Strong Social Bonds Research Articles

Full-duplex acoustic interaction system for cognitive experiments with cetaceans

Abstract Cetaceans show high cognitive abilities and strong social bonds. Their primary sensory modality to communicate and sense the environment is acoustics. Research on their echolocation and social vocalizations typically uses visual and tactile systems adapted from research on primates or birds. Such research would benefit from a purely acoustic communication system to better match their natural capabilities. We argue that a full duplex system, in which signals can flow in both directions simultaneously is essential for communication research. We designed and implemented a full duplex system to acoustically interact with cetaceans in the wild, featuring digital echo-suppression. We pilot tested the system in Arctic Norway and achieved an echo suppression of 18 dB. We discuss the limiting factors and how to improve the echo suppression further. The system enabled vocal interaction with the underwater acoustic scene by allowing experimenters to listen while producing sounds. We describe our motivations, then present our pilot deployment and give examples of initial explorative attempts to vocally interact with wild orcas and humpback whales.

Titi monkey father-daughter bond-related behaviors explain stress response variability

Social interactions regulate our behavior and physiology, and strong social bonds can buffer us from stress. Coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) are socially monogamous South American monkeys that display strong social bonds. Infants form selective bonds with their fathers, making them ideal for studying father-daughter bonds. We established a method for quantifying variability in expression of bond-related behaviors in females (n = 12), and the present study is the second to use this method for explaining titi monkey responses to behavioral tests. We also investigated how manipulations of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) influenced juvenile behavior and physiology. Subjects received acute intranasal treatments of saline, low/medium/high OT, low/high AVP, or OT receptor antagonist (OTA) prior to an acute social separation. General linear mixed-effects model results revealed fathers were significant behavioral and physiological stress buffers for their daughters, as evidenced by fewer distress vocalizations (p < 0.001), less locomotion (p < 0.001), and lower plasma cortisol (p < 0.001) in a social separation paradigm. Females vocalized less if they exhibited greater expression of bond-related behaviors with their fathers as infants (p = 0.01), and this stress-buffering effect remained even when the daughter was separated from the father (p = 0.001). While treatments did not alter behaviors, OTA treatment caused the largest rise in plasma cortisol (p < 0.001), suggesting blockade of OT receptors can inhibit fathers’ stress-buffering effects. Remarkably, females with greater expression of father-daughter bond-related behaviors exhibited an overall reduced physiological separation distress response (p = 0.04). Findings from the present study advance current knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms foundational to female bonds and help inform how social disruptions may differently impact individuals based on expression of bond-related behaviors.

Gender and the Social Cure in Undergraduate Physics Students: Physics Identity, Self-efficacy, Belonging, and Wellbeing

The social cure is the concept that strong connections and social bonds are good for wellbeing and physical health. Having strong social support makes hardship easier to cope with. We hypothesize that we could apply the relationship to educational contexts, with a sense of belonging as part of the cohort or community helping students to cope with educational hurdles, resulting in greater wellbeing. We examined the case of women in physics. Previous research has suggested that women in physics classes report a lesser sense of belonging than men. We aimed to replicate this finding and examine how a sense of belonging relates to wellbeing. We surveyed 310 physics students (205 men, 105 women) from a small research-intensive university in the UK. The survey measured students’ physics identity, sense of belonging to the physics community, self-efficacy (belief in ability to complete physics-based tasks), and general wellbeing. We found that women and men reported similar levels of belonging and wellbeing, although women reported less physics identity and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy explained a significant fraction of the variance in wellbeing for both men and women. Additionally, belonging explained variance in wellbeing over and above self-efficacy and physics identity for men, but not for women. These results indicate that for men there is a stronger association between belonging and wellbeing, compared to women, but that it does not result in women having an overall lower sense of wellbeing.

Strong social bonds in adult baboons can help mitigate early life adversities

Strong social bonds in adult baboons can help mitigate early life adversities

Early life adversity and adult social relationships have independent effects on survival in a wild primate.

Adverse conditions in early life can have negative consequences for adult health and survival in humans and other animals. What variables mediate the relationship between early adversity and adult survival? Adult social environments represent one candidate: Early life adversity is linked to social adversity in adulthood, and social adversity in adulthood predicts survival outcomes. However, no study has prospectively linked early life adversity, adult social behavior, and adult survival to measure the extent to which adult social behavior mediates this relationship. We do so in a wild baboon population in Amboseli, Kenya. We find weak mediation and largely independent effects of early adversity and adult sociality on survival. Furthermore, strong social bonds and high social status in adulthood can buffer some negative effects of early adversity. These results support the idea that affiliative social behavior is subject to natural selection through its positive relationship with survival, and they highlight possible targets for intervention to improve human health and well-being.

Cooperation increases bottlenose dolphins' (Tursiops truncatus) social affiliation.

Dolphins live in a fission-fusion society, where strong social bonds and alliances can last for decades. However, the mechanism that allows dolphins to form such strong social bonds is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized the existence of a positive feedback mechanism in which social affiliation promotes dolphins' cooperation, which in turn promotes their social affiliation. To test it, we stimulated the cooperation of the 11 dolphins studied by providing a cooperative enrichment tool based on a rope-pulling task to access a resource. Then we measured the social affiliation [simple ratio index (SRI)] of each possible pair of dolphins and evaluated whether it increased after cooperation. We also evaluated whether, before cooperation, pairs that cooperated had a higher SRI than those that did not cooperate. Our findings showed that the 11 cooperating pairs had significantly stronger social affiliation before cooperation than the 15 non-cooperating pairs. Furthermore, cooperating pairs significantly increased their social affiliation after cooperation, while non-cooperating pairs did not. As a result, our findings provide support to our hypothesis, and suggest that the previous social affiliation between dolphins facilitates cooperation, which in turn promotes their social affiliation.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to be more prevalent among youth involved with the criminal justice system compared to their counterparts in the general population. The present study aims to systematically review the existing empirical studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of ACEs among youth offenders aged between 10 and 19 years, and the effects of both cumulative ACEs and individual ACE items on youth recidivism. MethodA systematic review approach was employed. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis were performed to synthesise the data in 31 included studies. ResultsThe pooled prevalence of cumulative ACEs was 39.4 %. The pooled prevalence of individual ACEs ranged between 13.7 % to 51.4 %. Cumulative ACEs and neglect were positively associated with youth recidivism, with OR = 1.966, 95%CI [1.582, 2.444] and OR = 1.328, 95%CI [1.078, 1.637], respectively. Physical and sexual abuse were not significantly associated with youth recidivism. Regarding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between ACEs and recidivism; moderators included gender, positive childhood experiences, strong social bonds, and empathy. Mediators included child welfare placement, emotional and behavioural problems, drug use, mental health problems, and negative emotionality. ConclusionDeveloping programs to youth offenders aiming to address the impact of cumulative and individual ACE exposure, strengthen the protective factors and weaken the risk factors would be useful to reduce youth recidivism.

Exploring the behaviors and social preferences of a large, multigenerational herd of zoo-housed southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum).

The zoo-housed southern white rhinoceros (SWR) population is of special concern due to their lack of consistent breeding success. An enhanced understanding of SWR social preferences could better inform management planning by promoting natural social relationships, which can positively affect their well-being. The large, multigeneration herd housed at the North Carolina Zoo provides an ideal opportunity to examine rhino sociality across different ages, kin types, and social groupings. Eight female rhinos' social and nonsocial behaviors were recorded from November 2020 through June 2021 across 242 h. Activity budget analyses revealed strong seasonal and temporal variations in grazing and resting behaviors, with no stereotypic behaviors recorded. Bond strength calculations suggested that each female maintained strong social bonds with one to two partners. Beyond mother-nursing calf bonds, we found that the strongest social ties were maintained between calf-less adults and subadults in these dyads. Considering these findings, we recommend that management plans attempt to house immature females with calf-less adult females, as they may be necessary to the social landscape of immature females and, ultimately, improve their welfare.

Ato Infracional na Adolescência: Revisão Integrativa dos Estudos na Perspectiva da Teoria Geral da Tensão

The General Strain Theory (GST) argues that situations/circumstances likely to generate tension foster negative emotions which, in turn, may create conditions for adolescents to manifest antisocial behaviors/offences as a coping strategy and/or as a way to relieve tension. An integrative literature review was conducted, with the objective of systematising and synthesising findings of studies, based on the GST, published in the last 11 years, aiming to circumscribe the contributions of this referential. The search was conducted on the Academic Search Premier, Web of Science and PsycINFO, with the keywords “General Strain Theory” AND “Juvenile delinquency”. To include the study into the review, the criterias were to have: (1) adolescents as target audience; (2) outcome variable “offences”; (3) GST as referential; (4) and being empirical. Fifty-four studies were selected. The results were organized into the following categories: (a) Sources of tension (events/situations likely to generate tensions, linked to the structure/functioning of society, community characteristics, school and family, linked significantly to involvement in offending, but also to other outcomes); (b) The different sources of tension by gender (in parallel with the common sources: romantic break-ups, financial stress and criminal victimisation); (c) Mediators and Moderators (anger, as predicted by the GST, is the main mediator; strong social bonds and positive family relationships stand out as moderators). The GST contributes by shedding light on the various sources of tension that permeate adolescent development and on the subjective dimension of emotions that may underlie the involvement of youth in offending. However, the relationships between tension and offending must be critically interpreted.Keywords: General Strain Theory, infractions, adolescence, emotions, literature review

Amicus Brief.

Amicus Brief Martha C. Nussbaum ii. summary of the argument This brief argues that the law requires reformation to protect our modern scientific and philosophical understanding that many animals can live their own meaningful lives and that the Court should reform the law in this case.1 Modern science demonstrates that elephants are complex beings that can form a conception of the self, as observed by Judge Fahey, form strong social and emotional bonds among themselves and others, and that the Zoo's conduct harms Happy in both physical and intangible ways. Furthermore, this brief argues that the lower courts in Lavery I and II applied the wrong philosophical framework to the question of whether certain non-human animals should be considered legal persons. Instead of animal rights being based on the capacity to engage in a social contract and to bear legal duties, the proper framework for animal rights is the capabilities approach, which asks how the law can help animals like Happy not only live but thrive. Accordingly, this brief explains the importance of this appeal, the Court's opportunity to reform [End Page 15] the field of animal law, and the potential to release Happy from a life of captivity, ensuring she lives the rest of her life in a manner that respects her capabilities. iii. argument 1. This Case Matters Because It Is Time to Reform the Law to Protect Our Modern Scientific and Philosophical Understanding That Many Animals Are Capable of Living Their Own Meaningful Lives Modern science now recognizes a very important fact about many animals, including elephants. They are not merely biological units that simply need food and a suitable environment to survive and maintain a viable population. Today, scientists view many animals as beings capable of living their own meaningful lives. Early Indian and Roman cultures understood the complexity of animal lives and the implications of this complexity surrounding the humane treatment of animals; public awareness of this fact is widespread today. Almost all ancient Greek and Roman philosophical schools attributed complex forms of cognition and numerous emotions to animals,2 a precursor to our current laws against cruel practices to animals. What philosophy and, more recently, science have understood but the law has not, is that elephants are sentient beings who can feel emotion, foster relationships, create communities, and form a conception of the self. Our current legal system fails to respect species-specific, central capabilities. Although each of the fifty states has animal cruelty laws,3 these laws protect only a small number of animals and fail to constrain, to any meaningful extent, the widespread infliction of suffering. They ban only the intentional, purposeful suffering of some animals, and fail to recognize the impact that captivity, lack of relationships, and solitude cause a creature like Happy. This Court has the opportunity to create legal precedent that provides these living creatures the legal right to thrive and survive in ways that coincide with their specific capabilities, and prevent not only the infliction of physical pain, but emotional and psychological injury as well. 2. The Magical Lives of Elephants Elephants are cognitive, complex creatures with distinct societies, emotions, and lives. They form societies that foster the wellbeing of each member, in which their emotions and development from childhood through adulthood are readily apparent.4 A combat staged between humans and elephants in 55 B.C. by the Roman leader Pompey paints a prime example of these complex emotions and connections with other animals, namely humans. Surrounded in the arena, the elephants perceived that they had no hope of escape. According to Pliny, the elephants then "entreated the crowd, trying to win its compassion with indescribable [End Page 16] gestures, bewailing their plight with a sort of lamentation."5 The audience, moved to pity and anger by their plight, rose to curse Pompey—feeling, wrote Cicero, that the elephants had a relation of commonality (societas) with humans.6 However, this connection with humans cannot be substituted for true, similar companionship from other elephants, which Happy has lacked for almost two decades. Elephants' ability to connect with other elephants and animals may be attributable to their long life spans; they are the most...

The key to developing cultural tourism in landscapes of infrastructure restructuring: A case study of Kutai Lama

From a tourism point of view, tourists' expectations should ideally be in line with reality when traveling to a destination. Desires and facts must be balanced with the compensation issued. For this reason, destination management is not only concentrated on profits, but channeling beauty that triggers attraction. This scientific article reviews the strategy for developing cultural tourism in Kutai Lama which is driven by infrastructure restructuring. Qualitative methods were used to validating the FGD and the BMC approach. All tourism stakeholders are involved in formulating and developing Kutai Lama tourism development plans. The first priority is business improvement as a cultural tourism operational guide. In its implementation, the values contained in culture are integrated with the tourism industry via a partnership framework. Furthermore, even though external accessibility is relatively close, wide spatial land, economic potential, and strong social bonds play a key role, it is found that the level of cooperation among local communities is weak, the development of existing destinations is still stagnant, and tourism facilities are proven to be poor.

Fleeting Public Place and Lasting Communities

South Africa’s history of purposefully segregated public space as a stage on which the anti-cohesion ideals of various colonial governments played out is well known. What is less known is the rich history of public space resistance which accompanies this, particularly that of the People’s Parks. These collectively driven public places which emerged as pop-ups in public space captured the imagination of communities seeking to activate new norms departing from state-enforced segregation. Reading current public space through the lens of the People’s Parks thus presents an opportunity to uncover and better understand the existence and impact of fleeting places in public space, with lasting impacts in terms of building engaging communities. Drawing on immersive participant observation in Johannesburg’s Killarney Park, this paper focuses on a community of local residents and their dogs. Brought together first by their pets but later by strong in-group social bonds, this group demonstrates the potential for communities to grow from and in public space entirely organically, not reliant on infrastructure or physical planning and design interventions. Instead, an often invisible and seemingly intangible place is created with very real dimensions for those who co-create it once a day in coming together. This paper explores the space that is Killarney Park, and the place that is the dog walkers’ circle, in an effort to better understand these dynamics and suggest possibilities for further research on public space in Africa.

Thriving together: the benefits of women's social ties for physical, psychological and relationship health.

The relationship between social support and well-being is well established in social psychology, with evidence suggesting that these benefits are especially prominent among women. When faced with an environmental stressor, women are more likely to adopt a tend-and-befriend strategy rather than fight-or-flight. Furthermore, female friendships tend to be higher in self-disclosure and more frequently relied on for social support, which is associated with physical and psychological benefits. Women are also more effective at providing social support, further augmenting those benefits. We begin with an overview of the characteristics of women's social ties and how they can be especially useful in times of stress. We then transition to the benefits of female social networks even in the absence of negative events and incorporate research from health and social psychology to consider the positive implications of having strong social bonds and the negative implications of lacking such bonds. Additionally, we consider cross-cultural differences in tendencies to seek out social support and its subsequent benefits, as well as the need for more research with culturally diverse samples. It remains unclear the extent to which patterns of social support benefits for women vary cross-culturally. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives'.

Reduced injury risk links sociality to survival in a group-living primate

Sociality has been linked to a longer lifespan in many mammals, including humans. Yet, how sociality results in survival benefits remains unclear. Using 10 years of data and over 1,000 recorded injuries in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), we tested two injury-related mechanisms by which social status and affiliative partners might influence survival. Injuries increased individual risk of death by 3-fold in this dataset. We found that sociality can affect individuals' survival by reducing their risk of injury but had no effect on the probability of injured individuals dying. Both males and females of high social status (measured as female matrilineal rank and male group tenure) and females with more affiliative partners (estimated using the number of female relatives) experienced fewer injuries and thus were less likely to die. Collectively, our results offer rare insights into one mechanism that can mediate the well-known benefits of sociality on an individual's fitness.

Social capital, human capital, tacit knowledge, and innovations, A Polish-US cross-country study

This study measures the relationship between human and social capital (internal and external) and tacit knowledge sharing's influence on innovativeness among knowledge workers employed in Polish (n=1050) and US (n=1118) organizations. The structural equation modeling method revealed that internal social capital matters more for organizational innovativeness in the US. In Poland, both external and internal were important. Specifically, in the US, external social capital supports internal innovativeness directly and external - indirectly. On the contrary, in Poland, social capital directly influences internal and external innovativeness.&#x0D; These differences are partially due to country differences regarding public and private financing. Also apparent is the need for strong social bonds between employees in innovative companies. Furthermore, this study confirms that internal innovativeness is vital for external innovativeness and reveals that social capital is a structural enabler for innovativeness, given its critical role in the distribution of tacit knowledge.&#x0D;

Vocal Learning and Songbirds: An Evolutionary Tale of Singing

Vocal Learning and Songbirds: An Evolutionary Tale of Singing Heidi Moss Erickson (bio) MINDING THE GAP [Introduction to the "Minding the Gap" series. Research on the neurobiological underpinnings of vocalization is growing at a rapid pace. Scientists from varied disciplines contribute to this field, elucidating the process from such diverse angles as evolutionary biology, molecular biology, genetics, neuroscience, and psychology.1 Singing is one of our most complex behaviors, involving coordination of more than 100 muscles, integrating both our musical and linguistic selves. Influences are derived from a looped brain-body-environment continuum and serve as the foundation for vocalization and artistic expression. It is therefore essential that singers, pedagogues, and voice scientists capitalize on this wealth of data to fully understand our instruments. An integrative view of how and why we sing can refine the art of voice pedagogy, demystify long held myths, and yield greater vocal efficiency, making singers better faster. The goal of this series, "Minding the Gap," is to bridge the divide between traditional voice pedagogy with the most current research on the brain. This is a dynamic process, and the hope is that this snapshot in scientific time will encourage singers and teachers to follow some of this work as it continues to evolve. Given the constant output in neuroscience research, paradigm shifts are the norm. To that end, it is important to follow the latest work from the diverse minds in the field. The first installment of "Minding the Gap" will explore the field of vocal learning from both an evolutionary and biological perspective. These concepts set the stage for future reviews on the neuroscience of breath, learning, articulation, phonation, emotion, gesture, and more. Each survey will include integrated voice pedagogy and voice science components so that readers can directly apply concepts to their field of study. The hope is that this series will open the door to new lines of inquiry and curiosity, moving our field into a new era of exploration.] The singing instinct, which men have in common with the birds is, without a doubt, at the root of the vocal art. —David Ffrangcon-Davies, The Singing of the Future (1905) Vocalization has both biological and anthropological roots. Humans speak and sing in order to communicate and socially bond. Each individual gains this ability through listening to acoustic models, forming auditory templates, and consolidating sensory information. This results in an identifiable vocal output, as unique as a [End Page 87] fingerprint. When we analyze the parallel evolution that gives rise to our vocal abilities, we gain insight into the inner workings of our complex instrument. Traditional voice pedagogy focuses on the question of how to sing; however, by analyzing our evolutionary story, we gain a greater understanding of why we sing. Ultimately, the why serves the how, leading to a deeper appreciation for our instrument by all who care for the voice. Much discussion around the evolution of complex human behaviors focuses on our primate cousins. We have inherited a great deal from our simian counterparts; chimpanzees, for example, share 99% of our DNA, they laugh when tickled, create strong social bonds, use hand gestures to communicate, mimic,2 and even demonstrate elements of emotion.3 However, two critical components for higher order vocalizations—a flexible vocal apparatus and a brain that coordinates complex sounds—are noticeably absent or severely compromised in our close relatives. Regarding structural elements of the voice, the vocal limitations of nonhuman primates have been partially attributed to the anatomy and configuration of their vocal tract (i.e., a high position of the larynx and a less flexible tongue). This was described in a seminal 1969 paper by Lieberman et al., who used a computer algorithm to extract the phonetic capability of subjects, and thus serve as a model for other nonhuman primates.4 Their measurements concluded that monkeys do not have a physical capacity for complex speech. Although in recent years scientists proved that there is more variability than initially thought,5 the fact remains that adult humans possess a more flexible vocal tract capable of more diverse vocalizations than our primate cousins. A more critical difference, however, lies in the correlative brain regions for...

Language as a tool for social bonding: evidence from wild chimpanzee gestural, vocal and bimodal signals.

The evolution of language has fascinated anthropologists, psychologists and biologists for centuries, seeking to infer language origins from the communication of primates, our closest living relatives. Capacity for intentional signalling is a key feature of transition to language in our hominin ancestors, facilitating complex social dynamics in complex social groups. However whether vocal, gestural and bimodal signals are differentiated according to intentional use and hence complex sociality has not been studied, making unclear the modality of language evolution. We addressed this question in wild chimpanzees. We found that larger social network size was associated with a larger network of gestural but not vocal or bimodal signals. Response waiting was more common in association with gestures than vocalizations, but elaborations were more common in vocal than gestural or bimodal signals. Overall, chimpanzees were more likely to manage weak social bonds through vocalizations, whereas strong social bonds were managed through gestures and bimodal signals. However, when social bonds were weak, gestures accompanied by response waiting were more likely to elicit approaches than vocalizations accompanied by elaboration, which elicited avoidance. This suggests that gestures were the primary modality of language evolution and that the use of more sophisticated gestural signalling led to evolution of complex social groups of hominin ancestors. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.

The social dynamics of complex gestural communication in great and lesser apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo abelii, Symphalangus syndactylus).

Gestures play an essential role in primate communication. However, little is known about how complexity of gestural use (in terms of repertoire size, intentional use, flexibility and use of gestural sequences) relates to individual and dyadic measures of sociality and whether more complex gestural use is more effective in eliciting a response. We observed 19 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 16 Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) and 18 siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) to assess the complexity and effectiveness of their gestural use. We found that, beyond interspecies variation, the number of gesture types used in a dyad was higher when individuals had stronger social bonds; the probability of accounting for others' attention increased with age, especially for visual gestures; and sequences were more likely used by younger or socially less integrated individuals. In terms of effectiveness, older individuals and those using fewer sequences were more likely to be responded to, while across dyads, the probability of obtaining a response was higher when both individuals accounted for the other's attention and when they used fewer sequences. Overall, this confirms the link between sociality and complex gestural use and suggests that more complex forms of communication, at least in terms of intentional use, may be more effective at achieving communicative goals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.

Organizational Factors of Commitment to Innovation vs. Innovative Behavior in Smes in the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Industry

Innovation is one of the successful and competitive advantage factors for SMEs in the dynamically changing environment of the RES industry. For SMEs, innovation is driven by a number of factors, such as the size of the enterprise, the scope of activity, innovation capability, strategy, and environmental conditions. Organizations’ commitment to innovation is another important factor. This is especially true for SMEs with strong social bonds, meaning that every employee of the company is, to some extent, involved in the innovation process and influences the organization’s opinion. The goal of the paper is to assess the impact of organizational determinants of commitment to innovation on innovative behavior in SMEs in the RES industry. The paper is both theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part explains the relevance of organizational determinants of commitment to innovation and how they translate to innovative behavior in SMEs. The empirical part presents an analysis of the results of a quantitative diagnostic survey that involved a questionnaire comprised mostly of closed-ended questions. The survey lasted from September 2020 to February 2021 on a sample of 186 companies from the RES industry. Production workers participated in the survey. The survey was conducted in Poland. The research problem is expressed in the following questions: (1) Do organizational determinants of commitment to innovation influence innovative behaviors undertaken and implemented in SMEs in the RES industry? (2) What are the key predictors of organizational commitment to innovation in SMEs in the RES industry? (3) Which predictors of organizational commitment to innovation have the most influence on innovative behaviors undertaken and implemented in SMEs in the RES industry? The research hypothesis was as follows: The organizational factors of commitment to innovation have a positive impact on the innovative behaviors of employees. In the course of the survey, all the research assumptions were confirmed. The statistical tests were used to verify the research hypotheses. The article includes an introduction, literature review, analysis of research results, conclusions, and a bibliography.

Evidence of male alliance formation in a small dolphin community

The photo-identification of uniquely marked individuals has revealed much about mammalian behaviour and social structure in recent decades. In bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.), for example, the long-term tracking of individuals has unveiled considerable variation in social structure among populations and various spatio-temporal aspects of group formation. In this study, we investigated associations among individual males in a small community of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus) residing in an urbanized estuary in southwestern Australia. Given the relative proximity of our study area to other populations in which complex male alliances form for the purpose of mate acquisition, we used long-term photo-identification records and social analyses to assess whether such alliances also occur in smaller and more isolated settings. Our work revealed strong social bonds and long-term, non-random associations among individual males, suggesting the occurrence of male alliances. Behavioural observations of alliances interacting with potentially receptive adult females from the estuary community and from adjacent communities, and exhibiting sexual display behaviours near females, suggest that these alliances occur in a reproductive context. As the first formal analysis indicating the occurrence of male alliances outside Shark Bay along the vast western coastline of Australia, this study complements previous research and extends our understanding of the evolutionary and ecological processes that drive alliance formation.