Composite Structures Research Articles

Two-Dimensional Laplace NMR Reconstruction through Deep Learning Enhancement.

Laplace NMR is a powerful tool for studying molecular dynamics and spin interactions, providing diffusion and relaxation information that complements Fourier NMR used for composition determination and structure elucidation. However, Laplace NMR demands sophisticated signal processing algorithms such as inverse Laplace transform (ILT). Due to the inherently ill-posed nature of ILT problems, it is generally challenging to perform satisfactory Laplace NMR processing and reconstruction, particularly for two-dimensional Laplace NMR. Herein, we propose a proof-of-concept approach that blends a physics-informed strategy with data-driven deep learning for two-dimensional Laplace NMR reconstruction. This approach integrates prior knowledge of mathematical and physical laws governing multidimensional decay signals by constructing a forward process model to simulate relationships among different decay factors. Benefiting from a noniterative neural network algorithm that automatically acquires prior information from synthetic data during training, this approach avoids tedious parameter tuning and enhances user friendliness. Experimental results demonstrate the practical effectiveness of this approach. As an advanced and impactful technique, this approach brings a fresh perspective to multidimensional Laplace NMR inversion.

Synergistic stabilization of red-bedded mudstone with microbial-geopolymer: An experimental study

To enhance the stabilization effect of microorganisms and metakaolin on red-bedded mudstone filler, an innovative approach was introduced by implementing a synergistic stabilization technology combining microorganisms and geopolymers. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated using physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. Under the synergistic stabilization effect of microbial-geopolymer, the presence of cementitious materials increased by 60.80 percent, and longitudinal velocity increased by 6.63 %. furthermore, the surface porosity decreased by 20.52–23.49 %, the unconfined compressive strength increased by 250.00 % (i.e., 1.26 MPa), and the level of disintegration improved from Garde I (strong) to Grade Ⅳ (no disintegration). The synergistic effect of microorganisms and geopolymer ultimately formed a composite cementing structure of calcium carbonate, hydration products, and polymers, effectively enhancing the density and bonding strength between soil particles. The findings of this paper can guide the stabilization of red-bedded mudstone filler in high-speed railway foundation construction.

Redefining Water Purification: gC3N4-CLDH's Electrochemical SMX Eradication

The contamination of water sources by pharmaceutical compounds presents global environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of efficient water treatment technologies. In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a novel graphitic carbon nitride-calcined (Fe-Ca) layered double hydroxide (gC3N4-CLDH) composite for electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water yielded significant outcomes are reported. SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses confirmed well-defined composite structures with unique morphology and crystalline properties. Electrochemical degradation experiments demonstrated >98% SMX removal and >75% TOC removal under optimized conditions, highlighting its effectiveness. The composite exhibited excellent mineralization efficiency across various pH levels, with superoxide radicals (O2●–) and hydroxyl radicals (●OH) identified as primary reactive oxygen species. With remarkable regeneration capability for up to 7 cycles, the gC3N4-CLDH composite emerges as a highly promising solution for sustainable water treatment. Humic acid (HA) in water significantly slows SMX degradation, suggests complicating SMX degradation with natural organic matter. Despite this, the gC3N4-CLDH composite effectively degrades SMX in groundwater and industrial wastewater, with slight efficiency reduction in the latter due to higher impurity levels. These findings highlight the complexities of treating pharmaceutical pollutants in various water types. Overall, gC3N4-CLDH’s high removal efficiency, broad pH applicability, sustainability, and mechanistic insights provide a solid foundation for future research and real-world environmental applications.

Significant improvement in sensitivity of an anomalous Nernst heat flux sensor by composite structure

Heat flux sensors (HFS) have attracted significant interest for their potential in managing waste heat efficiently. A recently proposed HFS, which works on the basis of the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE), offers several advantages in its simple structure leading to easy fabrication, low cost, and reduced thermal resistance. However, enhancing sensitivity through traditional material selection is now challenging due to a small number of materials satisfying the required coexistence of a large transverse thermopower and low thermal conductivity. In this study, by utilizing composite structures and optimizing the device geometry, we have achieved a substantial improvement in the sensitivity of an ANE-based HFS. We developed composite structures comprised of a plastic substrate with an uneven surface and three-dimensional (3D) uneven TbCo films, fabricated using nanoimprint techniques and sputtering. This approach resulted in a sensitivity that is approximately four times greater than that observed in previous studies. Importantly, this method is independent of the material properties and can significantly enhance the sensitivity. Our findings could lead to the development of highly sensitive HFS devices and open avenues for the fabrication of 3D devices.

Study of Manipulative In Situ Pore-Formation upon Polymeric Coating on Cylindrical Substrate for Sustained Drug Delivery.

Herein, the micro-porous polylactic acid coating applied on the surface of the cylindrical substrate is fabricated by a novel in situ pore-formation strategy based on the combinational effect of breath figure (BF) and vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) processes. Under the condition of high environmental humidity, solvent pair of chloroform and dimethylformamide is employed for post-treatment onto pre-formed PLA coating to induce the pore-formation following the mechanism of BF and VIPS, respectively. A composite porous structure with both cellular-like and bi-continuous network morphologies is obtained. By tunning the experimental factors including the ratio of the solvent pair, environmental humidity, and temperature, morphological manipulation upon the pore morphology can be facilely achieved based on the control of mechanism transition between BF and VIPS. Paclitaxel is used as a model drug and loaded into the porous coating by the wicking effect of post-immersion. Coatings with different morphological features show varying drug loading and release capacities. The 28-day release test reveals dynamic release profiles between different coating samples, with the total release rate ranging from 35.70% to 79.96%. Optimal loading capacity of 19.28µg cm-2 and 28-day release rate of 35.70% are achieved for the coating with composite BF-VIPS structure. This research established a cost-efficient strategy with high flexibility in the structural manipulation concerning the construction of drug-eluting coating with the feature of manipulative drug delivery.

Spatial proteomics of human diabetic kidney disease, from health to class III.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic and end-stage kidney disease in the USA and worldwide. Animal models have taught us much about DKD mechanisms, but translation of this knowledge into treatments for human disease has been slowed by the lag in our molecular understanding of human DKD. Using our Spatial TissuE Proteomics (STEP) pipeline (comprising curated human kidney tissues, multiplexed immunofluorescence and powerful analysis tools), we imaged and analysed the expression of 21 proteins in 23 tissue sections from individuals with diabetes and healthy kidneys (n=5), compared to those with DKDIIA, IIA-B and IIB (n=2 each) and DKDIII (n=1). These analyses revealed the existence of 11 cellular clusters (kidney compartments/cell types): podocytes, glomerular endothelial cells, proximal tubules, distal nephron, peritubular capillaries, blood vessels (endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells), macrophages, myeloid cells, other CD45+ inflammatory cells, basement membrane and the interstitium. DKD progression was associated with co-localised increases in inflammatory cells and collagen IV deposition, with concomitant loss of native proteins of each nephron segment. Cell-type frequency and neighbourhood analyses highlighted a significant increase in inflammatory cells and their adjacency to tubular and αSMA+ (α-smooth muscle actin-positive) cells in DKD. Finally, DKD progression showed marked regional variability within single tissue sections, as well as inter-individual variability within each DKD class. Using the STEP pipeline, we found alterations in protein expression, cellular phenotypic composition and microenvironment structure with DKD progression, demonstrating the power of this pipeline to reveal the pathophysiology of human DKD.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on the Performance of Cement-Based Grouting Materials

Polycarboxylate superplasticizers BMC-L and BMC-S were utilized as modifiers in the formulation of novel cement-based grouting materials. Indoor tests were conducted on 32 groups of cement slurries, varying by water–cement ratio (0.5:1 and 0.6:1) and modifier content (0, 2‰, 4‰, 6‰, 8‰, 10‰, 12‰, and 14‰), to test their density, funnel viscosity, water separation rate, and stone rate. Four groups of slurry modified with BMC-L were selected as the preferred slurry, and the apparent viscosity test, uniaxial, and triaxial compression test of the slurry stone body were conducted. The study investigated the influence of BMC-L on various properties of the slurry, including its apparent viscosity, uniaxial compressive strength, stress–strain relationships, shear strength parameters, and elastic modulus. Ultimately, the pore structure and phase composition of the slurry stone body were detected by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and the impact of BMC-L on slurry performance was examined from a microstructural perspective. Results indicate that the two polycarboxylate superplasticizers exert minimal influence on the density and water separation rate of the slurry. Within the effective incorporation range of the polycarboxylate superplasticizer, increasing the dosage correlates with a decrease in both the stone rate and viscosity of the slurry. BMC-L significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the slurry stone body by promoting more complete cement hydration and reducing porosity. The uniaxial compressive strength of slurry stone body with a 6 ‰ BMC-L dosage reached 29.7 MPa after 7 days and 38.5 MPa after 28 days of curing, representing increases of 118.4% and 64%, respectively, compared to masonry with 0 BMC-L dosage. The shear strength parameters and elastic modulus of the slurry stone body also showed corresponding increases.

Study on the Bearing Capacity of the Polyethylene Pipe–Cured-In-Place Pipe Liner Composite Structure under External Pressure

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technology is used to repair deformed municipal polyethylene (PE) pipes caused by design flaws, construction issues, or external loads. However, research on CIPP for PE pipes is limited, restricting its broader application. This research focuses on the mechanical response characteristics and failure modes of the composite PE pipe–CIPP liner structure under external loads. Using experimental setups involving comparative test groups with different diameters and wall thickness ratios (DR values, defined as the ratio of the pipe’s outer diameter to its wall thickness), this study evaluates the effects of the liner’s elastic modulus, the bonding effectiveness at the PE pipe–CIPP liner interface, and the initial ovality of the pipes on the load-bearing capacity. The experimental results reveal that CIPP liners substantially enhance the stiffness and load-bearing capacity of PE pipes, with improvements ranging from 200% to nearly 500% depending on the pipe’s DR value. A novel ring stiffness prediction model is also introduced and validated against the experimental data. This model provides a theoretical framework for understanding the complex interactions at the PE pipe–CIPP liner interface and aids in designing more resilient urban drainage systems.

Effect of BaTiO3 Filler Modification with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Electric Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

Two ranges of dielectric permittivity (k) increase in polymer composites upon the modification of BaTiO3 filler with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are shown for the first time. The first increase in permittivity is observed at low MWCNT content in the composite (approximately 0.07 vol.%) without a considerable increase in dielectric loss tangent and electrical conductivity. This effect is determined by the intensification of filler–polymer interactions caused by the nanotubes, which introduce Brønsted acidic centers on the modified filler surface and thus promote interactions with the cyanoethyl ester of polyvinyl alcohol (CEPVA) polymer binder. Consequently, the structure of the composites becomes more uniform: the permittivity increase is accompanied by a decrease in the lacunarity (nonuniformity) of the structure and an increase in scale invariance, which characterizes the self-similarity of the composite structure. The permittivity of the composites in the first range follows a modified Lichtenecker equation, including the content of Brønsted acidic centers as a parameter. The second permittivity growth range features a drastic increase in the dielectric loss tangent and conductivity corresponding to the percolation effect with the threshold at 0.3 vol.% of MWCNTs.

Photoluminescence studies of different types of feldspars and the implications to the dating application using a Raman system

In recent years, the infrared photoluminescence (PL) of feldspar has been explored for geological dating because it offers a great increase in signal intensity with increasing radiation dose. However, a comprehensive understanding of the PL emission spectra of different types of feldspar minerals remains poorly understood and the uncommonly available instruments have hindered its research. In this study, we investigated PL characteristics (e.g., emission spectra and the dependence of PL emission on irradiation dose) of single-crystal alkali and plagioclase feldspars using a commercial Raman microscope instrument configured to excite samples with 532 and 785 nm lasers. The results show that despite being sample-dependent, 2–3 PL bands peaking at ∼2.10 eV (590 nm), 1.75 eV (710 nm), and 1.43 eV (865 nm) under 532 nm laser excitation, and 0–2 peaks ranging from ∼1.44 eV (863 nm) to ∼1.34 eV (925 nm) under 785 nm laser excitation, are broadly observed. These variations in PL bands may be attributed to subtle differences in chemical composition and crystal structure among the feldspar minerals. The sensitivity of PL emission to irradiation dose varies greatly depending on feldspar types and peak positions. The PL intensities of the peaks at ∼1.43 eV (865 nm) are particularly sensitive in K-feldspar, demonstrating their potential applicability for dating applications. Additionally, solar bleaching experiments demonstrate that PL signals of these peaks can be effectively reset by 1.5 h of solar exposure. The dose-response curves obtained using 860–870 nm PL signals of K-feldspar conform to a relationship of a single saturating exponential function between the signal and irradiation dose. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that a commonly available Raman system can be utilized for PL measurements of single grains.

Extension of Tsai-Hill failure concept for mixed-mode I/II fracture investigation of orthotropic materials considering T-stress effects

An essential study in the discourse surrounding composite materials is the investigation of their fracture mechanics due to the intricate nature of composite structures, it is necessary to take into account the presence of cracks and faults throughout the design process. In this research, within the context of linear elastic fracture mechanics, the fracture criterion for orthotropic materials under mixed mode II/I loading is presented by expanding the Tsai-Hill failure criterion. According to the crack, it may be aligned or perpendicular to the fibers; the criterion is stated for both cases. Also, the effects of the non-singular stress component on crack growth have been investigated. The mechanical and fracture data of Russian pine wood was extracted through tensile testing and the finite element (FE) method. The validity of the proposed criterion, in comparison with the experimental findings extracted in this research, has been proved. The precision of the previous proposed fracture criteria has been reviewed in comparison with the proposed criterion. The appropriate behavior of the fracture limit curves compared to the experimental data shows the efficacy of the proposed criterion to predict the initiation and propagation of cracks in orthotropic materials.

Green-prepared high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption Ni6W6C/Co2O3@C composites and related broadband absorption device

In recent years, the synthesis of absorbing materials using green and environmentally friendly natural raw materials have become a research topic, but green and environmentally friendly materials with both high performance and simple synthesis steps still need to be developed. In this work, glucose and metal organic framework (MOF) were used to prepare composite materials with strong absorbing ability and low cost. We chose glucose, which is convenient to purchase on the market, as the raw material and constructed MOF derivatives with carbon shell skeleton nanostructures through a simple method of hydrothermal and annealing. Compared to the raw materials of traditional absorbing materials, glucose has environmentally friendly, low-cost and green characteristics. We characterized the microstructure and morphology of the material. In addition, we also analyzed the material composition and absorption mechanism of Ni6W6C/Co2O3@C. We have found from the theoretical analysis and simulation results of transmission lines that the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of Ni6W6C/Co2O3@C material at 5.43 GHz and 4.76 mm is −56.68 dB. And the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) at 2.04 mm can reach 7.12 GHz. We load the best sample to the honeycomb structure, a broadband microwave absorber was designed for simulation. The results show that the broadband microwave absorber can achieve an average electromagnetic wave (EMW) loss of more than 99 % in the 0.3–16.04 GHz frequency band (RL value is less than −20 dB), and an average EMW loss of more than 90 % in the 16.04–18 GHz frequency band (RL value less than −10 dB). The composite structure of glucose and MOF derivatives enhances the dielectric loss of the material and enriches various EMW loss mechanisms. Finally, a green, environmental-friendly, high-performance absorbing material with a simple synthesis method is prepared. These results provide insights into the research on EMW absorption of composite materials and new methods for referring.

Comparative study on the impact behaviors of CFWST columns reinforced with steel spiral and tube

To obtain superior corrosion resistance and impact resistance, as well as good economic benefits, two new types of composite structure called as steel tube internally-reinforced concrete-filled weathering steel tube (STRCFWST) and steel spiral internally-reinforced concrete-filled weathering steel (SSRCFWST) columns are proposed and compared in terms of their impact resistance in this paper. Eleven impact tests were conducted and three parameters comprising steel spiral diameter, wall thicknesses of outer and inner steel tube were considered to evaluate their influences on the lateral impact behaviors. Results show the presence of inner steel tube and reinforcement cage significantly enhances the impact resistance while slightly decreases the energy absorption capacity. Increasing inner steel tube wall thickness helps to improve the impact resistance, however the contribution is not so good as that produced by increasing the outer steel tube wall thickness, whilst varying steel spiral diameter almost has no impact. Numerical models were developed by ABAQUS/Explicit and verified via the test, based on which the full-range behaviors of STRCFWST, SSRCFWST and unreinforced concrete-filled weathering steel tube (CFWST) columns under impact loading were compared and discussed. It is demonstrated that steel tube and reinforcement cage provide little confinement on concrete infill under impact. With the same internal steel ratio, inner steel tube makes a greater contribution to sectional bending moment resistance and energy absorption as compared to the reinforcement cage.

Analytical model of the steady state temperature distribution in a single and multi-layer brake disc

This article focuses on the modeling and analyzing effort for the thermal analysis and design of disc brake for endurance braking scenario. Test cases of bike disc brake rotor are chosen as its unique double layered architecture has been recently proposed for thermal optimization especially. This work aims at the evaluation of the steady state temperature distribution during braking to be studied considering a constant rotation speed and localized heat sources at the brake pad area. The problem is solved analytically using variable separation and a double Fourier - Hankel transforms.The modelling strategy is developed for a single layered rotor as reference cases for various rotation speed and rotor thicknesses. The effect of the rotation speed is underlined using a representative constant heat exchange coefficient. For high rotation speed (greater than 50 rad s-1 for the studied geometry), an effective surface layer can be observed which limits the influence of the rotor thickness on the temperature level. The model is extended to a multi-layered material rotor architecture. The potential advantages of this composite structure for different layer thicknesses and materials are evaluated and discussed. It appears that the aluminium core provides the better results, yet the relative reduction of the temperature compared to a plain stainless steel disc is of about 1 % only.

Debonding inspection with an enhanced miniature EMAT based on multiple pulse echoes

The present paper proposes a non-contact ultrasonic testing method for the debonding inspection of metal-based composite structures, utilizing an improved electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). The enhanced EMAT incorporates a carbonyl iron powder coil backplate and a small butterfly coil to enhance the detecting ability for interfacial bonding. A two-dimensional finite element model is developed to quantify the effectiveness of the carbonyl iron powder coil backplate on increasing the eddy current density and the magnetic flux density in the specimen. An experimental setup was designed using the Ritec SNAP 5000 and the improved EMATs to examine an aluminium-epoxy resin composite structure. Ultrasonic C-scan images of the specimen's bonding interface were obtained from the experiment. Both simulation and experimental results show that carbonyl iron powder coil backplates can increase the efficiency of the EMATs. By investigating the influence of echo number on debonding detection, it was revealed that employing higher-order echoes and utilizing carbonyl iron powder as the coil backplate can enhance the debonding detection capability. The C-scan imaging results indicate that the utilization of high-order echoes enhances imaging quality, and the employment of high-quality miniaturized EMATs enhances the capability for quantitative analysis of debonding defects.

Bond Behavior and Failure Mechanisms of the Interface between Engineered Cementitious Composites and Shaped Steel

Due to their excellent ductility and crack-control ability, engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) combined with shaped steel can produce steel-reinforced engineering cementitious composite (SRECC) structures which exhibit significant advantages in prefabricated buildings. The interface bond behavior is the base for the cooperative working performance of the shaped steel and ECC. This study included push-out tests of one ordinary concrete control specimen and ten ECC specimens. The various parameters were the ECC compressive strength, fiber volume content, cover thickness, and the embedded length of shaped steel. The bond stress–slip curves at the loading and free end were obtained, and the effects of various parameters on the characteristic points of curves were analyzed. The results indicated that the ordinary concrete specimen failed in brittle splitting, with the cracks completely penetrating the surface of the specimen. Due to the fiber-bridging effect in ECCs effectively preventing the development and extension of cracks, the shaped steel at the free end was obviously pushed out, and the surrounding matrix maintained good integrity after testing finished. For ECC specimens, bond or splitting-bond failure occurred, exhibiting outstanding ductility. Compared with the ordinary concrete specimen, the standard ultimate and residual bond strength of ECC specimens improved by 37.9% and 27.4%, respectively. Besides the increase in ECC compressive strength, the fiber volume content and cover thickness had a significant positive influence on the ultimate and residual bond strength, whereas the effect of the embedded length was the opposite. Finally, the calculation equations of characteristic bond strength were proposed, and the calculated values matched well with the experimental values.

Seismic Response Analysis of Composite Isolation Structures with Non-classical Damping

Seismic Response Analysis of Composite Isolation Structures with Non-classical Damping

Study of geometry effect on the performance of thin-film transistors fabricated with ZnGa2O4 epilayer grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition for high voltage applications

Enhancement mode thin film transistors (TFTs) having different geometries were fabricated on the Zinc gallium oxide (ZnGa2O4) epilayer grown on a c-plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed to conduct a detailed analysis of the film composition, morphology, and crystal structure. The distance between the source-to-gate and gate length was kept to be 7 μm and 3 μm in all the devices with varying gate-to-drain lengths of 10, 20, and 30 μm. Moreover, neutral beam etching technology was employed to isolate the individual devices and reduce the defects induced by plasma etching. It was found that the threshold voltage changes from 6 V to 7.6 V with the increase in source to drain length from 20 μm to 40 μm. The On/Off ratio of the devices was found to be 105, with a maximum current around 1 μA/mm. Additionally, the device breakdown voltage increased from 240 V to about 656 V with the increase in the device length. The results demonstrate the fabrication of the high breakdown voltage ZnGa2O4-based TFT and establish the co-relation of the source to drain length with the device characteristics.

Mechanical properties of aluminum /SiC bulk composites fabricated by aggregate accumulative press bonding and stir-casting process

Today, the emergence of composite structures can be considered a huge transformation on an industrial scale, especially in the transportation industry. Among all the structures made by the composite process, aluminum-based composites (AMMCs) are particularly popular both in the scientific and industrial fields. These structures are very light in weight and, at the same time, have significant strength. The ability to work with the machine in these structures is very high, and their plastic deformation is so high that they can be used in different industry sectors. Today, various methods are used to induce plastic deformation in aluminum-based composites (AMMCs). One of these methods is called aggregate accumulative press bonding (APB). The advantage of this method compared to other methods is that this method can create a homogeneous nanocomposite with ultra-fine grains. In the present study, the investigation of mechanical properties (MP's) of AA5083/5%SiC bulk composites fabricated via APB vs. pressing temperature (Temp) was conducted. All primary composite samples were fabricated via the stir-casting process (SCP). APB process was done on composite samples as a supplementary process. Finally, the effect of pressing Temp on the MP and microstructural properties (MSP) was investigated. The pressing Temp was varied between the ambient Temp's up to T = 300 °C. The MP were measured in this study by the Vickers micro-hardness (VMH) test, tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was realized that the pressing Temp has a prominent effect on the MS and MP of fabricated 400°C. Samples fabricated at the ambient Temp have low ductility and high strength while for samples fabricated at T = 300 °C, the elongation and toughness values were higher than others. The TS of samples after 2 steps of APB at T = 200°C is 1.31 times more than that of fabricated at T = 300°C. Elongation was reduced sharply to 1.8% after the two steps at the ambient Temp, while it was 21% for the annealed AA5083.

Spinel-structured catalyst formed by Fe, Cu, and Co composites for efficient toluene oxidation

Due to its distinctive structure and properties, MFe2O4 has been extensively investigated in catalytic oxidation. In this study, we synthesized a ternary metal composite Fe-based spinel catalyst using the sol-gel method for toluene oxidation. The catalytic performance assessments showed that the catalytic performance of Cu0.7Co0.3Fe2O4 (T90 = 262 °C, 100,000mL·g-1·h-1) was superior to that of CuFe2O4 (T90 = 270 °C) and CoFe2O4 (T90 = 310 °C), compared to binary metal spinel catalysts. The characterization results indicate that the strong interactions among Cu, Co, and Fe in the ternary metal composite structure increased the content of oxygen vacancy at lower temperatures, thereby increasing the content of surface reactive oxygen species and improving catalytic performance. This study highlights the potential application of Fe-based spinel structures to develop more efficient spinel catalysts.