Strong Focus Research Articles

Mellan empowerment och disempowerment

Between empowerment and disempowerment – coordinating work for the establishment of newly-arrived migrants and foreign-born people in the labour market within local activation policy Increasing the employment rate and community establishment, as well as decreasing economic and social vulnerability, among newly-arrived migrants and foreign-born jobseekers are the objectives behind several local activation initiatives and projects around Sweden. This article is based on a study of a local activation project, primarily consisting of analyses of interviews with professional coordinators and other project actors. The aim of the article is to deepen the knowledge of the coordinated working method in local activation policy by critically analysing how different ideas about empowerment are part of the method and what significance this has in relation to newly-arrived migrants and foreign-born job seekers. The results show that the coordinating approach is based on principles that place the job-seeking individual's needs at the centre and that there is a tension in the working method between activation and labour market establishment, and social support and care. The studied activation project is based on both a liberal and radical ideology of empowerment. In practising the coordinating approach, however, a liberal ideology and understanding of empowerment dominate through its strong individual focus. The radical empowerment ideology with its structure-changing ambitions regarding the participants’ increased self-sufficiency, independence and empowerment are to a limited extent enforced within the project. The authors argue for the difficulties of using the concept of empowerment and its far-reaching liberation ambitions within the context of activation policy. Nevertheless, disciplining requirements and rules around self-sufficiency, individualised responsibility takeover and requirements for reciprocity within the activation of activities rather risk consolidating conditions of disempowerment for already vulnerable groups of job seekers.

Re-designing public–private partnerships: Case study – Green Hydrogen Hub, Denmark

Public and private actors are increasingly realizing that the hypercomplex challenges that societies are facing require them to collaborate in different manners than current structures and best practices cater for. Private–public partnerships (PPP) and public–private innovation (PPI) are familiar constructs. However, politicians, public and private actors, and academics increasingly point out that society’s complex, wicked problems require new forms of collaboration structures that allow for solutions to be co-created in order to create real impact. Novel collaboration structures are emerging worldwide, and early studies indicate that they demand a radical change of governmental behaviours in order to sustain these, often long-term, relationships. This case study examines the cross-sectoral co-creation initiative, Green Hydrogen Hub (GHH). GHH is designing and developing a society-scale green energy storage capacity that will play a key role in the green electrification of Denmark. Specifically, it investigates the change of role, self-perception and orchestrating capabilities of the governmental actor, Gas Storage Denmark, in its role in the public–private co-creation (PPC) consortium. Through a series of qualitative interviews with both public and private actors within and surrounding the co-creation consortium, this study has identified one overarching necessity for driving successful PPC: the ability to juxtapose public actors’ for-purpose obligations and private actors’ for-profit obligations in a non-oppositional setup. The case shows how this is obtained through three key indicators: 1) an ability to establish a resilient team, 2) a strong focus on storytelling about the overall purpose, 3) a plasticity from the actors to deliver on the purpose. As such, this article brings a deeper understanding for both public and private organizations as to how they can effectively engage in co-operative complex innovation activities.

Tapping Into Skeletal Muscle Biomechanics for Design and Control of Lower Limb Exoskeletons: A Narrative Review.

Lower limb exoskeletons and exosuits ("exos") are traditionally designed with a strong focus on mechatronics and actuation, whereas the "human side" is often disregarded or minimally modeled. Muscle biomechanics principles and skeletal muscle response to robot-delivered loads should be incorporated in design/control of exos. In this narrative review, we summarize the advances in literature with respect to the fusion of muscle biomechanics and lower limb exoskeletons. We report methods to measure muscle biomechanics directly and indirectly and summarize the studies that have incorporated muscle measures for improved design and control of intuitive lower limb exos. Finally, we delve into articles that have studied how the human-exo interaction influences muscle biomechanics during locomotion. To support neurorehabilitation and facilitate everyday use of wearable assistive technologies, we believe that future studies should investigate and predict how exoskeleton assistance strategies would structurally remodel skeletal muscle over time. Real-time mapping of the neuromechanical origin and generation of muscle force resulting in joint torques should be combined with musculoskeletal models to address time-varying parameters such as adaptation to exos and fatigue. Development of smarter predictive controllers that steer rather than assist biological components could result in a synchronized human-machine system that optimizes the biological and electromechanical performance of the combined system.

UI/UX-CENTRIC DESIGN OF IN-THE-FIELD AGRICULTURAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

The design of an In-the-Field Agricultural Data Acquisition System with a strong focus on user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) principles is essential to enhance the efficiency and productivity of modern agriculture. This research explores the development of a user-centered system that empowers farmers and agricultural professionals to seamlessly collect, manage, and analyze crucial data while working in the field. By incorporating intuitive and visually appealing interfaces, the system aims to improve data accuracy, reduce human error, and streamline decision-making processes in agriculture. The abstract design of this system takes into consideration the unique needs and challenges of agricultural settings, providing a user-friendly tool that promotes sustainable farming practices and drives innovation in the agricultural industry.

BCMIX: A Blockchain-Based Dynamic Self-Reconfigurable Mixnet

The increasing awareness of privacy preservation has led to a strong focus on mix networks (mixnets) protecting anonymity. As an efficient mixnet, cMix greatly reduces the latency, but brings privacy leakage risks due to the use of presetting mix nodes controlled by service providers. Besides, cMix is susceptible to blocking attacks that paralyze the anonymous service. In this paper, we combine blockchain with cMix, and come up with a BlockChain-based dynamic self-reconfigurable MIXnet (BCMIX) approach for anonymous communication. In BCMIX, we design PoW voting, IP sharding and VRF voting algorithms to select mix nodes from blockchain miners. With these voting algorithms, BCMIX can mitigate blocking attacks and blockchain Sybil attacks. Then we present an additive homomorphic mixnet protocol altered from cMix. Furthermore, we design a transaction-based key-exchange protocol for users and mix nodes to negotiate keys with each other, which resists Man-in-the-Middle attacks that exist in cMix. We also demonstrate the security and anonymity of BCMIX under formal security models. To evaluate BCMIX, we leverage the distribution of mining pools in the real-world to test the system’s performance and ability to resist the mentioned attacks. The results show that with the proper mining difficulty, the probability of an attacker launching collusion attacks and Sybil attacks is negligible. Compared with the existing anonymous systems, BCMIX provides better resilience to known attacks while enabling low-latency anonymous communication without requiring significant bandwidth or storage resources.

Current situation of avian influenza due to the highly pathogenic subtype A/H5N1 in Mexico. Proceeding of The First International Avian Influenza Summit, University of Arkansas- October 16-17, 2023"

The first report of news of an epizootic of Avian Influenza (AI) occurred in the neighborhoods of the city of Turín, Italy, in family poultry farms in 1878, which resulted in high mortality rates. The infection spread to the north and west of Europe, ending a year later in England. It was the distinguished Italian veterinarian Edoardo Bellarmino Perocitto (1847-1936), who created a detailed clinical, pathological, and epidemiological description of this viral infection of birds. In 2014, a virus emerged that has since commanded the attention of researchers. This virus was isolated from a domestic goose in Guangdong, China, and was classified as A/Goose/Guandong/1/14. This line sparked a strong focus among avian pathologists because, since its appearance, it has caused death in domestic and wild birds and has spread to more than 76 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. It is well known that migratory aquatic birds are the main actors in the ecology of Orthomyxoviruses of Avian Influenza. IA is caused by an Orthomyxovirus whose envelope contains surface glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Types A, B, and C are isolated from animals. Types B and C have been isolated from man. Type A viruses are capable of infecting birds, humans, horses, and other mammals. The incubation period of AI Orthomyxoviruses is one to seven days and clinically causes a severe congestive-hemorrhagic respiratory, intestinal, and neurological condition, with mortality rates of 90 to 95\% and mortality rates of 95 to 100\%. Both Avian Influenza and Human Influenza have a seasonal presentation during the autumn and winter months of each year. Currently, the AI viruses H5N1 and H7N9 are zoonotic. Asian strain subtypes with greater impact on the health of people and their origin have occurred due to the spread between different species of wild birds, domestic and productive birds, and the people who take care of them and sell them. The global situation of Avian Influenza, a cross-border disease, continues to threaten the health of birds in practically all countries under agreement with the World Organization for Animal Health (OMSA/OIE). From 2021 to December 2022, more than 8,142 outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 appeared in 76 countries on four continents, affecting more than 120 million birds. The poultry industry in the United States of America has slaughtered more than 60 million commercial, domestic, and free-range birds (chickens, turkeys, and ducks), and wild birds between 2022-2023. This serious and worrying situation at a global level means that the World Animal Health Organization located in Paris, France, organized a meeting with all countries affected by AI in October 2022, during which it was concluded and authorized in an unprecedented decision for the first authorizing vaccination against AI in affected countries and publishing a manual “OIE Vaccination: A tool for the control of Avian Influenza.

Innovation and technology management: investigate how organizations manage innovation and stay competitive in the modern business landscape

The goal of this study is to emphasize growing sectors of management of innovation topics, and also to provide a summary on the most essential themes and objectives for academic investigation and managerial practice. It continually brings to fresh responses, fresh concepts, or novel forms of business. Each modern dance business's core competitive edge appears in its ability to create its own firm. The purpose of the piece is to emphasize the crucial role of innovation in the operation of today's corporations. Operations founded on innovations have an essential function for promoting affluence and developing and preserving a competitive advantage. The state to play of the Indian IT sector, with a strong focus on innovation-driven company models, indicates that the present time may be an ideal time to perform this investigation.

텍스트마이닝을 이용한 국내의 디지털 평생교육 연구 동향 분석

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze how changes in social and policy perceptions and approaches to digital lifelong education are reflected in academic discourse through text mining techniques. For this research purpose, academic journals on digital lifelong education or similar concepts published by RISS from 2010 to 2022 that featured keywords such as digital lifelong education, distance lifelong education, and online lifelong education in their titles, abstracts, and keywords were analyzed. This period was divided into three segments and text mining techniques were applied, including TF-IDF word analysis, N-gram analysis, and CONCOR analysis, to explore trends and patterns.
 The results of the analysis were as follows: First, looking at the trends in the publication of papers on digital lifelong education in Korea, initially, there was a steady increase from 2010 to 2016. This was followed by a decline in 2017, but then another increase in publications until 2022. Second, in the frequency and importance analysis, the top 10 words included those related to digital distance learning, followed by words associated with lifelong education support development and programs, and words related to class performance and effectiveness ranked next. Third, in the CONCOR analysis based on the semantic network, the first period emphasized the construction and support of a cyber university education system. In the second period, there was a shift in emphasis towards the actual operation process, motivation for participation in education, formation of a learning community, and analysis of effects. In the third period, there was a notable emphasis on various policies and projects related to digital lifelong education. Additionally, there was a strong focus on discussing the effectiveness of these initiatives, particularly in relation to specific outcomes such as working hours and employment indicators. Accordingly, this study proposed future digital lifelong education policy directions regarding each analysis result, and these are significant in that they present basic data that sets the direction for follow-up research and suggests specific tasks.

AKTIVITAS KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN PT ARAH DUNIA TELEVISI PADA PROGRAM RAMADHANKU DI JOGJA

In the current digital era, new media, such as social media, have emerged abundantly. These new media platforms serve similar functions to television, providing information and entertainment, and can be seen as potential substitutes for television due to their accessibility and availability anywhere. To remain relevant in this evolving era, television networks have adapted to the trends by shifting towards digital television that can be accessed through gadgets. ADITV is one of the local Islamic television stations in Yogyakarta that has made this transition to digital television. One of ADITV's programs that reflects its Islamic identity is "Ramadhanku di Jogja." Marketing communication activities need to be conducted to sustain its position amidst the emergence of new media. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the marketing communication activities of PT Arah Dunia Televisi in the program "Ramadhanku di Jogja" using the concepts of marketing communication (Kotler & Keller, 2012) and marketing communication mix (Firmansyah, 2020). The research methodology employed is qualitative descriptive, involving data collection through interviews, observations, documentation, and literature review, utilizing source triangulation and technique triangulation as data validity techniques. The findings of this study indicate that ADITV has implemented marketing communication activities in the program "Ramadhanku di Jogja," including advertising, sales promotion, public relations and publicity, personal selling, and direct marketing, with a stronger focus on conventional marketing approaches such as personal selling and direct marketing.

Climate Change Perception and Innovative Mitigation Practices Adopted by Hungarian Farms

Climate change is becoming a growing concern for the agricultural sector. Variable weather events, such as droughts and floods, are expected to have a significant negative impact on agricultural losses, earnings and consumption. The agriculture industry in Europe is not immune to these difficulties. This study focuses on Hungary, a country with a strong agricultural focus that, as a result, is particularly susceptible to climate change. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to synthesis data about the perspectives of Hungarian farmers on the dangers of climate change. Then, latent variables were employed as explanatory variables in the Logit model to investigate the link between the perceptions of climate change risks by Hungarian farmers and their inclination to adopt innovative ways to mitigate its repercussions. Changes in temperature and precipitation, economic damage, water damage, and insect damage are seen as the most serious repercussions of climate change by Hungarian farmers. These beliefs raise the possibility of adopting new strategies to offset harmful consequences, including (i) the adoption of new varieties, (ii) ice and frost protection, and (iii) the use of agro-meteorological data. The results show that the chance of adopting new varieties is substantially influenced by farmers’ assessments of harm caused by pests, pathogens, and illnesses (2.91***). In contrast, water damage concerns seem to have a significant impact on the adoption of novel approaches to reduce cold and frost damage (2.18***). This study’s findings support the efforts of stakeholders and policymakers to encourage the dissemination of technology to protect crops from climate change in Hungary and imply that governments should provide financial incentives to farmers to boost innovation uptake.

Research Into Evidence-Based Psychological Interventions Needs a Stronger Focus on Replicability.

It is a precondition for evidence-based practice that research is replicable in a wide variety of clinical settings. Current standards for identifying evidence-based psychological interventions and making recommendations for clinical practice in clinical guidelines include criteria that are relevant for replicability, but a better understanding as well refined definitions of replicability are needed enabling empirical research on this topic. Recent advances on this issue were made in the wider field of psychology and in other disciplines, which offers the opportunity to define and potentially increase replicability also in research on psychological interventions. This article proposes a research strategy for assessing, understanding, and improving replicability in research on psychological interventions. First, we establish a replication taxonomy ranging from direct to conceptual replication adapted to the field of research on clinical interventions, propose study characteristics that increase the trustworthiness of results, and define statistical criteria for successful replication with respect to the quantitative outcomes of the original and replication studies. Second, we propose how to establish such standards for future research, i.e., in order to design future replication studies for psychological interventions as well as to apply them when investigating which factors are causing the (non-)replicability of findings in the current literature.

Non-PGM Cathode Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells

The replacement of unsustainable noble-metal catalysts with platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for material wise and market value viable PEMFCs. Despite the tremendous efforts involved in their development, many drawbacks persist that include poor design of the architecture and chemical composition, control over the synthesis and poor stability, which seriously degrades their performance. These challenges are universally recognized and lead to a strong focus on designing alternative catalysts. Among the investigated candidates, Me–N-C catalysts are the most promising. In this work, the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of several Fe–N–C materials are presented. The synthetic approach involves templating using silicon-based materials. Structural, physicochemical, and electrochemical characterization in terms of ORR activity is also performed.

Factors and interventions determining the functioning of health care teams in county-level hospitals in less affluent areas of China: a qualitative study.

Teamwork is essential for the quality and safety of care, and research on teamwork in health care has developed rapidly in many countries. However, evidence from less affluent, non-Western countries is scarce, while improving teamwork may be especially relevant to be able to increase the quality of care in these settings. This study aims to understand the main factors that influence, and interventions used to improve, the functioning of health care teams in the context of county-level hospitals in less affluent areas of China. We conducted semistructured interviews to explore the factors that influence team functioning and the interventions implemented to improve team functioning in these hospitals. 15 hospital presidents and 15 team leaders were selected as respondents. From the interviews, we have identified five main factors that influence team functioning in these hospitals: "stuck in the middle", local county setting, difficulty in attracting and retaining talent, strong focus on task design, and strong focus on leadership. The interventions for improving team functioning can mostly be categorized as the following: 1) measures to attract and retain talent (e.g., increase salary, train talent in national or provincial level hospitals, and provide fast-track promotions), 2) interventions focused on monodisciplinary teams (e.g., changing the team structure and leadership, and skill training), and 3) interventions to establish and improve multidisciplinary teams (e.g., simulation training and continuous team process improvements). With the introduction of multidisciplinary teams, interventions into team processes have started to receive more attention. The findings depict an overview of the main factors and interventions as specifically relevant for team functioning in county-level hospitals in less affluent areas of China and may help these hospitals benefit from additional process interventions to improve teamwork and the quality of care.

Doğu ile Batı Arasında Türkiye: Siyasi Tercih mi, Pragmatizm mi?

Turkey’s relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific are on the rise with a strong focus on the economic dimension, as Ankara increases its efforts to upgrade its trade and investment links with the economic powerhouses of Asia. This rapprochement with Asian countries takes place at a time when Turkey’s relations with the West are going through difficult times, which leads to popular propositions based on the false dichotomy of Turkey ideologically choosing the East over the West. This article proposes that rather than a binary choice of improving relations with a group of countries at the expense of others, Turkey’s efforts can be more accurately interpreted as pragmatic foreign policy activism aimed at diversifying the country’s relations with a focus on gaining a certain degree of strategic autonomy and avoiding excessive dependence on any party at a time when the world is going through an era of significant uncertainty. It is also noted that while Turkey’s economic relations with Asia are yet to take off in a significant way, Ankara's foreign policy pragmatism and its quest for strategic autonomy require not only strengthening relations with the Asia-Pacific, but also re-calibrating ties with traditional partners and allies in the West such as the United States and the European Union.

A Benchmark Dataset to Distinguish Human-Written and Machine-Generated Scientific Papers

As generative NLP can now produce content nearly indistinguishable from human writing, it is becoming difficult to identify genuine research contributions in academic writing and scientific publications. Moreover, information in machine-generated text can be factually wrong or even entirely fabricated. In this work, we introduce a novel benchmark dataset containing human-written and machine-generated scientific papers from SCIgen, GPT-2, GPT-3, ChatGPT, and Galactica, as well as papers co-created by humans and ChatGPT. We also experiment with several types of classifiers—linguistic-based and transformer-based—for detecting the authorship of scientific text. A strong focus is put on generalization capabilities and explainability to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these detectors. Our work makes an important step towards creating more robust methods for distinguishing between human-written and machine-generated scientific papers, ultimately ensuring the integrity of scientific literature.

Global patterns of the species richness and distribution of eriophyoid mites: a response to Li et al. 2023

AbstractAimThe global distribution and diversity of mites, including the species rich and highly host plant‐specific eriophyoid mites, are important questions in biogeography and biodiversity conservation. Here we critique the paper of Li et al. (2023) titled ‘Global patterns and drivers of herbivorous eriophyoid mite species diversity’.LocationGlobalTaxonEriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea)MethodsWe assert that the data set utilized (less than 4,500 eriophyoid species) consisted of only the described extant species, not all extant species. We then provide evidence that the utilised data set represents only a small proportion of the likely global total of eriophyoid species and therefore provides a far from complete representation of their global distribution.ResultsMost collections of extant eriophyoid mites have been conducted in temperate regions where most taxonomic specialists have been active, and not in the largely unstudied tropical regions which contain a very substantial majority of all plant diversity. Most undescribed eriophyoid diversity is therefore highly likely to be found in the tropics. This suggests that the global modelling analyses of Li et al. (2023) were very likely applied to a highly inaccurate data set.Main ConclusionsThe actual global distribution and total number of eriophyoid mite species can only be more reliably estimated by systematic taxonomic studies that cover the entire global distribution of plant diversity, which implies a strong focus on the tropical regions.

My foreign body: exploring lived experiences of speaking a foreign language

ABSTRACT The significance of the body in learning and speaking a foreign language is an under-researched topic in a field characterized by a strong focus on cognition and sociolinguistics. This paper is designed to contribute to a newly emerging line of inquiry addressing the move away from the pure linguistic approach towards a more humanistic perspective. Within this context, phenomenology has been considered both as a relevant and as an under-researched approach. This article contributes to the current research on foreign languages studies by expanding our understanding of what it means to speak a language as experienced in the body.

Utility of pharmacogenetic testing to optimise antidepressant pharmacotherapy in youth: a narrative literature review.

Pharmacogenetics (PGx) is the study and application of how interindividual differences in our genomes can influence drug responses. By evaluating individuals' genetic variability in genes related to drug metabolism, PGx testing has the capabilities to individualise primary care and build a safer drug prescription model than the current "one-size-fits-all" approach. In particular, the use of PGx testing in psychiatry has shown promising evidence in improving drug efficacy as well as reducing toxicity and adverse drug reactions. Despite randomised controlled trials demonstrating an evidence base for its use, there are still numerous barriers impeding its implementation. This review paper will discuss the management of mental health conditions with PGx-guided treatment with a strong focus on youth mental illness. PGx testing in clinical practice, the concerns for its implementation in youth psychiatry, and some of the barriers inhibiting its integration in clinical healthcare will also be discussed. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge and application for PGx in psychiatry and summarises the capabilities of genetic information to personalising medicine for the treatment of mental ill-health in youth.

A Tale of Two: How Network Agency Influences Network Creation for Start-ups

There is an existing consensus that networks positively impact start-ups. New ventures gain access to market information, funding, emotional support and improved legitimacy from networking. However, existing efforts at articulating network creation and impact on new ventures are skewed due to a strong focus on structural properties. Although these properties contribute to understanding network creation and impact, they often ignore the individual who is either a network beneficiary or broker. This study examines the role of the network actor’s agency in entrepreneurial network creation. Understanding agency is critical for explaining how individuals make sense of network opportunities available within their context. Network agency reveals how entrepreneurial networks are created, what influences actor motives and behaviour, and the brokerage methods adopted to meet these motives. This study explores network agency in two contexts: the interventionist incubator context and the location-induced cluster context. The Lagos Technology Ecosystem comprised of different incubator models and cluster is examined. 31 semi-structured interviews with start-ups from both contexts were conducted to get a nuanced view of how the context influences entrepreneurs' network agency. This paper reveals that network motives like personality, reciprocity, and legitimacy as the main motives for tenant firms to engage in network activities. Conversely, cluster firms listed trust, and the need to access knowledge, information and opportunity as key reasons for engaging in network action. In both contexts, direct and indirect brokerage is utilised to meet the motives triggered. However, the dynamics and nature of these brokerage methods are different across the two contexts. Tenant firms demonstrate a tertius Iugnes behaviour, while cluster firms demonstrate separation behaviour.

Using Data Hazards to support safe and ethical digital footprint research

Introduction & BackgroundHealth research using digital footprint data often involves the collection and use of large datasets that contain deeply personal information to make inferences about the course and onset of illness. In this context, innovating responsibly is essential for the field to develop safe, trustworthy and, ultimately, ethical research.
 The inherent interdisciplinarity of digital footprints research can be a challenge to this aim, with different fields having different ethical norms and standards. As well as this, there has been a strong focus to date on traditional ethical issues such as privacy, which do not necessarily account for the breadth of issues that arise in data science and internet-based work.
 Objectives & ApproachData Hazards is an open-source project that aims to provide a controlled vocabulary of ethical risks (Data Hazards) that can arise from data science research and its implementation. This vocabulary is presented as a set of 11 Hazard labels (v1.0) each with a visual icon and a set of safety precautions.
 Over three events in 2021-2022 we invited feedback from researchers who volunteered to take part in a Data Hazards workshop (N=15). They varied from PhD students to professors and worked across a range of disciplines, and were asked to discuss the case of mental health prediction from Twitter.
 Relevance to Digital FootprintsSince digital footprint technologies have great potential to pave the way for earlier and more personal medical treatment, it is important for researchers to be able to innovate whilst considering and communicating risk. We can then collaborate to establish effective safety precautions that allow us to maintain research momentum, without compromising safety or trust.
 ResultsBased on discussion at the workshops and surveys completed by participants, four main Data Hazards were raised for consideration by the digital footprint research community. These were: 'Lack of Community Involvement' relating to the need to further involve those with lived experience in the development of new technologies; 'Reinforces Existing Bias' due to the potential for automated labelling of ground-truth data to bias training datasets; 'Privacy' given the potential disclosure of sensitive information without consent; and 'Danger of Misuse' due to strong potential for malicious use of such technologies.
 Other considerations included the potential psychological risk to those labelling suicide and self-harm content with limited support.
 Conclusions & ImplicationsThe Data Hazards identified provide a means of communicating and clarifying ethical concerns so that they can be more easily addressed in this complex and multidisciplinary field. Further collaboration by the research community to develop and agree appropriate safety precautions would help to build trust in these new technologies before they are deployed in practice.