Structure Of Turkey Research Articles

The Origins of Reinforced Concrete Interventions to Historic Structures in Turkey

ABSTRACT Reinforced concrete interventions have been a critical issue for restorations in the field of conservation since the early twentieth century. Until the twenty-first century, cement-containing interventions could be seen in almost all restorations in Turkey. There are even examples of monumental buildings whose structural systems have been converted to reinforced concrete. However, in more recent years in Turkey, reconstructions with echoes of stylistic unity began to emerge, with less of a focus on preservation and without consideration of the documentary value of the reinforced concrete used in the strengthening interventions of the twentieth century. From a structural viewpoint, it is necessary to assess whether mixed structures of reinforced concrete and masonry work well. From a conservation viewpoint, despite negative perceptions of reinforced concrete, these historic interventions have avoided confusion or falsification where the precise original nature of the structure is unknown. With these remarks in mind, this study describes the origins of reinforced concrete interventions in conservation in Turkey. It provides a general framework of the concept of interventions for strengthening and preservation at the intersection of reinforced concrete, earthquakes, codes, and conservation theories by tracking experiences with reinforced concrete from the Ottoman Empire to the early years of the Republic of Turkey.

AN OVERVIEW OF ELDERLY CARE TECHNICIANS IN ELDERLY CARE SERVICES AS A SOCIAL POLICY FIELD

Abstract As in the rest of the world, in Turkey, the ageing population has become an issue that needs to be focused on. Elderly care service includes a social, economic and psychological process. Social policy, elderly care services are carried out by nursing and daycare homes. However, since placing elderly individuals in nursing homes is not a widely accepted approach under the traditional family structure in Turkey, care services are primarily provided in the elderly person's own home or their children's. In addition, the participation of women in working life mainly results in the elderly individuals at home being cared for by a newcomer woman, and this care service is often carried out by people who have not received the necessary training in elderly care and often by foreign national employees; accordingly, the care that should be supplied to the elderly is not provided proficiently. Particularly in the present, the lack of sufficient quantitative health professionals to meet the increasing elderly population causes deficiencies in providing the necessary care. Considering that this deficiency can be met at the technician level, geriatric care technician training programmes are being initiated, and the gap in this field is being filled with trained personnel shortly.

Populist discourses of political leaders in Turkey on Twitter: “you can’t, I will”

ABSTRACT In Turkey, populism has a homogeneous structure that includes opposing ideologies stuck between right-wing and left-wing views. In the political structure in Turkey, ‘us’ and ‘the other’ are created through populism and an exclusionary attitude towards political rivals is adopted. The present study analyzes the populist issues and populism communication processes of 4 candidates on Twitter ahead of the presidential elections in Turkey. The posts (n = 727) made by the candidates on their Twitter accounts between March 10 and 10 April 2023 were analysed using the content analysis method. As a result of the study, the approaches of the political candidates towards economic, political, cultural and social issues on Twitter were analysed within the framework of populism. The topics addressed by the candidates on Twitter during the election process varied according to the candidates’ positions in power and opposition. On the other hand, it was found that the political candidates defined their populist communication style on Twitter based on the themes of ‘champion of the people’, ‘the man on the street’ and ‘sincerity’.

İmamların Erkeklik Anlayışı

Türkiye’de toplumsal yapı erkek egemen değerlere göre biçimlenmiştir. Aileden başlayarak bütün kurumsal işleyiş ve düzenlemeler kadınları erkeklere göre daha aciz ve pasif gören davranış ve ilişki modelleri ortaya koymakta, erkek olmayı üstün ve ayrıcalıklı bir varoluş biçimi olarak benimsemektedir. Dini otoriteler ve söylemler de genellikle bu düzeni devam ettirmekte, çoğu yerde kadınları ikincil olmaya şartlandıran prensip ve kuralları onaylayarak pekiştirmektedir. Ortaya koydukları hükümlerin bağlayıcılığı itibariyle dinlerin bu hiyerarşik cinsiyet ayrımını normalleştirmesi, bunun kadınlar aleyhine yarattığı hak ihlalleri ve şiddetin olağanlaşmasında onların da payı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada özellikle cinsiyet ayrımını devam ettirme konusundaki yaygınlığı itibariyle halk dindarlığında önemli bir kurucu olan din görevlilerinin erkeklik anlayışı konu edilmektedir. Bu amaçla Diyarbakır merkez camilerinde imamlık yapmakta olan veya bu görevden emekli olmuş 30 imamla yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmıştır.

A contextual analysis of entrepreneurial identity and experience: women entrepreneurs in Turkey

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the complex mechanisms of entrepreneurship in context and explores the entrepreneurial identities and experiences of women entrepreneurs in relation to opportunity structures in Turkey. Turkey’s position at the boundary of Western and Middle Eastern geographies and cultures presents a compelling context for the study of women’s entrepreneurship. Drawing on life-story interviews with 11 women entrepreneurs, this study analyses social, political, and institutional opportunity structures in Turkey. The findings illustrate that women entrepreneurs engage in exaggerated perfectionism, strategic political distancing, and closed social positioning in relation to the opportunity structures in Turkey. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a more in-depth and nuanced understanding on the relationship between different opportunity structures and women entrepreneurs and herewith responding to the dominance of Western thinking and context on entrepreneurial experiences and identities.

Alternative Hybrid Solution Suggestions for Heating/Cooling in Turkey Using Data Envelopment Analysis and TOPSIS

Developing alternative and hybrid solution proposals for increasing Primary Resource Factor (PRF) values of the provinces in Turkey will lead to an increase in the use of renewable energy resources. In this study, each renewable energy sources should be evaluated with data envelopment analysis, and the obtained solution proposals for each province are the research subjects. Suggestions have been made that overlapping alternative solutions should be transformed into the hybrid structures in Turkey. In addition, a similar study was conducted using TOPSIS method, and an answer was sought to the question of what hybrid structures should be in terms of economics. Analysis results have been mapped for on-site solutions with renewable energy sources in the solution of district heating/cooling problems within the framework of increasing energy prices. Prominent alternative solutions are listed as solar, wind and hydraulic.

CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUBLIC DEBT STOCK STRUCTURE IN TURKEY: COVID-19 PANDEMIC PERIOD

Bu çalışmanın amacı, küresel boyutta ekonomik krize yol açan Covid-19 salgın döneminde Türkiye’nin kamu borç stok yapısını incelemektir. Çalışma, salgın döneminde kamu borç stok yapısındaki değişimi görebilmek ve salgın sonrası sürecin gelişimini değerlendirebilmek amacıyla 2018-2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Türkiye’de 2020 yılı Mart ayından itibaren kısa zamanda yayılan salgın aynı zamanda bir ekonomik krize dönüşmüştür. Bu kapsamda salgının hem toplumsal hem ekonomik etkilerini azaltmaya yönelik maliye politikası araçlarının etkin bir şekilde uygulanmasıyla, artan merkezi yönetim bütçe açığının finansmanı kamunun borçlanma ihtiyacını önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Salgın ile birlikte bozulan mali disiplinin yanı sıra bozulan makroekonomik göstergeler, artan dolarizasyon sadece kamu borç stok büyüklüğünü artırmakla kalmamış aynı zamanda borç stok yapısında da ciddi bozulmalara yol açmıştır. Özellikle kamu borç stoku içinde TL cinsi değişken faizli ve döviz cinsi borçlanmanın payının artmakta olması Türk Lirasına (TL) olan güveni azaltmakta ve TL değer kaybetmektedir. Sonuçta, kamu borç stokunun faiz ve kur şoklarına karşı kırılganlığının ve maliyetinin artması etkin bir borç yönetim uygulanmasını engellemektedir.

The reflection of Newman's defensible space theory on Turkey's neighbourhoods: typomorphological analysis of safe-space within an analytical framework

PurposeThe research intends to investigate the different typological and morphological characteristics of the neighbourhood spaces produced by different urban dynamics since the late nineteenth century in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachThe main problem that drives the research is that a significant increase in the construction of gated communities has started to be seen in the last five years as a solution to safety issues in Turkey. However, these gated communities as safe-spaces have resulted in the danger of destroying neighbourhood life's physical and social dynamics by changing their spatial configuration. The study offers an analytical framework structured from defensible space theory and other safe-space theories in the literature. It has analysed the effect of physical characteristics of urban fabric on the production of safe-space in neighbourhoods through mappings and site observations. The case studies are conducted in three different morphological periods in Turkey, which are the Seyrancik neighbourhood in Bolu (the Ottoman Period), the Subayevleri neighbourhood in Ankara (the Republican Period) and the Karaman neighbourhood in Sakarya (the Liberalisation Period).FindingsThe analysis concludes that any type does not come to the fore in the production of defensible space in terms of its spatial features, but each has various strengths and weaknesses. As a result, this study emphasises the role of design in providing defensible neighbourhoods in the case of Turkey's cities and reveals the aspects that will guide the design of an urban and housing form in terms of the safety–environment relationship in Turkey.Originality/valueThe significance of the study is the comparative analytical approach to studying the housing development and demonstrates a method for analysing safety issues in the transformation process of neighbourhood structures in Turkey.

Perceptions of Social Workers in the School Social Work Project: The Need for Multicultural Education

Multicultural education is the key to the development process of culture of living together, emphasising human rights. In the legal sense, the study underlines the importance of school social work practices in terms of ensuring Syrian children to have unrestricted access to education in addition to providing them with equal opportunity in education. In the light of those practices, the motivation of the study is to discover social work academics’ perceptions of the path to multicultural education in Turkey and recommendations on how to integrate it into the current educational structure. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten social workers who took part in the “School Social Work Project”. The education structure in Turkey, the attitude towards Syrians, the problems experienced by Syrian individuals and their perspectives on education are summarized as risk factors that affect the participation of Syrian children in education. This study emphasises the importance of establishing cooperation with teachers and non-governmental organisations. With this cooperation, it seems possible to develop multicultural education by integrating the human focus of social work. Therefore, the use of development resources and social work resources together in the context of school social work practices will provide the change that will show the way to multicultural education. The findings point to recommendations such as ensuring family-teacher interaction, adding classes on culture of living together, and integrating non-governmental organisations systematically in the process of multicultural education.

The Development of Asylum Law in Turkey Within the Framework of the European Union's Harmonization Process

The impact of the European Union (EU) on international policy in Turkey is already regarded as minimal because of the absence of genuine membership prospects. Nevertheless, the approval by Turkey of the asylum laws in the past that fulfills virtually all of the EU's requirements speaks to the continued impact of the EU throughout this policy position. Most of our web-based study's academic scholars believed EU membership to be a key element in the passage of the bill. The conversations with Turkish State officials, as well as the European Commission, show how the EU affected the drafting process. This study discusses the influence and development of Europeanization on policy structures in Turkey within the asylum and refugee policy framework. It looks at the effect of Europeanization on the transition of Turkish pre-accession to the EU. Also, it explores how Turkey carries out its duties at the policy level in relation to an international refugee protection framework as well as asylum seekers harmonization.

Green building envelope designs in different climate and seismic zones: Multi-objective ANN-based genetic algorithm

In recent years, the major component of green building designs adopted by governments in order to reduce CO2 emissions as well as energy consumption is the green building envelope. The green envelope has the most important share in terms of thermal energy consumption, environment, and indoor comfort criteria. Determining the most suitable building envelope combination in the building life cycle is an important problem for designers. This study presents a new multi-objective approach that determines the most suitable green envelope designs for the buildings in different climate and earthquake zones, taking into account CO2 emissions, heating/cooling energy consumption, and material cost in terms of life cycle cost analysis. To this end, EnergyPlus building performance simulation program, artificial neural network (ANN), and genetic algorithm are used together. After the heating and cooling energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and material cost values are obtained for a certain number of the envelope alternatives with the EnergyPlus, ANN models that learn the working mechanism of EnergyPlus are trained according to these values. An ANN-based genetic algorithm procedure is developed to search the whole envelope alternative space by using the trained ANN models with EnergyPlus. The proposed approach allows searching in a very short time the whole alternative space, which is almost impossible to scan with EnergyPlus by reducing the time spent and the number of alternatives required for the design and simulation processes of the green building envelope. The proposed approach is performed for a design-stage city hospital structure in Turkey. Window type, the internal/external plaster, wall, and insulation materials along with the thicknesses of these materials, which consist of 46 different variables, are determined as envelope attributes for four different climate and seismic zones. The green building envelope designs obtained with the proposed approach are entered into EnergyPlus and the consistency of the results is compared. ANN models with an average accuracy of over 97% are developed. Without the CO2 emission cost in the life cycle cost, the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) values for each region are 0.67%, 0.6%, 0.58%, and 1.78%, respectively. With the CO2 emission cost in life cycle cost, the MAPE values for each region are 0.96%, 0.88%, 0.86%, and 0.43%, respectively. According to the obtained results, there is a consistency of over 99% between EnergyPlus and the proposed approach.

Investigation of the Effects of Different Types of Traditional Timber Load-Bearing Systems Used in Turkey on Building Behaviour

Recently historic timber structures in Turkey are unfortunately not given the value they deserve. Although timber structures are unique symbols of our cultural heritage, they are forgotten for natural and human reasons. On the other hand, when traditional timber structures standing today to repairs and / or reinforcements and restorations are examined, it is seen that timber elements according to the knowledge and skill of construction foreman are constructed with different types of structural systems. This matter reveals that choosing the right timber structural system is very important. This study the effects of their behaviour of traditional timber structural systems of different types widely used in the construction of timber structures in Turkey were comparatively examined. With this purpose, teen different structural system models with the Sta-stell program of the timber-framed (with Çatkı) Safran mansion which is widely used in Turkey were created and the findings were compared with each other by carried out structural analyses. The findings obtained reveal that buttresses are important in meeting, distributing and transferring the loads acting on the structural system, especially earthquake loads, to the foundation and the displacement distributions in the storey levels of the buttressed building models are less. In addition, the findings obtained show that buttresses that increase the lateral rigidity of timber structures increase the performance of the structure in question and reduce the internal forces of the structural elements. Turkey's widely used timber structural systems (in accordance with the Safran mansion architecture, which received the best restored mansion award) were modelled and analysed. The results presented are aimed to design recommendations and better understanding of the behaviour of different timber structural systems in today’s architectural practice.

YENİ SOSYAL EKONOMİ ANLAYIŞINDA İŞ GÜCÜ TERCİHİNDE BİLİŞSEL BECERİLER VE KADIN İŞGÜCÜ PERSPEKTİFİNDE BÜYÜME: TÜRKİYE DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Bu çalışmada yeni sosyal ekonomi anlayışında iş gücü tercihlerinde bilişsel beceriler ve kadın işgücü sorunsalının Türkiye ekonomik büyümesindeki yerinin belirlenmesi ve sonuçlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, Türkiye istatistik Kurumu (TUİK) veri tabanı ile Eurostat veri tabanı 2015-2019 ve 2008-2020 dönemlerine ilişkin veriler ışığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada daha çok son 5 yıllık süreçte gelinen durumun belirlenmesi ve değişimlerin vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır. Temel istatistiki göstergeler eşliğinde kadın çalışanların eğitim durumu için Türkiye’deki mevcut yapı ayrı değerlendirilmiş, bunun yanı sıra Türkiye ve AB 27 ülke gurubu için sadece eğitimin etkileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte önemli parametrelerin ölçülmesinde temel araçlar olarak; işveren olarak kadın çalışanlar, işgücüne katılımı, tarım ve tarım dışı sektörlerde kayıt dışılıkları ve aile işçisi olarak çalışanların istihdam içindeki oranı bakılmıştır. Ayrıca yarı-zamanlı çalışanlar, mesleki guruplarına göre istihdam edilme konumları ile 3 yaşın altında çocuğu olan/olmayan kadın çalışanlar gibi değişkenlere bakılarak durum değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkiye’de yüksekokul, fakülte ve yüksek lisans ve doktora mezunu kadın sayısının giderek artış gösterdiği ve Türkiye’nin AB 27 ülke gurubuna nazaran bu anlamda daha ilerde olduğu görülmüştür. Kadın işgücünün son yıllarda eğitim düzeyinin artmasıyla çok daha farklı iş kollarında istihdam edildiği görülmektedir. Genellikle kadınların tarım ve yarı zamanlı ev tipi işlerde çalışma hayatında yer aldığı görülmesine rağmen bilişsel becerileri nedeniyle de daha çok hizmet sektöründe yoğunlaştıkları görülmüştür. Söz konusu çalışma alanları nedeniyle işgücüne katılım oranı içinde son beş yılda kadın sayısının erkeklerin yarısına kadar ulaşması kanıtlar nitelikte olduğu söylenebilir.

Seismic fragility analysis of traditional himis structures in Turkey

It is extremely important to better understand the behavior of existing buildings against earthquakes, to reduce the damage that may occur in these structures in future earthquakes, and to repair and strengthen them when necessary. Studies on the earthquake behavior of traditional Himis structures, which constitute a large part of the historical urban fabric in Turkey, are not quite enough. So, using existing example types, the purpose of this study is to examine, wooden himis frame Turkish structures according to seismic loads. In this study, the earthquake performance of traditional Turkish himis structures under different earthquake accelerations and the behavior of structures in earthquakes were investigated. Himis structures are also evaluated in terms of their studs types, as well as material details. The buildings were modeled based on the finite element model approach by Sap2000 V22 software, their dynamic characteristics were determined and time history analyses were performed to obtain drift ratio. Furthermore, the seismic demand of the Himis structure types was defined and compared. Finally, to assess seismic risk and damage estimation, a probabilistic assessment was carried out and the fragility curves for each building type were derived.

Traditional Structures in Turkey and Greece in 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake: Field Observations and Empirical Fragility Assessment

On 30th October 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 hit the Aegean coasts of Turkey and Greece. The epicentre was some 14 km northeast of Avlakia settlement on Samos Island, and 25 km southwest of Turkish town Seferihisar, Izmir. The destruction the earthquake caused concentrated mainly on the mid-rise RC buildings in certain districts of Izmir city. Among the diverse building typologies affected by the event are the traditional/vernacular hybrid timber-masonry and masonry buildings that are common to Turkey and Greece. This paper summarises and discusses the damage levels and mechanisms observed in these types of buildings, based on an extensive field and remote reconnaissance survey in the affected areas in both countries conducted by the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) of the United Kingdom Institute of Structural Engineers (IStructE). The observed damage is then discussed in light of the level of maintenance and occupancy status. The collected data are also used to empirically construct fragility curves, to assess whether a small sample can be used to describe the overall performance of the buildings in the area and how these compare to the outcomes of previous studies on comparable building stocks.

Seismic Retrofitting Of the 19TH Century Hirka-i Serif Mosque Using Textile Reinforced Mortar

ABSTRACT In this study, a novel retrofitting intervention on the Hirka-i Serif Mosque (constructed in 1851), which has a significant importance for Muslims due to its historical relic preservation unit keeping the cloak of the Prophet Muhammad, was illustrated. For this purpose, first the seismic performance of the mosque was investigated through site investigations and structural analyses. A 3D finite element model of the Mosque was established, and the structural system was analyzed under the combined effects of the vertical loads and seismic actions. Additionally, the existing damages observed on the walls and vaults were investigated thoroughly. By taking the existing damages and the analyses results into consideration, a rehabilitation and seismic retrofit scheme was proposed and applied by making use of innovative materials. Throughout the study, recommendations of the guideline for earthquake risk management of historical structures in Turkey (2017) has been considered.

Investigation of Drift-based Damage Limit States for Historical Masonry Structures

ABSTRACT Drift-based performance assessment has been a practical tool among the research and engineering community. However, several studies showed that there are several critical issues such as seismic damage definitions and their quantifications related to the displacement-based approach when it is applied not only to modern masonry structures but also to historical ones. The main reason is due to (i) failure mode dependency, (ii) geometry, loading and boundary conditions, (iii) inadequate prediction of the failure modes based on in-plane capacity formulations given in the codes. The present article discusses the reliability of drift limit values proposed by different codes and guidelines by comparing drift values derived in two datasets of masonry piers through considering an application to a real case study. It is observed that performance-based assessment is mainly based on the failure mode of the masonry structure, while the Guideline for Earthquake Risk Management of Historical Structures in Turkey, which is widely used in practice, proposes drift limits that are independent of the masonry behavior. Without consideration of the behavior mode can lead to incorrect assumptions and hence unconservative performance assessment outcomes for the architectural heritage.

Bir Faizsiz Bankacılık Türü Olarak Türkiye’de Katılım Bankacılık Sisteminin Dünü, Bugünü ve Yarını

In this study, the basic principles of participation banking system, purpose, property, historical and legal development out of the square of the reasons the contributions of the economic structure in Turkey, with the participation of other banks within the banking systems in today's current state of services and activities of the traditional banking system, accounting methods and the application in other ways, the comparison is made. The interest-free banking system, called the participation banking system, came out of the idea phase in the 1970s and was first implemented in Egypt in 1976. Founded in Turkey in 1983 by a Decree-Law (Decree-Law), Private Financial Institutions with their then name, Participation Banks with their new names have shown rapid momentum on a global scale and, especially in Turkey, over the past two decades. Keywords: Interest-Free Banking, Private Financial Institutions, Participation Banking

Türkiye Ekonomisinde Vergi Yapısının İncelenmesi: Zamanla Değişen Bir Nedensellik Analizi

The tax structure shows the country’s choice between the principles of justice and efficiency in tax policy. In a modern economy, the tax structure is expected to change in favour of direct taxes according to the principle of justice. This article investigates the causality between tax structure and per capita GDP in Turkey using asymmetric and time-varying causality analysis. The findings reveal that the per capita GDP doesn’t change the tax structure in Turkey and doesn’t show any change in favour of direct taxes to ensure justice in income distribution. This situation can be evaluated as the relationship between per capita GDP, and tax structure may have been drifted apart.

From PISA and TIMSS to YKS: Comparing International and National Exams within Educational Policy Context

This paper aims to compare the results of international and national exams within educational policy context. As international exams, PISA tests and TIMSS exams were seletected to compare a national exam in Turkey. To the Turkish example of exams, Higher Education Institutions (YKS) was included in the comparison. Observing the age cohorts of exam participants, around 14 years old in PISA and TIMSS and roughly 18 years old in YKS, PISA and TIMSS score were compared with the scores of YKS exam in four years later. This comparison shows a highly divergent picture between international and national exam cases for Turkish participants. In general, while the students’ scores show an increase in international exams, their scores decreased in a national (YKS) exam. This result clearly shows the incompatibility between the structure of international and national exams. While PISA and TIMSS are mostly named “well-constructed tools” to measure higher level cognitive skills of students, one can say that YKS has a relatively classical structure. This sort of classical evaluation may indirectly influence the composition of whole education policy structure in Turkey, from in-class activeness of students to their main focus to learn (or memorise) basic knowledge, rather than generating their own knowledge. In this regard, it can be a good action to revise the entire education system starting from educational philosophy, educational goals/aims, student activities, and assessment tools to support students self-learning performance. It will be also important to design teacher education system to train next generation teachers who embrace “constructivist learning” approach.