Strong Drink Research Articles

Socio-cultural origins of beer naming in the Kirov region

Russia in its history has experienced completely different attitudes of the population towards alcohol consumption and, at times, diametrically opposite approaches of the state to its regulation: from dry laws to widespread encouragement, from the northern type of alcohol consumption (dominance of strong drinks) to the southern type (dominance of low-alcohol drinks). In this sense, today we are experiencing a unique situation: in modern Russia, beer (a low-alcohol drink) is taking the lead in the alcoholic beverage market. Beer is again becoming, in fact, a people's drink. This circumstance makes interesting and relevant the question of studying beer consumption in the historical context. How has the consumption of alcohol in the past influenced its consumption today? Is there any cultural connection between the eras? Or is today's beer culture starting from scratch? We have tried to answer these questions by studying modern beer naming.
 In this article the socio-cultural origins of modern beer names are analysed on the example of draught beer shops in the city of Kirov. The names are analysed in the context of successive major Russian historical epochs. The study was conducted using a content analysis method of three hundred and seventy beer names collected by the authors in the first half of 2023 in twenty-two beer shops in the city. Three strategies used for naming beer were identified: pre-revolutionary (these names are closely related to the names of varieties from various Western European countries), Soviet (built on the negation of the pre-revolutionary strategy, based on the development of new, unique names) and post-Soviet (modern names that do not correlate with either the pre-revolutionary or Soviet strategy). The study revealed that the most popular strategies are pre-revolutionary and post-Soviet (38 per cent each of all names considered), while the least popular is the Soviet strategy (24 per cent of all names considered). In addition, the coefficient of uniqueness of the strategy used is introduced, which allows us to understand how diverse the use of a particular strategy in sales is. It is shown that pre-revolutionary and post-Soviet beer naming strategies are most often used in beer sales, while the Soviet strategy is the least popular, which indicates the special characteristics of the beer consumer community.

Виноградарство и виноделие в Дагестане (XVIII – начало ХХ в.): традиционные технологии и аграрная обрядность

Целью исследования является выявление зональных особенностей возделывания винограда и его переработки, а также анализ традиционных обрядов, связанных с виноградарством и виноделием. Использованы архивные источники, опубликованные законодательные акты и литературные сведения. Определены способы выращивания винограда, религиозно-магические представления и аграрные культы, связанные со сбором урожая и традициями изготовления домашнего вина. Выявлены правовые коллизии, запрещающие употребление крепких напитков. Установлено, что разведение винограда в Дагестане имеет зональные особенности: в горах виноград размножали саженцами, прививками, черенками и отводками, на равнине – на деревьях, кольях, в расстил и лежачей лозой, а также аллейным и проволочным методами, привнесенными армянскими и грузинскими виноделами. Статья является первым исследованием виноградарства и виноделия на региональном уровне, предпринятым с позиции этнографической науки. The aim of the study is to identify zonal characteristics of grape cultivation and processing, as well as to analyze traditional rituals associated with viticulture and winemaking. Archival materials; statistical data; testimonies of Russian officers and travelers of the 19th century; works of historians, ethnographers and specialists in the wine industry were studied. The methodology is based on the use of the historical-comparative method and the method of historical reconstruction. Using these methods, endemic grape varieties and traditional methods of cultivating them were identified, ancient recipes for making homemade wine were restored, and agricultural rituals associated with harvesting and traditions of making homemade wine were described. The role of terrace farming is emphasized as one of the main factors in the development of viticulture in the mountain-valley zone of Dagestan. Legal conflicts resulting from the ban on the consumption of strong drinks were identified. It was established that endemic grape varieties were grown in the mountains for their own consumption, wine production and its exchange for agricultural and livestock products; There were two types of wine produced: boiled and unboiled. The main centers of winemaking in Dagestan were identified, located in the mountain-valley zone (the villages Gimry, Zubutli, Gotsatl, etc.), on the plain (the city Kizlyar and its environs) and in Southern Dagestan (the city Derbent). The history of the formation of wine production in these urban centers was analyzed. As the study showed, the main reasons for the decline of viticulture in the mountains were land shortages and religious prohibitions related to the consumption of wine. Local rulers at the legislative level introduced a ban on the consumption, production and sale of wine; the ban on the use of alcohol was often part of the local system of customary law (the so-called adats). It was established that the cultivation of grapes in Dagestan had zonal features: in the mountains, grapes were propagated by seedlings, grafting, cuttings and layering; on the plain, on trees, stakes, spread and lying vines, alley and wire systems introduced by Armenian and Georgian winemakers. In addition, the cultivation of grapes in the region depended on natural and climatic conditions – endemic varieties were grown in the mountains, imported varieties were grown on the plains. The work is the first study of viticulture and winemaking from the perspective of ethnographic science, and is intended to revive interest in the autochthonous varieties of Dagestan grapes and their cultivation, taking into account zonal characteristics.

Regional features of the alcohol situation and health and demographic consequences

Purpose: based on the results of the analysis of official statistics of medical and demographic indicators and data from a questionnaire survey on alcohol consumption, to highlight the features of alcoholization in cities and villages of the Republic of Mari El with the rationale for priority areas for reducing negative consequences. Methods. Processing of data on alcohol consumption, medical and demographic indicators, as well as the results of a survey of 403 people according to the AUDIT test was carried out using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, ANOVA multivariate analysis of variance, and Spearman’s correlation analysis. Results. About 80% of the respondents used alcoholic beverages, one in five of them in excessive quantities. With an increase in the age group of the population, the consumption of low-alcohol drinks was replaced by strong ones, accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of teetotalers and a reduction in consumption in alcohol equivalent. An increase in the level of education had a positive effect on the proportion of non-drinkers and the strength of drinks consumed. Alcohol consumption among rural residents, compared with urban residents, was characterized by a high proportion of strong alcoholic beverages, with a greater prevalence of vodka and moonshine. Mortality and socially significant morbidity rates correlated with a delayed effect with the level of alcohol sales and consumption. Conclusion. One of the leading ways to reduce the risk to public health from alcohol is to reduce the consumption of strong drinks, which have a long period of negative effects.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ВИННОГО ДИСТИЛЛЯТА И РЕКТИФИКАТА ИЗ ВИНОГРАДА ЦВЕТОЧНЫЙ

The results of study of physico- chemical parameters of wine distillate and rectification from white grapes of Cvetochniy variety of ARRIV&W’s breeding are presented. The process of distilling wine material was carried out in two stages. Primary distillation to obtain raw alcohol was carried out on a distiller, and secondary distillation to obtain rectified alcohol was carried out on a small distillation unit with electric heating. It was found that during the primary distillation of Cvetochniy wine material for raw alcohol, the content of aroma-forming substances depended on the content of titrated acids and the varietal characteristics of raw material. Rectification made it possible to reduce significantly the concentrations of undesirable volatile components (isobutanol, isopentanol and others). According to the content of noble aroma-forming substances in the obtained distillation products, it was found that the grapes of Cvetochniy variety are suitable for preparation of strong drinks. The analysis of the data obtained allows us to establish the quality criteria of the finished rectification

Evaluation of alcohol consumption among youths in Kizinda Town, Bushenyi District, Uganda.

Globally it is stated that the consumption of alcohol has increased all over the world in the past decade. About 3.3 million deaths, or 5.9% of all global deaths, were attributable to alcohol consumption. Uganda was reported to have one of the highest levels of alcohol consumption in East Africa region. This study aimed at assessing “Knowledge and Practice on alcohol consumption among youth in Kizinda town Bushenyi district. A cross-sectional study design was used, target population were youth of age 15-30 years irrespective of sex. A sample size of 109 participants was used and data was obtained by using questionnaires, data entered into SPSS, analyzed and presented inform of pie charts, tables and graphs. 69(63.3%) of the respondents had faced problems as a result of alcohol, 77(70.6%) knew that alcohol consumption was associated with serious health and social consequences. 50(45.9%) said was associated with motor vehicle accident. Majority took Beers, larger or stout 39(35.8%), 49(45.0%) took alcohol with additives and soda 19(38.8%) as most used additive for reasons of favoring strong drink 20(40.8%). This study revealed that alcohol consumption was harmful and many got information on effects of alcohol from friends and classmates. Alcohol consumption was seen to be associated with motor vehicle accidents. Beers, lager or stout were the most taken. Keywords: Alcohol, Beers, Youths, Kizinda Town.

Gothic leiþu, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

Gothic <i>leiþu</i>, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

Intelligent use of ethanol for the direct quantitative determination of methanol in alcoholic beverages

A gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) method based on the use of ethanol as an internal standard was developed and in-house validated for the direct determination of methanol in ethanol containing products (alcoholic beverages and rectified ethyl alcohol) with ethanol concentrations from 6.5 % to 96.6 % by volume. Validation of the method was performed in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, repeatability, intermediate precision, trueness, uncertainty and matrix effect. The method showed satisfactory results, considering the parameters of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999), LOQ and LOD (0.5 and 1.5 mg/L, correspondingly), recovery (95–105 %), standard deviation of repeatability (2.6 %), standard deviation of intermediate precision (3.4 %) and relative expanded uncertainty (with coverage factor k = 2 and confidence level P = 95 %) of method (7.4 %). The developed method has been applied to 23 samples of different types of alcoholic beverages (brandy, gin, rum, calvados, whiskey, bourbon, vermouth, slivovice, tsikoudia, sake, tequila, grappa, mulled wine, strong drink, grain spirit, nalewka, cocktail, krupnik, bitter and sweet tinctures, sweet, herbal and egg liquors). The absence of matrix effect associated with ethanol volume concentration and presence of non-volatile compounds in studied alcoholic beverages was proven.

General Standardization Trends and Prospects for Objective Evaluation of Organoleptic properties of Beer and Beer Beverages

This article describes general trends and problems of standardization of alcohol products. It specifies the requirements for standardization of fermentation by-products (FPB) in comparison with strong alcoholic beverages. The work focuses on the lack of standards for the content of fermentation by-products in beer and beer beverages, limiting the development of methods for their quantitative determination. The necessity of objective estimation of organoleptic properties of beer and beer drinks on the basis of determination of the ratio of actual concentration of fermentation by-products with concentrations determining the "recognition threshold" of the main taste-defining substances of the component composition of the finished product has been justified. The results of approbation of standardized chromatographic methods of assessment of toxicity and authenticity of strong drinks in terms of determining the actual content of the main components of fermentation by-products in beer and beer beverages are presented. Perspectives of application of individual author's methods are outlined. The application of dose estimation of taste and aromatic bouquet of ready beverage on the basis of gas chromatographic method of analysis is substantiated.

Failure to drink, failure to launch? A model of the perceived stigma of nondrinkers in the workplace

AbstractAlthough drinking alcohol in the workplace is usually prohibited, certain work‐related activities (e.g., happy hours and office parties) might encourage drinking as part of the work socialization process. Cultures with strong drinking norms may even hold expectations for employees to drink as a means to bond with colleagues and clients, resulting in the perception of the stigma of nondrinkers. However, research has yet to examine the influence of strong workplace drinking cultures on employees with drinking restrictions. In this study, we sample participants from South Korea, a country with high workplace drinking norms, to identify the presence of the perceived stigma of nondrinkers (PSND) among employees. We also examine the identity management of individuals' drinking restrictions at work along with organizational factors related to PSND in workplace settings. We find that strong organizational drinking norms and lack of perceived supervisor support are related to greater PSND. High PSND is related to fear of disclosing one's nondrinking status and a greater likelihood of drinking for work functions among nondrinkers. We also identify negative work outcomes related to PSND (higher turnover, lower organizational commitment) and find that organizational commitment mediates the relationship between PSND and turnover intentions. Implications of our findings are discussed.

Masculinity, Madness and Empire in Kipling’s ‘Thrown Away’ and ‘The Madness of Private Ortheris’

Abstract Institutional records suggest that the grounds for anxiety about insanity in late-nineteenth-century India were many and varied. Amongst other causes, one might have been rendered insane by sunstroke, fever, head injury, strong drink, and inherited tendency, the loss of money, grief, jealousy, anger, sexual excess, excessive joy, or (perhaps disturbingly) excessive study.1 With such a panoply of anxieties to explore, it is scarcely surprising that Rudyard Kipling’s Indian fiction abounds with characters who experience madness of various kinds and degrees. This paper focuses on two short stories collected in Kipling’s 1888 volume Plain Tales from the Hills: ‘Thrown Away’ and ‘The Madness of Private Ortheris’. These two stories offer particular insight into madness, its relationship to masculinity, and its consequences for the social order of British India. As Jonathan Saha has pointed out, madness in a colonial context was doubly significant. Since insanity ‘could strike anyone, rulers and the ruled, men and women . . . madness threatened to undermine the colonial racial boundary and disrupt the established norms of masculinity and femininity’.2 Both ‘Thrown Away’ and ‘The Madness of Private Ortheris’ explore or expose a psychological crisis that takes the form of a deviation from gender norms and is resolved by an enforced return to those norms. Reading the stories alongside asylum records, this paper contextualizes their representation of gender and madness and argues that the fiction offers a glimpse of what might fill important gaps in the archival record.

Associations of dietary patterns and abdominal obesity in the adult population. Results of the Russian epidemiological ESSE-RF study

Abdominal obesity (AO) is an alimentary-dependent risk factor, the development and prognosis of which is directly specified by eating habits.Aim. To study the associations of dietary patterns and AO among the adult Russian population.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out using representative samples of male and female population aged 25-64 years (n=19297; men, 7342; women, 11,955) from 13 Russian regions. The response was about 80%. Nutrition was assessed based on the prevalence of consumption of the main food groups forming the daily diet. Results are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.Results. Men with AO, compared with men without AO, more often consume red meat and vegetables/fruits daily by 12% and 13%, respectively, as well as less often eat cereals and pasta, confectionery, sour cream, and cottage cheese by 17%, 24%, 14%, and 19%, respectively. In women with AO, compared to women without AO, there are more differences in the diet, as they more often daily consume red meat by 28%, fish and seafood by 26%, poultry by 23%, meat and sausages and fruits/vegetables by 14%, milk, kefir, yogurt by 11%, as well as less often — cereals and pasta, sweets, and sour cream by 11%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. In women with AO, the prevalence and amount of drinking beer and dry wines is lower, but they consume spirits more frequently (p=0,0001), but without significant differences in amount. Men with AO have a higher prevalence and amount of drinking dry and fortified wines, as well as strong alcoholic drinks. Men with AO drinks higher amount of beer. In addition, men with AO showed a positive association with alcohol consumption (χ=53,64, p&lt;0,0001), while women with AO had a negative association (χ=28,64, p&lt;0,0001). Cardioprotective eating habits are more often (17%) present among people with AO without sex differences.Conclusion. The study revealed significant differences in dietary patterns of persons with AO compared with those without AO, most pronounced in women.

ПОЛОВОЗРАСТНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ АЛКОГОЛЬНОЙ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ У ПОДРОСТКОВ

Statement of the problem. The article provides an overview of the theoretical provisions and research on the formation of alcohol dependence in adolescence. At the same time, alcohol dependence is presented as a complex phenomenon, which includes the following components: addictive liability, dependent behavior, motives of alcohol consumption. There is a contradiction between the continuous growth of adolescent alcoholism, decrease in the age of persons who consume alcoholic beverages, the increasing number of adolescent girls who consume alcoholic beverages, and the insufficient number of psychological and pedagogical studies in the field of alcohol addiction development among elder adolescents. As a research task, the authors identified an attempt to identify and describe the indicators of alcohol dependence among elder adolescents. It has been shown that there is a connection between addictive behavior, alcohol dependence and the motives of alcohol consumption in adolescence. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of alcohol dependence development in adolescence. Research methodology. In the study, we rely on the scientific ideas of age-related development in the context of studying addictive behavior among adolescents in the works by L.S. Vygotsky, A.V. Petrovsky, E. Erickson, and others; research on the problems of addictive behavior and its prevention (A.A. Aleksandrova, A.V. Gogoleva, M.V. Romannikova, N.A.Sirota, T.A.Shilova, V.M. Yaltonsky, etc.). The total sample size was 162 adolescents in the 9th grade: 80 boys and 82 girls studying in educational institutions of Krasnoyarsk. The diagnostic package is represented by the following methods: questionnaire survey “Attitude of adolescents to alcoholic beverages”, test questionnaire “Addictive liability” by V.V. Yusupov and V.A. Korzunina, test questionnaire “Liability to addictive behavior” (on the example of alcohol dependence) by V.D. Mendelevich, V.Yu. Zavyalov’s questionnaire “The motives for consuming alcohol”. To compare the samples, the Mann-Whitney U-test and calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Results. The study showed that adolescents are characterized by low psychological resistance to an unfavorable social environment and poor adaptation in the educational space. The risk of alcohol dependence development was revealed under certain social conditions, and the girls were more strongly oriented towards the use of alcoholic beverages. The first acquaintance with alcohol of adolescents took place before the age of 10, adolescents tried alcohol, and half of them prefer beer, but at the same time drink strong drinks. Internal psychological reasons allow adolescents to use alcohol more often to raise their spirits, to liberate themselves in communication, to become ‘cronies’ in the group. The latter is especially true for girls. The leading motives for alcohol consumption are mainly the motives of the traditional and hedonic subtypes among girls and the pseudo-cultural and ataractic subtypes among boys, which may indicate the absence of alcoholic illness as such, but this is an alarming symptom for adolescents. There is a relationship between the severity of addiction, alcohol dependence and motivation for alcohol consumption (moderately pronounced addictive risk, signs of a tendency, addiction to alcohol, traditional motives, signs of increased addiction, submissive motives, pronounced signs of addiction, signs of increased liability, alcohol consumption for the company, pseudo-cultural type of motives, hedonistic motives, ataractic motives). Conclusion. The study made it possible to identify adolescents with varying degrees of risk of alcohol dependence, who require preventive work to be carried out with them. It is concluded that the study of adolescents’ attitudes to alcohol will expand the understanding of the phenomenon of alcohol dependence, and, no doubt, will be useful for purposeful planning and implementation of psychological and pedagogical prevention in an educational institution. Based on the data obtained, a prevention program can be developed using modern interactive technologies.

The prevalence of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Omsk region: data of the ESSE-RF2 study

Aim. To study the prevalence of some traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Omsk region.Material and methods. The prevalence of traditional risk factors for CVD in a representative sample of the Omsk region population aged 25-64 years (n=1,648) was estimated as a part of the ESSE-RF2 study in 2017.Results. It was established that the mean age of CVD detection in the Omsk region is 46,3 years, the prevalence of overweight is 35,0%, obesity — 30,3%. Abdominal obesity was detected in 56,8% of subjects. Smoking was reveled in 21,2% of the population, former smoking — 20,0%. Alcohol consumption more than 2 times a month was observed in one third of respondents (30,5%). In the group of healthy people, compared with CVD patients, the percentage of smokers and alcohol consumers was detected significantly more often: smoking — 25,2±1,26% vs 17,1±0,86% and 32,9±1,6% vs 28,1±1,4%, respectively. Perhaps it was the diseases the reason for smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence among people with CVD. It should be noted that among 70% of alcohol consumers, both with/ without CVD, strong drinks were the preferred type of alcohol. Hypertension (HTN) was observed in 47,9% of subjects, and in 43,1% the diagnosis was verified. In 4,8% of HTN individuals, blood pressure increase was detected for the first time in this study. The prevalence of diabetes of both types in the Omsk region was 6,7%, and in group A (with CVD) it was much higher than in group B (without CVD): 10,7% vs 2,8%. Type 2 diabetes prevailed in people with CVD (p=0,000005). This was not characteristic of type 1 diabetes.Conclusion. The most common risk factors for CVD in the Omsk region population were HTN (47,9%), abdominal obesity (56,8%), a positive family history of early CVD (62,0%), alcohol consumption over the past 12 months (71,7%) and strong alcohol drinking (72,0%). However, a significant portion of the subjects (41,3%) consumed alcohol no more than 1 time per month.

Production Prospects of Strong Alcoholic Beverages in the Conditions of Private Farms for Institutions of the Hospitality Industry

Topicality. Global trends in the hospitality industry are characterized by the intensive development of innovative products. A promising area is the production of high-quality original spirits in the conditions of farms for the hospitality industry. Purpose and methods. The current state and the prospects definition of development of strong alcoholic beverages production have been studied in the conditions of private farm productions for establishments of the hospitality industry. Analytical and theoretical methods have been used in the research. Results. Legislative preconditions form significant changes in the alcohol and vodka industry. “Crafts” production has been gaining momentum inUkraine recently. Today, thanks to unique production technologies, extraordinary recipes and the use of exclusive ingredients, it is possible to produce branded spirits. Manufacturers of strong authentic drinks open the way to the segment of world-class ultra-premium alcoholic beverages. It is substantiated that in the conditions of small farm productions there is a possibility to make in limited quantities high-quality refined strong alcoholic drinks. Revival farms for the production of alcohol will help expand the range of alcoholic beverages in the restaurant business establishments. Given the long tradition and experience, it is safe to say that there are prospects for the development and improvement of the production of spirits in private households. Conclusions and discussions . The scientific novelty of the article lies in the innovative development of alcohol production for the hospitality industry. Theoretical substantiation of prospects of development of strong alcoholic drinks production in the conditions of private productions has been carried out. The practical significance of the obtained results is manifested in the prospects for the development of the spirits production in private farms for the hospitality industry. Prospects for further research are the possibility of expanding the range of spirits, innovative development of the industry, manufacturing products in family and farms with sales in branded restaurants and bars in compliance with national traditions and customs.

Exploring the complex inter-relations between internalising symptoms, executive functioning and alcohol use in young adults

ObjectiveGlobally, the prevalence of hazardous drinking peaks in young adulthood, and there is mixed evidence on whether internalising symptoms and executive functioning deficits are associated with this increased risk. This study tested whether internalising symptoms in interaction with executive functioning deficits are associated with high alcohol use disorder symptoms in emerging adulthood, via drinking motives to cope with negative affect and alcohol consumption. MethodAn Australian sample of 155 young adults aged 17 to 24 years (M = 20.97, SD = 2.40) provided self-report data on internalising symptom severity and alcohol-related outcomes (n = 155), and neuropsychological data measuring executive functioning (n = 104). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify two latent variables representing internalising symptoms and executive functions. A series of latent moderated structural equation models and a latent mediated moderation structural equation model examined the inter-relations between internalising symptoms, executive functions and alcohol measures. ResultsHigh levels of internalising symptoms in interaction with executive functioning deficits were associated with strong drinking motives to cope with negative affect, high past month alcohol consumption and greater alcohol use disorder symptoms. Drinking motives to cope with negative affect and alcohol consumption mediated the relationship between the internalising symptoms and executive functioning latent interaction term with alcohol use disorder symptoms. ConclusionsThis research highlights greater executive functioning resources are associated with low desires to drink hazardous amounts of alcohol as a maladaptive way to cope with negative feelings among young people. It therefore may be useful to target executive functioning ability alongside internalising symptomology in alcohol prevention and intervention initiatives.

Analysis of behavioral risks in adolescents with health limitations and with different anxiety levels

Aim. To assess peculiarities of lifestyle of adolescents with health limitations having diffe-rent levels of anxiety.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. In the research 89 adolescents with health limitations were involved studying at an educational institution of secondary professional education. The leading causes of disability (the main disease) were mental and behavioral disorders. Anxiety levels of the adolescents (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), the extent of nicotine addiction (Fagerstrom test) were studied, social factors, duration of night sleep were assessed, organization of leisure was analyzed.&#x0D; Results. Low state anxiety (SA, 30 points) was found in 76.2% of the examined adolescents, moderate SA (33-34 points) in 23.8%, 51.4% had a high level of trait anxiety (TA). A moderate negative correlation relationship was established between SA and TA of students (r=0.72, p=0.02). Assessment of the lifestyle of adolescents found the existence of the family disadvantages (each sixth student grew in a social institution); reduction in the night sleep duration (7 hours) in 30.8% of students; low physical activity (only 18.9% of students attended additional physical culture and sports classes). Nicotine addiction was found in more than 90% of students, 61.2% of students used strong drinks at least once in life. A correlation was established between living in a hostel (r=0.56, p=0.031), duration of night sleep (r=0.61, p=0.028), organization of passive rest (r=0.52, p=0.04) and the level of SA.&#x0D; Conclusion. The conducted research identified the following risk factors for justification of programs for prevention of development of desadaptation: factor of family disadvantages, bad habits, reduced duration of night sleep, low physical activity.

ПОВСЯКДЕННЕ ЖИТТЯ НА ВОЛИНІ КІНЦЯ XIV – СЕРЕДИНИXVI СТОЛІТТЯ: ЇЖА, ОДЯГ ТА РОЗВАГИ

In the article some aspects of the everyday life of Volhynia burghers and peasants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the 14th and mid-16th centuries are considered. The variety and variations of food, the types of clothing available to ordinary people, the concept of body care and health care, as well as the entertainment of the common people and places of rest such as taverns and baths are explored. It was discovered that the Volhynians’ diet was rich and included meat products, such as fish like carp, pike, sturgeon, beluga and even Danzig herring, flour products, seasonings and natural preservatives, which were bought at city auctions and grown on their own. By the middle of the 16th century, Volhynians formed separate ideas about medicine, where approaching Jewish or Welsh doctors were common. Usually, medicines were herbal drinks and ointments Examination of the body was carried out to identify the causes of the disease. Activities of local people were analyzed, such as dice, chess, dance, communication with other residents of Volhynia cities and villages, usage of prostitutes. In fact, depending on the success of the production sphere, the citizen or the peasant could afford a standard of living. It was found out that the everyday life of the Volhynian was relatively bright and filled with events and included the choice of products for dinner, the selection of a new wardrobe item, the discussion of local news after work, participation in lawsuits in ham, playing games and taking the glass of a strong drink. The Volhynians’ ideas of «unprofitable people», which had analogies in Western European countries, were singled out.

James German: One of Melville's South Sea Crewmates

James German:One of Melville's South Sea Crewmates Mark Howard Click for larger view View full resolution "Captain German," 1870s. Photograph of James German conveying his force of character. Freeman Studio negative, call number ONCY 2:614. Digital image of photocopy of original photograph that has since been lost. Image courtesy of State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Herman Melville served on three whaling ships in the Pacific during the 1840s, one of which was an Australian vessel, the Lucy Ann of Sydney. He joined the ship at Nuku Hiva, in the Marquesas Islands, on 9 August 1842, and soon after coming aboard he met the forceful chief officer (first mate), James German (c1797–1879). German made a strong impression on Melville who later included a pen portrait of him in Omoo (1847), the first half of which is based on his time on the Lucy Ann. Melville changed the name of the vessel and the crewmen in the book: the Lucy Ann became the Julia and James German was renamed with the homophonous "John Jermin." Melville writes: [End Page 131] So far as courage, seamanship, and natural aptitude for keeping riotous spirits in subjection were concerned, no man was better qualified for his vocation than John Jermin. He was the very beau-ideal of the efficient race of short, thick-set men. His hair curled in little rings of iron gray all over his round, bullet head. As for his countenance, it was strongly marked, deeply pitted with the small-pox. For the rest, there was a fierce little squint out of one eye; the nose had a rakish twist to one side; while his large mouth, and great white teeth, looked absolutely sharkish when he laughed. … Notwithstanding his pugnacious looks, however, Jermin had a heart as big as a bullock's; that you saw at a glance. … but he had one failing: he … cleaved manfully to strong drink. At all times he was more or less under the influence of it. … sometimes he drank too much, and a more obstreperous fellow than Jermin in his cups, you seldom came across. He was always for having a fight; but the very men he flogged loved him like a brother, for he had such an irresistibly good-natured way of knocking them down, that no one could find it in his heart to bear malice against him. … Not a few of … [the] crew were … riotous at times [and] the bluff, drunken energies of Jermin were just the thing to hold them in some sort of noisy subjection. Upon an emergency, he flew in among them, showering his kicks and cuffs right and left, and "creating a sensation" in every direction. … they bore this knock-down authority with great good humour (Omoo 11, 14–15). John Jermin's origins in the historical James German is supported by German's presence aboard the Lucy Ann, which is amply recorded in documents generated by an 1842 inquiry into a mutiny on the vessel by the Acting British Consul at Tahiti (Mutiny Documents). These documents, and the event they describe, have in turn been discussed by a number of scholars in the years that followed (Leeson 370–79; Hayford, Mutiny Documents 309–39; Heflin 162–68; Howard 3–17). German continued to serve on Sydney whaling vessels for another two decades after he met Melville on the Lucy Ann in 1842. As he grew older and his strength diminished, he had to take on less demanding roles. He was navigator on the Australian (1855–56) and ship-keeper on the Post Boy (1857), Kate (1858), Governor (1859), and Amherst (1864–65) (Mariners and Ships). He retired from the sea in 1865 and died 14 years later in his room at a Sydney hotel (German death certificate). He had no wife or children and there is no record of a will (Index to wills). He probably had nothing to leave in any case as no intestate file or probate papers were generated in his name by the legal authorities in New South Wales (Index to intestate files). All of this raises a question: how could a man with no money or family...

THE USE OF MARGIN ANALYSIS IN ENTERPRISES PRODUCING BEER AND SOFT DRINKS

Production of beer and soft drinks is a dynamically developing industry in the Altai territory. Broad cooperative ties contribute to the simultaneous development of wholesale and retail trade, agriculture, transport, breeding, packaging and packaging. These enterprises play an important role in the formation of the structure of consumption of alcoholic beverages, which involves replacing the consumption of strong alcohol with less strong drinks. At the same time, the industry is experiencing restrictions due to the implementation of state programs to improve the life expectancy and quality of life. The introduced restrictive measures have significantly narrowed the growth opportunities of companies, increased the importance of such tools for assessing business decisions as margin analysis. It allows us to identify the optimal proportions between variable and fixed costs, price and volume of sales, to minimize the business risk, which increases significantly in terms of reduced sales and underutilization of production capacity. In the article the margin analysis is carried out and the management decisions concerning the product range at incomplete loading of production capacities are proved. Making informed management decisions is an important factor in improving the efficiency of beer and alcohol sector enterprises with diversified production.

Modernization Potential Capacity of Great Reforms of Alexander Ii: Alcohol Reform of 1863

Serfdom and alcohol tax farming emerged in Russia almost simultaneously – at the end of the XVI century. 250 years later again at the same time serfdom and tax farming were abolished. The alcohol reform of 1863 is one of the greatest events of the day. Despite the limitations of the proclaimed goals, this transformation had a significant modernization potential capacity and was systemic. In the course of its implementation not only did change the way of collecting alcohol charges. The entire related reality was radically altered: industrial production, agriculture, trading, system of public administration, social relations. The replacement of tax farming with the excise system, as well as the elimination of serfdom, was the basis and condition for future transformations of 1860s-1870s, which otherwise, like seeds thrown into the unprepared field, would be doomed to miserable stagnation or even death. Evaluation of the transformation effectiveness concerning the alcohol issue was made on the basis of a set of indicators related to modernization. In the economic sphere, the alcohol reform resulted in the development of new technologies based on the use of scientific (rational) knowledge, the enhanced division of labor, the complication of alcohol production organization, increasing incentives for the creation and implementation of technological and organizational innovations, the growth of production indicators; the social sphere witnessed a replacement of direct and direct control by universal regulators of activity, minimizing the dependence of professional growth on personal ties; in the political sphere there was the creation of effective management bodies, the growing number of channels of participation of public institutions in alcohol policy. But in the country itself there remained the traditional form of strong drinks consumption. Moreover, the process of modernization gave rise to a compensatory effect, which was expressed in the increase of people's drunkenness.