışma yapılmaktadır. Tek başına yaşayanların yaş dağılımı, bu tip hanelerde yoğunlaşmanın erkeklerde 30 yaş civarında, kadınlarda ise 70 yaş civarında olduğunu göstermektedir. Çoklu regresyon sonuçlarına göre, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim düzeyi ve medeni durum gibi değişkenler tek kişilik hanehalklarının toplam gelirlerinin belirleyicileri arasında bulunmaktadır.

PORTFOLIO AND BENCHMARK RETURNS OF PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR TURKEY

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether pension fund returns are in line with benchmark returns taking into account the regulatory structure in Turkey. The methodology of the study is the cumulative portfolio returns. Data is retrieved from TEFAS Platform and official web site of Capital Market Board of Turkey. Portfolio and benchmark of pension funds are compared. Only standard pension funds are covered within the scope of voluntary pension funds of Turkey. Findings are as follows; Portfolio returns and benchmark returns are in line significantly. The results are partly attributable to the regulations about pension fund management and portfolio structure. The paper also shows that in the long term, the volatility of returns decreases and returns prove to conform with the primary purpose of the private pension system.

Savaş Ekonomisinde Vergileme Anlayışı Örneği “Türkiye’de II. Dünya Savaşı Yılları”

Savaş ekonomisi savaş dönemlerinde ülkelerin uyguladığı ekonomi politikalarını bir bütün olarak anlatmak üzere kullanılan bir kavramdır. Savaş ekonomisi yaşayan ülkeler bu süreçte başta yüksek enflasyon olmak üzere üretim azalması, karaborsa, adaletsiz gelir dağılımı gibi sorunlarla uğraşmaktadır. Türkiye II. Dünya Savaşı’na katılmayarak tarafsız kalmıştır. Buna rağmen savaşa sürekli hazır olmak zorunda kaldığından savaş ekonomisi uygulamak durumunda kalmıştır. II. Dünya Savaşı sürecinde askeri harcamaların yükselmesi, ordunun ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi, ithalatın daralması ekonomik yapıyı olumsuz etkilerken erkek işgücünün savaşa katılması sonucunda kadın ve çocuk emeği yetersiz kalmış ve üretim düşmüştür. Bu dönemde ek askeri harcamaların finansmanı, azalan üretim ve daralan ithalat sorunları, karaborsa, adaletsiz gelir dağılımı, enflasyon ve iaşe sorunları sorun teşkil etmiştir. Bu sorunlar neticesinde yeni vergiler konması ve mevcut vergilerin düzenlemesi düşünülmüştür. Bu kapsamda varlık vergisi, toprak mahsulleri vergisi ve ayni muamele vergisi getirilmiştir. Çalışmada savaş ekonomisi, II. Dünya Savaşı sürecinde Türkiye’de sosyoekonomik yapı ile savaş dönemindeki vergileme anlayışı üzerinde durulacaktır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Savaş Ekonomisi, Savaş, Vergi, Varlık Vergisi, Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi.JEL Sınıflandırması: H12, H20, H50.

A geographic meta-database of caves and underground structures in Turkey

Caves and underground structures are voids that can be natural or man-made. Besides this geological meaning, these voids, with peculiar environmental features, are important for many disciplines hosting diverse natural and cultural heritage. Having large karstic rock areas, different geomorphological structures, and climatic conditions, Turkey has a wide variety of caves. The relevant studies report that there are more than 40,000 caves in Turkey. Due to this large number, it is vital that all the spatial and non-spatial information on caves must be collected and stored correctly within a database structure. Through storing, retrieving, mapping, displaying, and analyzing geographic data capabilities, the Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used to manage the location-based information. The purpose of this study was to collect information about the unexamined caves and underground structures of Turkey as well as create a dedicated cave inventory. Therefore, a new GIS application called Geographic Information and Management System for Caves and Underground Structures (GIMSCUS) was developed to gather information from volunteers as a voluntary mapping source. For this purpose, the PostGIS database was used to store all the location-based information; GIS was used to analyze and map spatial data; and a virtual globe application was used to visualize the spatial data. Running on the Intranet network that is widespread all over Turkey and known to a user-friendly design, GIMSCUS was easily accessed by many volunteers. Thus, considerable new data (47.64% of the total data) were collected by the volunteers and provided to users within a short time. It is expected that these data will play an important role in: (1) land management and urban planning for preventing unforeseen hazards; (2) culture and tourism which is an important part of Turkey’s cultural heritage; and (3) hydrology for hydraulic structure building.

Toplu Konutların İklimsel Konfor Tasarım Parametrelerine Göre Değerlendirilmesi: “Ilıman Nemli İklim Bölgesi: Edirne Binevler (1.Kısım) Konut Yapı Kooparetifi Örneği”

Türkiye’de yapı üretiminin büyük bir çoğunluğu toplu konutlardan oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle sürdürülebilir bir çevre yaratmada toplu konut uygulamalarının önemi büyüktür. Genellikle alt ve orta gelir grubunun mülk sahibi olma beklentisini karşılamak amacıyla üretilen toplu konutlarda daha çok ilk yatırım maliyeti odaklı karar verilen, nitelikten çok nicelik öncelikli bir yaklaşım söz konusudur. Bu durum ekosistem ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemli problemlere neden olmaktadır. Problemlerin çözüm noktasında sürdürülebilir yaklaşımın temel adımlarından biri iklimle dengeli tasarımdır. Bu bağlamda, tasarımda en önemli girdilerden olan doğal ve yapay çevre verilerinin doğru değerlendirilerek alınacak kararların önemi büyüktür. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin ılıman-nemli iklim bölgesinde bulunan Edirne Binevler (1. Kısım) Konut Yapı Kooperatifi iklimle dengeli tasarım parametreleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Günümüz toplu konut yaklaşımlarına göre kat sayısı, yeşil alan kullanımı vb. pek çok olumlu özelliğinin bulunmasına karşın konum, yön, form, kabuk ve yakın çevre ilişkisi açısından bazı parametrelerin iyi değerlendirilemediği görülmektedir. Sürdürülebilir ve nitelikli toplu konut uygulamalarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamak açısından enerji etkinliğine yönelik bölgesel farklılıkların dikkate alınarak iklimle dengeli tasarımların önemi ve gerekliliği vurgulanmak istenmiştir.

Türkiye’de Mandalina Piyasasının Ekonomik Analizi ve Pazarlama Marjları

In this study, prices of the mandarin producers and consumers and its marketing structure in Turkey were examined. Between 2003 and 2017, production, consumption, foreign trade, price fluctuations, and marketing of the mandarin product were analyzed. The yield of the product in the increased bearer and the production rate increases in Turkey. Based on the current and real prices, the mandarin marketing margins were calculated, while the chain indexes of both producers and consumers were obtained through the current prices. We then compare them with the annual inflation rate in the country. Supply and demand models of the mandarin product were estimated and interpreted statistically. As a result, the real price of diesel and the trend (time) were found to have an impact on the mandarin production amount, while the mandarin consumer real price, orange consumer real price, and national income were determined to be effective on the mandarin consumption amount.

Detection of human papillomavirus subtypes harbored in the foreskin of asymptomatic boys: Controlled study

Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and can cause penile and anal cancer in men, and invasive cervical cancer in women. To evaulate the colonization of 32 HPV subtypes in the foreskin of boys. A prospective analysis was made of the data of 62 healthy boys who had undergone standard circumcision. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from the foreskin tissues, and the integrity of DNA was tested. The DNA of each patient was further assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the presence of 32 subtypes of HPV was explored. To confirm the results, melting curve analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) were performed for all samples. Further analysis was made using LCD-array on six randomly selected samples to confirm the results together with negative and positive controls. The mean age of the boys was 6.8±2years at the time of surgery. All positive controls and samples were positive, all negative controls were negative in the first HPV amplification assay. All positive controls had typical melting curve peaks, whereas all sample amplifications had non-specific, atypical melting curves not fitting with those of the positive controls. Two bands of expected sizes (124 and 405bp) were only observed in positive controls, but not in negative controls or samples on AGE. The same results were observed on the 6 randomly selected samples using LCD-array. Consequently, all the foreskin samples were evaluated as negative for the 32 HPV types investigated in the study. Literature shows a high prevalence of genital HPV in newborns, in early infancy, late adolescence and adulthood. However there is a lack of data in literature on the prevalence in early and late childhood. The negative results of HPV colonization on the foreskin in the current study may be attributed to the conservative and mostly monogamous nature of most family structures in Turkey. The results of the present study have shown that foreskin tissue is not a natural reservoir for HPV and subclinical HPV infection is not likely in the absence of suspected sexual contact.

The Relationship Between Father and Child in Daily Life Narratives of Female Academicians with Children in Pre-School Period

In Turkey, family and society are subjected to the process of social transformation in every area in which they are constructed. When the family structure in Turkey is examined, the traditional large families, nuclear families, small and single-parent families can be observed. When the family structure changes to the nuclear family, responsibilities in the family have started to change as well. In particular, as the role of and the need toward mothers increased in working life, although they used to be the only one interested in the child in the past, now fathers have begun to concern themselves with their children and education better. Therefore, this study analyzed the father-child relationship in the daily life narratives of working women academicians. In this regard, 15 women, who were working in Yozgat, were interviewed indepth. The sociological perspective evaluates father/fatherhood in related with masculinity rather than being biologically male. The fatherhood is influenced by the social structure and forms the structure of the society with the meanings attributed to fatherhood. In this sense, this study examined the paternity perception of the spouses of the interviewed women from the perspective of women within the context of “involved fatherhood” literature. In this sense, the study showed that the perception of the father-child relationship by women academicians is structured within the framework of traditional gender roles attributed to men and women in Turkish society. It was seen in the narratives of women with higher education, such as academic education, had very limited effects on their husbands’ perception of fatherhood in their family lives and that fathers were affected by both the conservative structure of their own families and the perception of masculinity in the society.