Strong Coupling Conditions Research Articles

Irreversible cycle in linear irreversible thermodynamics

The reversible Carnot cycle in reversible thermodynamics is composed of two reversible heat exchange processes and two reversible adiabatic processes. We construct an irreversible cycle in linear irreversible thermodynamics by analogy with the reversible Carnot cycle. The irreversible cycle is composed of two linear irreversible heat exchange processes and two linear irreversible adiabatic processes. It is found that the Curzon–Alhborn efficiency can be attained if the power for each of the four linear irreversible processes reaches its maximum. The maximum efficiency is the Carnot efficiency. The strong coupling condition is prerequisite for the respective attainment of the Curzon–Alhborn efficiency and the Carnot efficiency.

Universality of protein reentrant condensation in solution induced by multivalent metal ions

The effective interactions and phase behavior of protein solutions under strong electrostatic coupling conditions are difficult to understand due to the complex charge pattern and irregular geometry of protein surfaces. This distinguishes them from related systems such as DNA or conventional colloids. In this work, we discuss the question of universality of the reentrant condensation (RC) of proteins in solution induced by multivalent counterions, i.e., redissolution on adding further salts after phase separation, as recently discovered (Zhang et al., Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:148101). The discussion is based on a systematic investigation of five different proteins with different charge patterns and five different multivalent counterions. Zeta potential measurements confirm the effective charge inversion of proteins in the reentrant regime via binding of multivalent counterions, which is supported by Monte Carlo simulations. Charge inversion by trivalent cations requires an overall negative net charge of the protein. Statistical analysis of a representative set of protein sequences reveals that, in theory, this effect could be possible for about half of all proteins. Our results can be exploited for the control of the phase behavior of proteins, in particular facilitating protein crystallization.

Separation-sensitive measurements of morphology dependent resonances in coupled fluorescent microspheres

The inelastic emission spectrum of a single fluorescent microsphere (bead) exhibits resonances arising from whispering gallery modes. Two beads in close proximity form a coupled bisphere. Coherent coupling arises from each bead's evanescent field and leads to resonance splitting. Here we collect emission spectra of two coupled beads, with nearly identical diameters, as spacing between beads is varied. Using these size-matched beads allows us to probe resonance splitting under strong coupling conditions.

Deterministic Generation of Quantum State Transfer Between Spatially Separated Single Molecule Magnets

We propose a new scheme for realizing deterministic quantum state transfer (QST) between two spatially separated single molecule magnets (SMMs) with the framework of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). In the present scheme, two SMMs are trapped in two spatially separated optical cavities coupled by an optical fiber. Through strictly numerically simulating, we demonstrate that our scheme is robust with respect to the SMMs' spontaneous decay and fiber loss under the conditions of dispersive SMMs-field interaction and strong coupling of cavity fiber. In addition, we also discuss the influence of photon leakage out of cavities and show that our proposal is good enough to demonstrate the generation of QST with high fidelity utilizing the current experimental technology. The present investigation provides research opportunities for realizing QST between solid-state qubits and may result in a substantial impact on the progress of solid-state-based quantum communications network.

The Rashba Effect of Polaron in a Parabolic Quantum Dot

The condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in a parabolic quantum dot (QD) is studied in detail. We obtain the polaron ground state energy by the variational method of Pekar, considering the influence of the Rashba SO interaction. The relations on the polaron ground state energy with the parallel confinement length, the electron-LO phonon coupling constant and the perpendicular confinement length are derived for a parabolic quantum dot.

The Effect of Magnetic on the Properties of a Parabolic Quantum Dot Qubit

On the condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in a parabolic quantum dot, we obtained the eigen energies and the eigenfunctions of the ground state and the first excited state by using the variational method of Pekar type. This system in a quantum dot may be employed as a two-level quantum system qubit. When the electron is in the superposition state of the ground state and the first excited state, we obtained the space-time evolution of the electron density. The relations on the cyclotron frequency with the electron probability density and the period of oscillation are derived in a parabolic quantum dot.

Quantum properties of the binomial state field interacting with a two-level atom

By the method of coherent-state orthogonalization expansion, the atomic inversion and the anti-bunching effect in a two-level atomic system interacting with binomial state field are studied under the Jaynes-Cummings model without rotating wave approximation. The influence of the parameter and the detuning on the anti-bunching effect are discussed, and the anti-bunching effect is also discussed under the conditions of strong coupling. Our studies show that the second order coherence degrees are quite different between the situations of with and without-rotating wave approximation. For the latter when the detuning increases, the duration of the bunching effect increases at the beginning and then decreases, and finally the light field displays anti-bunching effect completely.

Investigation of the Conducting Properties of a Photoswitching Dithienylethene Molecule

Photoswitching molecules are attractive candidates as organic materials for optoelectronics applications because light impulses can switch them between states with different conducting characteristics. Here, we report a fully self-consistent density functional theory calculation of the electron transport properties of photoswitching dithienylethene attached to Au leads in both the open and closed conformations. The molecule is found to be a good conductor in both conformations, with the low-bias current for the closed one being about 20 times larger than that of the open. Importantly, the current-voltage characteristics away from the linear response are largely determined by molecular orbital rehybridization in an electric field, in close analogy to what happens for Mn(12) molecules. However, in the case of dithienylethene attached to Au, such a mechanism is effective also in conditions of strong electronic coupling to the electrodes. This makes the dithienylethene family an intriguing materials platform for constructing highly conducting organic optoelectronics switches.

Strongly localized polaritons in an array of trapped two-level atoms interacting with a light field

We propose a new type of spatially periodic structure, i.e. polaritonic crystal (PolC), to observe a ‘slow’/‘stopped’ light phenomenon due to coupled atom–field states (polaritons) in a lattice. Under the tight-binding approximation, such a system realizes an array of weakly coupled trapped two-component atomic ensembles interacting with the optical field in a tunnel-coupled one-dimensional cavity array. We have shown that the phase transition to the superfluid Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer state, a so-called (BCS)-type state of low branch polaritons, occurs under the strong coupling condition. Such a transition results in the appearance of a macroscopic polarization of the atomic medium at non-zero frequency. The principal result is that the group velocity of polaritons depends essentially on the order parameter of the system, i.e. on the average photon number in the cavity array.

Generation of entangled coherent states through cavity-assisted interaction

We propose schemes to generate an n-coherent-pulse GHZ state and a cluster state via the interaction between n coherent pulses and a two-sided cavity. In these schemes, a strong coupling condition is not needed, which makes the protocols possibly able to be implemented based on the current experiment technology.

Universal quantum gates between distant quantum dot spins

We propose a scheme to engineer a nonlocal two-qubit phase gate between two remote quantum-dot spins in cavities. As the effect of cavity decay is considered and strong coupling condition is not used, the scheme has good adaptability. Along with single qubit operations, one can perform in principle various types of distributed quantum information processing.

Implementation of photon Bell-state and GHZ-state analyzers through the Faraday rotation

The schemes are presented for realizing optical Bell-state and GHZ-state analyzers through the Faraday rotation, which results from polarization photon reflected by optical cavity with trapped atom. They can be extended to the case of completely distinguishing photon Bell-state and GHZ-state without destroying quantum qubit. In the schemes, strong-coupling condition is not needed and the analyzers can be implemented in low-Q cavity, which further lower the diffculty in experiment.

Shell Structure of Confined Charges at Strong Coupling

AbstractA theoretical description of shell structure for charged particles in a harmonic trap is explored at strong coupling conditions of Γ = 50 and 100. The theory is based on an extension of the hypernetted chain approximation to confined systems plus a phenomenological representation of associated bridge functions. Predictions are compared to corresponding Monte Carlo simulations and quantitative agreement for the radial density profile is obtained (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Phase-noise induced limitations on cooling and coherent evolution in optomechanical systems

We present a detailed theoretical discussion of the effects of ubiquitous laser noise on cooling and the coherent dynamics in opto-mechanical systems. Phase fluctuations of the driving laser induce modulations of the linearized opto-mechanical coupling as well as a fluctuating force on the mirror due to variations of the mean cavity intensity. We first evaluate the influence of both effects on cavity cooling and find that for a small laser linewidth the dominant heating mechanism arises from intensity fluctuations. The resulting limit on the final occupation number scales linearly with the cavity intensity both under weak and strong coupling conditions. For the strong coupling regime, we also determine the effect of phase noise on the coherent transfer of single excitations between the cavity and the mechanical resonator and obtain a similar conclusion. Our results show that conditions for optical ground state cooling and coherent operations are experimentally feasible and thus laser phase noise does pose a challenge but not a stringent limitation for opto-mechanical systems.

Temperature Effects of Parabolic Linear Bound Potential and Coulomb Bound Potential Quantum Dot Qubit

On the condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in a parabolic quantum dot, we obtain the eigenenergy and the eigenfunctions of the ground state and the first-excited state using the variational method of Pekar type. This system in a quantum dot may be employed as a two-level quantum system-qubit. When the electron is in the superposition state of the ground state and the first-excited state, we obtain the time evolution of the electron density. The relations of the probability density of electron on the temperature and the electron-LO-phonon coupling constant and the relations of the period of oscillation on the temperature, the electron-LO-phonon coupling constant, the Coulomb binding parameter and the confinement length are derived. The results show that the probability density of electron oscillates with a period when the electron is in the superposition state of the ground and the first-excited state, and show that there are different laws that the probability density of electron and the period of oscillation change with the temperature and the electron-LO-phonon coupling constant when the temperature is lower or higher. And it is obtained that the period of oscillation decreases with increasing the Coulomb bound potential and increases with increasing the confinement length not only at lower temperatures but also at higher temperatures.

Quantum Transition of Two-Level System in a Parabolic Quantum Dot

The time evolution of the quantum mechanical state of an electron is calculated by using variational method of Pekar type on the condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in a parabolic quantum dot. We obtained the eigen energies of the ground state and the first-excited state, the eigen functions of the ground state and the first-excited state this system in a quantum dot may be employed as a two-level quantum system-qubit. The supposition electron is in system’s ground state in the initial time, the electron transit from the ground state to the excited state in presence of an electric field F along the x axis. The results indicate that the electron transition probability and the oscillation period increase with decreasing the electron-LO-phonon coupling constant, increasing the electric field and the confinement length.

The decoherence of the two- and three-dimensional parabolic quantum dot qubit

On the condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in a two- and three-dimensional parabolic quantum dot (QD), we obtain the eigenenergies of the ground state and the first-excited state, the eigenfunctions of the ground state and the first-excited state by using variational method of Pekar type. This system in QD may be employed as a quantum system-qubit. The phonon spontaneous emission causes the decoherence of the qubit. The relations between the decoherence time with the coupling strength, the confinement length, the coefficient dispersion are discussed.

Atomic Šolc filter: multi-resonant photoemission via periodic poling of atom-cavity coupling constant

This paper describes a novel atom-cavity interaction induced by periodically poled atom-cavity coupling constant which leads to multiple narrow photoemission bands for an initially inverted two-level atom under the strong coupling condition. The emission bandpass narrowing has a close analogy with the folded Solc filter in the context of quasi-phase matching by periodic poling. We present a closed form solution of the emission probability at the end of interaction and deduce the multiple phase matching condition for this system which is programmable by the interaction time. The Bloch sphere analysis provides a clear understanding of the underlying atomic dynamics associated with the multiple resonances in the semiclassical limit. Furthermore, we show that this interaction can be applied to generation of the nonclassical field with sub-Poisson photon statistics.

Long-distance quantum communication with individual atoms and atomic ensembles

A scheme is presented for realizing long-distance quantum communication with individual atoms and atomic ensembles. In the scheme, deterministic and storable atom-photon entanglement sources can be obtained by adiabatic evolution of dark states, which makes this scheme largely enhance the efficiency for long-distance entanglement distribution. Furthermore, due to many-atom interference effect, requirement of the strong-coupling condition can be greatly relaxed. Thus this scheme opens an alternate avenue for a scalable quantum network.

Influence of mode coupling on mode group diversity multiplexing in multimode fibers

In this paper, the influence of mode coupling on mode group diversity multiplexing (MGDM) in multimode fibers is investigated. It is found experimentally, that in step index fibers mode coupling is very strong among the lowest mode groups. It is confirmed that mode coupling in graded index fibers is negligible. Theoretical and numerical investigation of the system performance in strong mode coupling conditions, indicates need for greater separation of the lowest MGDM channels.