Structural Incompatibility Research Articles

The connoisseur’s emancipation of dissonance: how changing the experience of musical tension can inform individual responses to organizational paradoxes

ABSTRACT Although literature identifies a repertoire of constructive and defensive responses to paradox, the problem of overcoming dissonance remains. While a both-and response at the individual or collective level is desirable, individuals encountering paradoxes will likely respond defensively, separating tensions into either-or poles. Insight into how individuals can work with tension created by dissonance is limited. Musical composition may have something to share. Since the Renaissance, composers have exposed listeners to constructively responding to tension through increasingly dissonant music. Arnold Schönberg’s dodecaphonic (twelve-tone) system emancipates the constraints of dissonance, reducing listeners’ resistance and developing a connoisseur’s appreciation of structural incompatibilities.

A Philosophical Inquiry into the Limits of Constructing Western-Centric International Relations Theory in Islam

This study investigates whether Islam can develop a Western-centric modern international relations (IR) theory from a philosophical perspective. Employing Stephen Toulmin's model of argumentation, it examines the ontological, epistemological, methodological, and axiological disparities between Islamic and Western paradigms. It explores whether Islamic thought, rooted in tawhid (the unity of God) and revelation-based epistemology, can align with the secular, rationalist, and materialist assumptions underpinning Western IR theories. Ultimately, the study identifies significant theoretical incompatibilities while highlighting how Islamic principles might contribute to global discussions on justice, equality, and pluralism. Unlike conventional research, this study employs a philosophy-based argumentative approach. Toulmin's model -consisting of claim, data, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier- analyzes the theoretical underpinnings of both paradigms. Toulmin's model of argumentation consists of six key elements: claim, which represents the central point of the argument; data, the evidence supporting the claim; warrant, the logical bridge connecting the data to the claim; backing, additional information reinforcing the warrant; rebuttal, addressing counterarguments; and qualifier, which indicates the strength of the claim. This model systematically examines the ontological, epistemological, methodological, and axiological foundations of Islamic and Western paradigms, highlighting their incompatibilities. These components are critical in understanding the conceptual frameworks and fundamental differences between Islamic and Western international relations theories. Central concepts in Western IR theories, such as the nation-state, sovereignty, and power, are compared with Islamic notions like ummah (community of believers), divine sovereignty, and moral power. These comparisons underscore the theoretical impossibility of integration. The study finds that Islam’s tawhid-centered ontology is inherently incompatible with the secular ontology of Western IR theories. While Islamic ontology emphasizes divine sovereignty and the interconnection of spiritual and material realms, Western theories prioritize state-centric and materialist paradigms. Similarly, Islamic epistemology, which integrates revelation (wahy) with reason (‘aql), contrasts sharply with Western empiricism and rationalism, which often exclude metaphysical dimensions. These foundational differences result in divergent interpretations of reality and approaches to addressing global challenges. Methodologically, Western IR theories are rooted in scientific positivism and post-positivism, emphasizing empirical observation and experimentation. In contrast, Islamic methodology relies on interpretation (ijtihad) of revelation and the sunnah (practices of the Prophet Muhammad). This divergence further reinforces the paradigmatic incompatibility. Axiologically, Islamic thought places morality and justice at its core, deriving values from divine principles. Western IR theories, however, often adopt value-neutral stances, prioritizing power and pragmatism over ethics. These axiological differences hinder seamless integration between the paradigms. The study critiques the Westphalian model, foundational to modern IR, which emphasizes state sovereignty, secular governance, and national interests. This model stands in stark contrast to Islam’s holistic governance approach, which prioritizes moral and ethical principles. Moreover, post-modern and post-secular IR theories advocating pluralism and relativism are inconsistent with Islam’s theocentric worldview and absolute moral values. Despite the impossibility of integration, the study highlights how Islamic principles can enrich discussions on justice, equity, and pluralism. For example, the Islamic concept of justice (adl) emphasizes fairness and responsibility, offering a moral framework for addressing power imbalances and economic disparities. By applying Toulmin’s model, the study demonstrates the structural and philosophical incompatibilities between the paradigms while identifying shared values such as justice, ethical governance, and pluralism as potential areas for collaboration. Although full integration is unattainable, these shared principles can foster dialogue between Islamic and post-secular frameworks and contribute meaningfully to global governance strategies. The study underscores the importance of evaluating Islamic political theory within its own framework rather than attempting to fit it into Western paradigms and calls for recognizing the unique contributions of Islamic values to international relations discourse.

Precise template-independent correction of c.1278insTATC frameshift mutation in Tay-Sachs disease restores full gene function, while gene reframing yields negligible recovery

Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by HEXA mutations inactivating the metabolic enzyme HexA. The most common mutation is c.1278insTATC, a tandem 4 base pair (bp) duplication disrupting HEXA expression by frameshift. In an engineered cell model, we explore the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for therapeutic editing of c.1278insTATC. Within genomic microduplications, the microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) pathway is favoured to repair double-stranded breaks with collateral deletion of one repeat. Protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) constraints on Cas9 endonuclease activity prevented cleavage at the duplication centre – the optimal position for MMEJ initiation. Rather, cleavage 1 bp from the c.1278insTATC duplication centre spontaneously reconstructed the wildtype sequence at ∼14.7% frequency, with concomitant restoration of normal cellular HexA activity. As an alternative to perfect correction, short insertions/deletions were serially introduced to restore an open reading frame across a 19 bp sequence encompassing c.1278insTATC. Frame-restored variants did not recover significant HexA function, presumably due to structural incompatibility of incurred amino acid insertions. Hence, precise correction of c.1278insTATC is the only therapeutically relevant outcome achieved in this study, with MMEJ highlighted as a potential template-free CRISPR/Cas9 modality to that end.

Publishing Embargoes and Versions of Preprints: Impact on the Dissemination of Information

Abstract This commentary abridges three closely related aspects of scholarly publishing, copyright transfer to publishers in the subscription-based model, posting of author-accepted versions to preprint servers, and publishing embargoes, to appreciate how each might impact the dissemination of information. We found no direct evidence showing that either copyright transfer or the posting of early (i.e., author-submitted or journal-accepted) versions of works to preprint servers stifle academics’ ability to share their papers openly. However, some key structural issues and incompatibilities in policies may dampen the wider adoption of preprints despite their widely promoted advantages for scientists. We found a 6- to 36-month embargo period in place by 10 of the world’s top largest publishers, depending on the version of the record. These embargoes may constrain the dissemination of knowledge.

Conjuring Sovereignty: How the “Constitution” of Medina became an Oracle of Modern Statehood

Although the legal institutions of postcolonial Egypt and much of the Arab world had been reconstituted along the lines of Napoleonic civil code in the 1940s, Islamic political discourse remained encumbered by claims in which the nation, the umma, was defined by faith rather than territorial boundaries, and lacked a notion of secular citizenship and sovereignty. South Asian scholar Hamidullah’s apologetic recasting of the Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīnā in the 1930s as the "world’s first written constitution" may have handed Egyptian Islamic reformists like the Islamic reformist and lawyer Salim El-Awa the solution to this problem. Wildly successful, El-Awa’s strategically ahistorical reading in Sadat’s Egypt pitted the purportedly liberal Prophetic politics against a constrictive juristic tradition. The resulting discourse made the Ṣaḥīfa available to anyone who wished to get past the structural incompatibility between Islamic politico-legal tradition and the territorially constituted nation-state. Besides disarticulating the relationship between Islamic law and politics, the Ṣaḥīfa may have performed another unintended function. As a treaty that placed no limits on a sovereign’s power, now elevated as the true Islamic constitution that had been obscured by later tradition, it became something of a modern oracle, providing the perfect instrument of legitimation to the modern Arab authoritarian states looking to deploy Islam but to bypass the tradition of Islamic jurisprudence.

Interaction between amylose, fatty acid, and β‐lactoglobulin to study multiple biomacromolecules self‐assembly and application

AbstractNew concept for the development of supramolecular assemblies from intricate interactions between different classes of biomacromolecules (polysaccharides, proteins and lipids) is yet to come, due to their intrinsic chemical and structural complexity and incompatibility. Herein, we report an interaction mechanism among multiple biomacromolecules, and the structural and digestive properties of their assemblies using amylose (AM), lauric acid (LA), and β‐lactoglobulin (βLG) as exemplars. AM, LA, and βLG interact to form a water‐soluble ternary complex through van der Waals forces between AM and LA and high affinity binding between AM and βLG, which can further assemble into uniform‐sized, semi‐crystalline nanospheres under certain thermodynamic conditions. These nanospheres are substantially resistant to amylolysis, thus can be well utilized by gut microbiota, including increasing short‐chain fatty acid levels and shaping bacterial communities. Illustrating the complexation of AM, LA, and βLG and their assemblies from disorder to order, this work offers potential rationale of assemblies for multiple biomacromolecules driven by non‐covalent interactions and substantial potentials for supramolecular biomaterials development.

Opting Out: Botswana’s Limited Negotiating Power on Chinese Finance

Since 2013, a downward trend in lending by China’s state-owned policy banks, which are mandated to help finance overseas projects executed by Chinese companies, has been observed in Africa. This article reveals that in Botswana this development started markedly earlier. The country has not borrowed from Chinese policy banks since 2006. Furthermore, overall Chinese lending to Botswana peaked in 2009 and came to a complete halt thereafter. Botswana has nonetheless continued to benefit from grants as well as debt cancellation from China. This shift from borrowing to an exclusive reliance on aid seems counterintuitive for an upper middle-income country with a relatively strong credit rating like Botswana. However, the paper shows that the downgrading of Botswana’s economic co-operation with China came about as a result of the principle of maximisation of national benefit that Botswana’s policy elites uphold in their interactions with foreign lenders, including China. The paper contributes to the literature on African agency as a key variable shaping Africa–China relations but, crucially, also highlights the limitations thereof. Botswana was able to shift to other lenders when it became dissatisfied with the Chinese loan offering. However, it could not get China to change its offering because of structural incompatibilities between Botswana’s demands and China’s approach to foreign lending. The paper also offers a study of Botswana–China economic relations, which have received limited scholarly attention thus far.

Structure and Charge Regulation Strategy Enabling Superior Cycling Stability of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials.

Ni-rich layered oxides LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCMs, x > 0.8) are the most promising cathode candidates for Li-ion batteries because of their superior specific capacity and cost affordability. Unfortunately, NCMs suffer from a series of formidable challenges such as structural instability and incompatibility with commonly used electrolytes, which seriously hamper their practical applications on a large scale. Herein, the Al/Ta codoping modification strategy is proposed to improve the performance of the LiNi0.83Co0.1Mn0.07O2 cathode, and the as-prepared Al/Ta-modified LiNi0.83Co0.1Mn0.07O2 delivers exceptional cycling stability with a capacity retention of 97.4% after 150 cycles at 1C and an excellent rate performance with a high capacity of 143.2 mAh g-1 even at 3C. Based on the experimental study, it is found that the structural stability of NCM is strengthened due to the regulated coordination of oxygen by introducing a robust Ta-O covalent bond, which prevents the layered structure from collapsing. Moreover, the reconstructed rock-salt-like surface is capable of effectively inhibiting interfacial side reactions as well as the overgrowth of the cathode-electrolyte interface. Theoretically, the energy of Li/Ni mixing is significantly increased with the introduction of Al and Ta elements in Al/Ta codoped NCM, leading to inhibited adverse phase transition during cycling. A feasible pathway for designing and developing advanced Ni-rich cathode materials for Li-ion batteries is provided in this work.

Affective Ambiguities and Incompatible Value Frameworks: Sustaining Collaborations Within and beyond Neoliberal Academia

Abstract In this article, the authors mobilize the concept of affective ambiguity in order to explore the epistemological and structural incompatibilities that collaboration implies in the context of the highly asymmetrical relationships of power within and beyond neoliberal academia. They show that collaborations between university-based anthropologists at different stages of their careers and the groups and communities they seek to collaborate with are governed by mutually contradictory value frameworks. These value frameworks are shaped by the structural inequalities of these constellations and by diverging temporalities, socialities, and expectations that tend to make such collaborations unsustainable. Drawing on their own involvement in Kollektiv Polylog, a collective of refugee women, lecturers, former students, and activists in and beyond Berlin that are working together in the context of various publication, teaching, and video projects, the authors highlight the affective, temporal, and material resources that all actors need to invest in order to make collaboration productive.

One-Pot Synthesis of MOF@MOF: Structural Incompatibility Leads to Core-Shell Structure and Adaptability Control Makes the Sequence.

Core-shell metal-organic frameworks (MOF@MOF) are promising materials with sophisticated structures that cannot only enhance the properties of MOFs but also endow them with new functions. The growth of isotopic lcore-shell MOFs is mostly limited to inconvenient stepwise seeding strategies with strict requirements, and by far one-pot synthesis is still of great challenge due to the interference of different components. Through two pairs of isoreticular MOFs, it reveals that the structural incompatibility is a prerequisite for the formation of MOFs@MOFs by one-pot synthesis, as illustrated by PMOF-3@HHU-9. It further unveils that the adaptability of the shell-MOF is a more key factor for nucleation kinetic control. MOFs with flexible linkers has comparably slower nucleation than MOFs with rigid linkers (forming PMOF-3@NJU-Bai21), and structural-flexible MOFs built by flexible linkers show the lowest nucleation and the most adaptability (affording NJU-Bai21@HHU-9). This degree of adaptability variation controls the sequence and further facilitates the synthesis of a first triple-layered core-shell MOF (PMOF-3@NJU-Bai21@HHU-9) by one-pot synthesis. The insight gained from this study will aid in the rational design and synthesis of other multi-shelled structures by one-pot synthesis and the further expansion of their applications.

Jahn–Teller-driven phase segregation in MnxCo3−xO4 spinel thin films

Transition metal spinel oxides comprised of earth-abundant Mn and Co have long been explored for their use in catalytic reactions and energy storage. However, understanding functional properties can be challenging due to differences in sample preparation and the ultimate structural properties of the materials. Epitaxial thin film synthesis provides a novel means of producing precisely controlled materials to explore the variations reported in the literature. In this work, MnxCo3−xO4 samples from x = 0 to x = 1.28 were synthesized through molecular beam epitaxy and characterized to develop a material properties map as a function of stoichiometry. Films were characterized via in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and polarized K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Mn cations within this range were found to be octahedrally coordinated, in line with an inverse spinel structure. Samples largely show mixed Mn3+ and Mn4+ character with evidence of phase segregation tendencies with the increasing Mn content and increasing Mn3+ formal charge. Phase segregation may occur due to structural incompatibility between cubic and tetragonal crystal structures associated with Mn4+ and Jahn–Teller active Mn3+ octahedra, respectively. Our results help in explaining the reported differences across samples in these promising materials for renewable energy technologies.

Additive Manufacturing With Strontium Hexaferrite-Photoresist Composite

Millimeter wave components, such as circulators and isolators, frequently use magnetic fields to break symmetry of the signal propagation and provide unidirectional signal transmission. While effective, these components have not seen the level of miniaturization of other millimeter wave components, primarily due to the discrete nature of the magnets used in the components. Using circulators in the 40-50 GHz range as a motivating application, requirements arise for the deposited films, namely immunity to eddy currents, sufficient magnetization to act as self-biasing magnets, and out-of-plane orientation of the self-biasing field. Based on these required properties, hexaferrite materials are selected for their strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) and low conductance. The difficulty of integrating these components monolithically with monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) originates from the incompatibility of crystal structure with standard semiconductor materials and process conditions. Additive manufacturing using a composite of strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) particles and photoresist has been chosen as a method to overcome the difficulties of integrating hexaferrite material to semiconductor substrates. Due to their large internal anisotropy field, the particles of strontium hexaferrite tend to rotate to the field direction instead of changing magnetization direction under application of an external magnetic field (less than the anisotropy field). We have developed a method for 3D printing composites of high strontium hexaferrite concentration (up to 20% by volume) in a liquid photoresist, SU8. Rotation of hexaferrite particles in polymer matrix and thus magnetic anisotropy has been demonstrated in the composite, which is subsequently cured to hold the physical position and orientation of the particles. The anisotropy of the self-biasing field provided by the films has been experimentally characterized, and a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency ~43 GHz has been observed. We have also characterized the viscosity of the particle-laden polymer at different particle concentrations. 3D printing of this composite with poling will make it possible to directly print magnetic components that require out-of-plane anisotropic magnetization.

Core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5 composite via in situ solid-solid transformation of pre-coating MCM-41 shell and its application in methanol-to-olefins

Hierarchically core-shell-structured SAPO-34@ZSM-5 composite zeolite was successfully achieved by an in situ solid-solid transformation of a pre-coating MCM-41 shell layer with the help of ZSM-5 seeds under a traditional hydrothermal crystallization route. As a result, a uniform nano-sized polycrystalline ZSM-5 shell closely grows on the core SAPO-34 microsphere, thus forming a desirable core-shell structured zeolite composite. Besides, the SAPO-34 core and the polycrystalline ZSM-5 shell are intimately connected through mesosilica substrates as a “bridge” which guarantees the integrity of the core-shell structure very well, even under harsh ultrasonic treatment at a high frequency. More crucially, this innovative method effectively overcomes the chemical and structural incompatibility between the core crystals and the shell zeolite during synthesis, and simultaneously avoids the collapse and dissolution of SAPO-34 crystals mainly derived from the shielding effect of MCM-41 shell layer under a highly alkaline gel precursor yielding ZSM-5. Furthermore, the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) was selected as a probe reaction so as to investigate the catalytic performance of the core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5. It is found that besides obtaining high light olefins yield (12.3% more than that on the reference catalyst), the catalytic lifetime over core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5 catalyst is greatly improved, about 3 times as long as that over the pristine SAPO-34 and 2.6 times as long as that on the corresponding physically-blended SAPO-34+ZSM-5. The superior catalytic performances on the core-shell SAPO-34@ZSM-5 can be attributed to the synergetic effects between SAPO-34 (core) and ZSM-5 (shell) including different framework structures, moderate acidic properties, and well-defined hierarchical architectures.

The role of G protein conformation in receptor-G protein selectivity.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) selectively activate at least one of the four families of heterotrimeric G proteins, but the mechanism of coupling selectivity remains unclear. Structural studies emphasize structural complementarity of GPCRs and nucleotide-free G proteins, but selectivity is likely to be determined by transient intermediate-state complexes that exist before nucleotide release. Here we study coupling to nucleotide-decoupled G protein variants that can adopt conformations similar to receptor-bound G proteins without releasing nucleotide, and are therefore able to bypass intermediate-state complexes. We find that selectivity is degraded when nucleotide release is not required for GPCR-G protein complex formation, to the extent that most GPCRs interact with most nucleotide-decoupled G proteins. These findings demonstrate the absence of absolute structural incompatibility between noncognate receptor-G protein pairs, and are consistent with the hypothesis that transient intermediate states are partly responsible for coupling selectivity.

A remarkable toughening high-entropy-alloy wire with a bionic bamboo fiber heterogeneous structure

The bionics structure inspires a new design approach for the strength-toughness trade-off of metallic materials. In this study, a bionic bamboo fiber heterogeneous microstructure was successfully constructed in an ultrafine-grained eutectic high-entropy alloy, AlCoCrFeNi2.1, by multi-pass cold-drawing and subsequent annealing. Such a bionic microstructure possesses a hard-B2 fiber along the axial direction embedded in the soft-face-centered-cubic (FCC)-matrix, achieving an excellent synergy of strength and ductility. Originating from this structural heterogeneity, deformation incompatibility and strain gradient generated between the B2 fiber and FCC matrix phases, causing the formation of the significant hetero-deformation-induced hardening. This hardening effect not just reinforced the FCC matrix and contributed to the excellent yield strength, also enhanced high strain-hardening and postponed the strain-localization of the brittle-B2 fiber, and furthermore increased the tensile ductility.

Achieving uniform plasticity in a high strength Al-Mn-Sc based alloy through laser-directed energy deposition

The recently-developed Al-Mn-Sc based alloys fabricated by laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) have achieved a yield strength of 560 MPa and a ductility of 18%. However, these high strength Al alloys normally exhibit severely non-uniform plasticity due to the strain incompatibility of bimodal grain structure, which hinders their practical application. In this work, an Al-Mn-Sc based alloy has been fabricated through laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). The results revealed that during deposition, the precipitation of primary Al 3 (Sc, Zr) particles can be more homogeneous in the entire melt pool due to the relatively low cooling rate and temperature compared with that of L-PBF, fully exploiting the ability of Al 3 (Sc, Zr) particles to promote α-Al nucleation. Therefore, fully equiaxed grains of 5-6 μm in diameter without preferential crystallographic orientation have been obtained. This leads to excellent strength and ductility with a good strain hardening capacity without the need for subsequent forming processes, which has successfully tackled the non-uniform plasticity issue associated with the L-PBF counterparts. This alloy possesses a yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 230 and 331 MPa, respectively, with a uniform elongation of 8.3% at the as-fabricated stage. After a simple post-heat treatment at 300℃ for 3 h, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength can reach up to 425 and 519 MPa, respectively, accompanied with 6.2% uniform elongation. The yield strength in the direct-aged state exceeds all the existing Al alloys manufactured by various DED. The current results bode well for the achievement of high strength Al alloys engineering components fabricated by L-DED for future industrial adoption.

Evaluation of morphological, rheological, mechanical, and dielectric properties of aluminum dross filled polyoxymethylene (POM) composites

AbstractIn this study, different amounts of aluminum dross (Al‐dross) powders were incorporated into polyoxymethylene (POM) by the melt‐mixing method, and morphological, thermal, rheological, mechanical and dielectric properties of the obtained composite samples were investigated. So, it was aimed to develop value‐added products and create an alternative utilization method for industrial waste that poses environmental risk and does not have a useful application area. The morphological analyses performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the Al‐dross contained various inorganic components with different particle sizes such as Al2O3, NaCl. Moreover, no significant structural incompatibility between the POM and Al‐dross was observed. In contrast, the SEM analyses showed non‐coated filler particle surfaces, which were probably due to the breaking of NaCl particles during the extrusion process. In the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, it was found that the effect of Al‐dross addition on the crystallization temperature, amount of crystalline structure in the polymer phase or crystallization rate was limited. The rheological analyses showed that the Al‐dross particles formed rheological percolated structures at an Al‐dross ratio of 20% wt. In the dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA), it was observed that the modulus of elasticity (E') increased by approximately 40% and creep strain decreased by approximately 50% by the addition of Al‐dross into the POM phase at the 40% in %wt. Finally, in the dielectric analyses carried out in the frequency range of 1–14 GHz by a vector network analyzer, it was concluded that incorporating Al‐dross at 40% caused an increase of 1.5 and 3 times in real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity.

Prediction of excipient-excipient incompatibility: A latent threat to pharmaceutical product development

The importance of pharmaceutical excipients in the creation of any dosage form is critical. These excipients are occasionally to blame for product underperformance and dosage form deterioration. Product deterioration and underperformance could be attributed to incompatibilities between drug and excipient or sometimes excipient and excipient either due to the presence of reactive impurities in the excipients or a reaction between the functional groups present on the excipients. Although the drug and excipient incompatibilities are monitored and reported, excipient-excipient incompatibilities are overlooked due to a paucity of the literature. Pharmaceutical companies used to work in a controlled environment (compatibility tests between excipients to determine the best excipients for dosage form creation) and utilize mitigation measures to suppress any incompatibilities between excipients when necessary. These tactics take time and money to implement, and they increase the cost of developing a dosage form. However, the primary goal of this review is to highlight some of the most prevalent excipient-excipient incompatibilities that can occur during dosage form development, possible incompatibility reactions, as well as a potential method for predicting excipient-excipient incompatibilities based on structural information. The structure incompatibility relationship strategy to forecast incompatibilities between diverse excipients is an idea based on the reactivity of pharmaceutical excipients, and it might be a useful tool in reducing the time, cost, and product failures during the product development due to excipient-excipient incompatibilities.

Illocutionary Compulsion as a Sign of Pseudocommunication

The study is timely and actual, since at present, due to the aggravation of interethnic and interstate relations, it is necessary to study discursive mechanisms, taking into account which would more successfully develop methods and models of dialogical discourse, formulate criteria and choose adequate means of carrying out dialogical activities at different levels of communication. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of dialogical speech in ineffective communication situations. The dialogical discourse fragments extracted by applying continuous sampling method the 20th century fiction which served as the material of the study. The methods of contextual analysis, interactional and intentional analysis were used in the study. The research allows comprehend from a linguistic point of view the regulation process of speech behavior of the dialogical interaction participants, to deepen the knowledge of nature and features of speech communication. Illocutionary compulsion is considered to be creating conditions by the communicant when the communicative partner is forced to participate in the communicative process contrary to the will and desire. The factor of illocutionary compulsion means dialogic interaction infringement on the communicative level, performing communicative characteristics of the dialogical discourse and determining the unity of the content aspect of the dialogical interaction; on the interactive level, which determines the interconnectedness of speech actions in communication; and on the perceptual level, associated with the personal socio-psychological and emotional-expressive characteristics of the communicants. On the communicative level such violations mean inconsistency of communicative intentions and strategies of the partners, inadequacy of the illocutionary focus, both structural and semantic incompatibility of replicas of partners, uninformativeness, unactuality, insignificance of messages within the dialogical interaction, violation of the principles governing speech communication. On the interactive level, such violations are manifested as the lack of interaction synchronization of speech actions of the communicants, non-focus of the partners actions on correlating the goals of each of the parties and on organizing their achievement, the lack of connection between speech courses and the lack of verbal and non-verbal signals providing interaction regulation. On the perceptual level such violations are incompatibility of peculiarities of worldview and world perception of the communicants, inadequacy of perception, interpretation and assessment of communicative partners of each other, inconsistency in motivation for actions, inadequate tonality of communication, incompatibility of expression of an emotional state and psychological mood. Thereby the factor of illocutionary compulsion promotes the formation of pseudocommunicative contacts situations. The process does not lead to the jointly created result, since it is carried out exclusively as a speaking process. The phenomenon of the pseudocommunicative contact includes various types of other negative phenomena and is characterized by the lack of general communicative meaning. The communication is made as a process but not a result therefore it is considered as unsuccessful, ineffective and unpromising

Precipitate/matrix incompatibilities related to the {111}Al Ω plates in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy

The atomic structure of Ω plates forming on {111}Al planes in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy has been investigated by Z-contrast atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging and ab initio density functional theory calculations. Ω plates with different thicknesses have been studied in two peak-aged conditions: 150 °C for 24 h and 190 °C for 1.5 h. Volumetric and structural incompatibilities as unrelaxed misfit strains and shear components, respectively, between the Ω plates involving orthorhombic θ-phase fragments and Al matrix were found to be in the plates with thicknesses from 0 to 2.5 cθ (a normal direction to {111}Al). Two types of shear components: [−101]Al // [0−10]θ (τI) and [1−21]Al // [100]θ (τII) related to precipitate/matrix structural incompatibilities have been predicted by calculations. The shear components τI and τII have been found to be energetically favorable in the plates with different thicknesses. Comparing τI and τII absolute values in supercells involving the plates with different thicknesses, 2 cθ thick plates have a shear component close to zero. All the plates analyzed have precipitate/matrix volumetric incompatibilities with Al matrix as misfit strains along [111]Al // [001]θ, which distribute non-uniformly across the plate thickness. Large misfit strains concentrate at the broad plate interfaces, i.e. in Ag2Cu and Cui layers, and cause a prohibitively high barrier to thickening of the Ω precipitates.