Strong-field Quantum Electrodynamics Research Articles

Pulse shape optimization for electron-positron production in rotating fields

We optimize the pulse shape and polarization of time-dependent electric fields to maximize the production of electron-positron pairs via strong field quantum electrodynamics processes. The pulse is parametrized in Fourier space by a B-spline polynomial basis, which results in a relatively low-dimensional parameter space while still allowing for a large number of electric field modes. The optimization is performed by using a parallel implementation of the differential evolution, one of the most efficient metaheuristic algorithms. The computational performance of the numerical method and the results on pair production are compared with a local multistart optimization algorithm. These techniques allow us to determine the pulse shape and field polarization that maximize the number of produced pairs in computationally accessible regimes.

Laser spectroscopy measurement of the 2s-hyperfine splitting in lithium-like bismuth

We have recently reported on the first direct measurement of the hyperfine transition in lithium-like bismuth (209Bi80+) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany. Combined with a new measurement of the hyperfine splitting (HFS) in hydrogen-like (209Bi82+) the so-called specific difference meV could be determined and was found to be in good agreement with its prediction from strong-field bound-state quantum electrodynamics. Here we report on additional investigations performed to estimate systematic uncertainties of these results and on details of the experimental setup. We show that the dominating uncertainty arises from insufficient knowledge of the ion beam velocity which is determined by the electron-cooler voltage. Two routes to obtain a cooler-voltage calibration are discussed and it is shown that agreement can be reached either between the experimental and the theoretical result, or between the two measurements of the HFS in hydrogen-like bismuth, but not both at the same time.

Numerical Computation of Dynamical Schwinger-like Pair Production in Graphene

The density of electron-hole pairs produced in a graphene sample immersed in a homogeneous time-dependent electrical field is evaluated. Because low energy charge carriers in graphene are described by relativistic quantum mechanics, the calculation is performed within the strong field quantum electrodynamics formalism, requiring a solution of the Dirac equation in momentum space. The latter is solved using a split-operator numerical scheme on parallel computers, allowing for the investigation of several field configurations. The strength of the method is illustrated by computing the electron momentum density generated from a realistic laser pulse model. We observe quantum interference patterns reminiscent of Landau-Zener-St\"{u}ckelberg interferometry.

Vacuum radiation induced by time dependent electric field

Many predictions of new phenomena given by strong field quantum electrodynamics (SFQED) will be tested on next generation multi-petawatt laser facilities in the near future. These new phenomena are basis to understand physics in extremely strong electromagnetic fields therefore have attracted wide research interest. Here we discuss a new SFQED phenomenon that is named as vacuum radiation. In vacuum radiation, a virtual electron loop obtain energy from time dependent external electric field and radiate an entangled photon pair. Features of vacuum radiation in a locally time dependent electric field including spectrum, characteristic temperature, production rate and power are given.

Time-domain quantum interference in graphene

The electron momentum density obtained from the Schwinger-like mechanism is evaluated for a graphene sample immersed in a homogeneous time-dependent electric field. Based on the analogy between graphene low-energy electrons and quantum electrodynamics (QED), numerical techniques borrowed from strong field QED are employed and compared to approximate analytical approaches. It is demonstrated that for some range of experimentally accessible parameters, the pair production proceeds by sequences of adiabatic evolutions followed by non-adiabatic Landau-Zener transitions, reminiscent of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism describing topological defect density in second order phase transitions. For some field configurations, this yields interference patterns in momentum space which are explained in terms of the adiabatic-impulse model and the Landau-Zener-St\"{u}ckelberg interferometry.

Anomaly-Induced Dynamical Refringence in Strong-Field QED.

We investigate the impact of the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly on the nonequilibrium evolution of strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED) using real-time lattice gauge theory techniques. For field strengths exceeding the Schwinger limit for pair production, we encounter a highly absorptive medium with anomaly induced dynamical refractive properties. In contrast to earlier expectations based on equilibrium properties, where net anomalous effects vanish because of the trivial vacuum structure, we find that out-of-equilibrium conditions can have dramatic consequences for the presence of quantum currents with distinctive macroscopic signatures. We observe an intriguing tracking behavior, where the system spends longest times near collinear field configurations with maximum anomalous current. Apart from the potential relevance of our findings for future laser experiments, similar phenomena related to the chiral magnetic effect are expected to play an important role for strong QED fields during initial stages of heavy-ion collision experiments.

Probing vacuum birefringence using x-ray free electron and optical high-intensity lasers

Vacuum birefringence is one of the most striking predictions of strong field quantum electrodynamics: Probe photons traversing a strong field region can indirectly sense the applied "pump" electromagnetic field via quantum fluctuations of virtual charged particles which couple to both pump and probe fields. This coupling is sensitive to the field alignment and can effectively result in two different indices of refraction for the probe photon polarization modes giving rise to a birefringence phenomenon. In this article we perform a dedicated theoretical analysis of the proposed discovery experiment of vacuum birefringence at a x-ray free electron laser/optical high-intensity laser facility. Describing both pump and probe laser pulses realistically in terms of their macroscopic electromagnetic fields, we go beyond previous analyses by accounting for various effects not considered before in this context. Our study facilitates stringent quantitative predictions and optimizations of the signal in an actual experiment.

Supercontinuum in ionization by relativistically intense and short laser pulses: Ionization without interference and its time analysis

Ionization by relativistically intense laser pulses of finite duration is considered in the framework of strong-field quantum electrodynamics. Our main focus is on the formation of ionization supercontinua. More specifically, when studying the energy distributions of photoelectrons ionized by circularly polarized pulses, we observe the appearance of broad structures lacking the interference patterns. These supercontinua extend over hundreds of driving photon energies, thus corresponding to high-order nonlinear processes. The corresponding polar-angle distributions show asymmetries which are attributed to the radiation pressure experienced by photoelectrons. Moreover, our time analysis shows that the electrons comprising the supercontinuum can form pulses of short duration. While we present the fully numerical results, their interpretation is based on the saddle-point approximation for the ionization probability amplitude.

Systematic Vibration Studies on a Cryogen-Free $$^3$$ 3 He/ $$^4$$ 4 He Dilution Refrigerator for X-ray Spectroscopy at Storage Rings

High-precision X-ray spectroscopy of highly charged ions at storage rings provides a sensitive test of quantum electrodynamics in strong Coulomb fields. To increase the precision of such experiments, silicon microcalorimeters have already been applied successfully. To minimize the interruption of beam times due to maintenance, a new cryogen-free \(^3\)He/\(^4\)He dilution refrigerator has been designed and is under commissioning. However, in cryogen-free systems microphonic noise due to vibrations contributes considerably to the overall noise and may limit the detector energy resolution. Therefore, we report on systematic vibration studies on a cryogen-free \(^3\)He/\(^4\)He dilution refrigerator which is specially adapted for experiments at storage rings.

Effects of the plasma profiles on photon and pair production in ultrahigh intensity laser solid interaction

The model of photon and pair production in strong field quantum electrodynamics is implemented into our 1D3V particle-in-cell code with Monte Carlo algorithm. Using this code, the evolution of the particles in ultrahigh intensity laser (∼1023 W/cm2) interaction with aluminum foil target is observed. Four different initial plasma profiles are considered in the simulations. The effects of initial plasma profiles on photon and pair production, energy spectra, and energy evolution are analyzed. The results imply that one can set an optimal initial plasma profile to obtain the desired photon distributions.

Storage-ring experiments on dielectronic recombination at the interface of atomic and nuclear physics

A brief review about topical developments in the exploitation of the resonant electron–ion collision process of dielectronic recombination (DR) as a sensitive spectroscopic tool is given. The focus will be on DR storage-ring experiments of few-electron highly charged ions. Among others, the questions addressed in these studies cover diverse topics from the areas of strong-field quantum electrodynamics, of lifetime studies using DR resonances, and of nuclear physics. Examples from the storage rings CRYRING in Stockholm, TSR in Heidelberg, and ESR in Darmstadt are given. In addition, an overview is provided about the ongoing developments and future perspectives of DR collision spectroscopy at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.

Vacuum birefringence in strong inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields

Birefringence is one of the fascinating properties of the vacuum of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in strong electromagnetic fields. The scattering of linearly polarized incident probe photons into a perpendicularly polarized mode provides a distinct signature of the optical activity of the quantum vacuum and thus offers an excellent opportunity for a precision test of non-linear QED. Precision tests require accurate predictions and thus a theoretical framework that is capable of taking the detailed experimental geometry into account. We derive analytical solutions for vacuum birefringence which include the spatio-temporal field structure of a strong optical pump laser field and an x-ray probe. We show that the angular distribution of the scattered photons depends strongly on the interaction geometry and find that scattering of the perpendicularly polarized scattered photons out of the cone of the incident probe x-ray beam is the key to making the phenomenon experimentally accessible with the current generation of FEL/high-field laser facilities.

The effect of nonlinear quantum electrodynamics on relativistic transparency and laser absorption in ultra-relativistic plasmas

With the aid of large-scale three-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED)-particle-in-cell simulations, we describe a potential experimental configuration to measure collective effects that couple strong field QED to plasma kinetics and develop a simple analytic model that describes the absorption due to radiation emission. For two counter propagating lasers interacting with a foil at intensities exceeding W cm−2, a near-binary result occurs; when quantum effects are included, a foil that classically would effectively transmit the laser pulse becomes opaque. This is a dramatic change in plasma behavior, directly as a consequence of the coupling of radiation reaction and pair production to plasma dynamics.

Circular dichroism in nonlinear electron-positron pair creation

The trident pair production by X-ray photons in the presence of a powerful laser field is considered in the framework of strong-field quantum electrodynamics. The dependence of differential probability rates of the process on the handedness of circular polarizations of X-ray and laser photons is illustrated. It is revealed that circular dichroism effects are most pronounced for short pulse durations of the driving fields.

Coherent combs of antimatter from nonlinear electron-positron-pair creation

Electron-positron pair creation in collisions of a modulated laser pulse with a high-energy photon (nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process) is studied by means of strong-field quantum electrodynamics. It is shown that the driving pulse modulations lead to appearance of comb structures in the energy spectra of produced positrons (electrons). It is demonstrated that these combs result from a coherent enhancement of probability amplitudes of pair creation from different modulations of the laser pulse. Thus, resembling the Young-double slit experiment for anti-matter (matter) waves.

The Lagrangian formulation of strong-field quantum electrodynamics in a plasma

The Lagrangian formulation of the scalar and spinor quantum electrodynamics in the presence of strong laser fields in a plasma medium is considered. We include the plasma influence in the free Lagrangian analogously to the “Furry picture” and obtain coupled equations of motion for the plasma particles and for the laser propagation. We demonstrate that the strong-field wave (i.e., the laser) satisfies a massive dispersion relation and obtain self-consistently the effective mass of the laser photons. The Lagrangian formulation derived in this paper is the basis for the cross sections calculation of quantum processes taking place in the presence of a plasma.

Transverse spreading of electrons in high-intensity laser fields.

We show that for collisions of electrons with a high-intensity laser, discrete photon emissions introduce a transverse beam spread that is distinct from that due to classical (or beam shape) effects. Via numerical simulations, we show that this quantum induced transverse momentum gain of the electron is manifest in collisions with a realistic laser pulse of intensity within reach of current technology, and we propose it as a measurable signature of strong-field quantum electrodynamics.

Shape effects in nonlinear Thomson and Compton processes

Spectra of Thomson and Compton radiation, emitted during electron scattering off an intense laser beam, are calculated using the frameworks of classical and strong-field quantum electrodynamics, respectively. Both approaches use a plane-wave-fronted pulse approximation regarding the driving laser beam. Within this approximation, a very good agreement between Thomson and Compton frequency distributions is observed provided that frequencies of the emitted radiation is relatively low. The dependence of frequency spectra on the laser pulse envelope is analysed. This becomes important in the context of ultra-short pulse generation, as illustrated by numerical examples.

Breit-Wheeler pair creation by finite laser pulses

Probability distributions of electron-positron pair creation in collisions of a laser beam and a nonlaser photon (Breit-Wheeler process) are calculated in the framework of strong-field quantum electrodynamics. The driving laser field is modeled as a finite pulse, similar to the formulation introduced in Phys. Rev. A 86, 052104 (2012). The sensitivity of pair production to the driving pulse peak intensity and duration, in the context of spin effects, are investigated.

Laser spectroscopy methods for probing highly charged ions at GSI

We describe two opposite and partly complementary experimental approaches for performing high-precision laser spectroscopy of dipole-forbidden transitions in highly charged ions. We report on the wavelength determination of the ground state hyperfine transitions in hydrogen-like and lithium-like bismuth ions confined in the experimental storage ring at GSI. Direct comparison of the experimental results with theoretical predictions reveals an agreement of the specific hyperfine-structure splitting difference $\Delta ^{\prime }E$ within the 1- σ confidence interval of the experimental value. Additionally, we discuss an experimental strategy based on ion manipulation and cooling in a cylindrical open-endcap Penning trap to further increase the precision of the previous measurement. Trapping and laser cooling of external produced singly charged magnesium ions is demonstrated. This represents a first step towards sympathetic cooling of simultaneously confined ion species in order to perform laser spectroscopy measurements on highly charged ions nearly at rest. These measurements will offer new prospects in the field of laser-based tests of quantum electrodynamics in strong electric and magnetic fields.